Original Article

Epidemiological Characteristics of Male Reproductive Cancers in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Ten-Year Trends

Abstract

Background: Epidemiology of male reproductive cancers (MRC) is relatively well studied in developed world nations, but little is known about Central Asian states. We aimed to analyze the changing trends for incidence, mortality and 5-year survival MRC across provinces of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study based on data obtained from the Kazakhstan Cancer Registry, which serves as a nationwide database for all histologically confirmed cancer cases. From this, information on all male patients with prostate (PCa) and testicular cancers (TCa) was retrieved for the period from 2010 to 2019. The statistical analysis of official data on incidence, survival, and mortality rates was performed for both the whole country and its provinces.

Results: There was a substantial instability of PCa incidence rates, attributed to the execution of screening program from 2013 to 2017. Still, there was a lack of variations in TCa incidence rates. However, PCa screening program had no influence on reduction of mortality rates, which remained relatively stable. There is much heterogeneity between country’s provinces in incidence and mortality rates. TCa patients were younger than PCa patients and had better 5-year survival.

Conclusion: As compared with many other countries, Kazakhstani men with PCa and TCa have poorer five-year survival, which requires further investigation. Moreover, a careful analysis of diagnostic and treatment strategies utilized at different hospitals across the country would be highly desirable.

1. Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW, editors (2020). World Cancer Report: Cancer Re-search for Cancer Prevention. Lyon, France: International Agency for Re-search on Cancer. Available from: https://www.iarc.who.int/featured-news/new-world-cancer-report/
2. WCRF Continuous Update Project (2014). World Cancer Research Fund Interna-tional systematic literature review: the as-sociations between food, nutrition and physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer. Available from: https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/prostate-cancer-slr.pdf
3. Rajpert-DE Meyts E, McGlynn KA, Oka-moto K, Jewett MAS, Bokemeyer C (2016). Testicular germ cell tumours. Lan-cet, 387(10029):1762–74.
4. International Agency for Research on Can-cer. Prostate cancer statistics: 2020. (2020) https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/27-Prostate-fact-sheet.pdf (ac-cessed 2 June 2020).
5. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. (2018). Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 68(6):394–424.
6. Cancer trends progress report. National Cancer Institute 2018. (2020) https://progressreport.cancer.gov/end/life_lost#field_most_recent_estimates (accessed 2 June 2020).
7. World Health Organization. Methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000-2015. (2021) Geneva: WHO. Available online: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/gho-documents/global-health-estimates/ghe2019_daly-methods.pdf?sfvrsn=31b25009_7 (ac-cessed 2 June 2021).
8. Ospanov Е, Adylkhanov Т, Tokanova S, Semenova Y, Dauletyarova М, Bolsyn-bekova S, Zhumykbaeva N. (2017). Mor-tality and morbidity from prostate cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2007 to 2016. Georgian Med News, 272:17-22.
9. Yelissinova N, Grjibovski AM, Yelissinova A, et al (2015). Sociodemographic factors associated with infant abandonment in maternity hospitals in Kazakhstan: A case-control study. Public Health, 129(7): 1010-1013.
10. Smailova DS, Fabbro E, Ibrayev SE, et al (2020). Epidemiological and Economic Evaluation of a Pilot Prostate Cancer Screening Program. Prostate Cancer, 2020;2020:6140623.
11. Demographic Yearbook of Kazakhstan. Sta-tistical compilation. Astana, Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Committee on Statistics 2018.
12. Smailova D, Ospanov E, Gazaliyeva M, et al (2019). Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Iran J Pub-lic Health, 48(12):2216-2223.
13. Drozdovitch V, Schonfeld S, Akimzhanov K, et al (2011). Behavior and food con-sumption pattern of the population ex-posed in 1949-1962 to fallout from Se-mipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakh-stan. Radiat. Environ. Biophys, 50:91–103.
14. Gromova O, Doschanova A, Lokshin V, et al (2020). Vitamin D deficiency in Ka-zakhstan: Cross-Sectional study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 1999:105565.
15. Trump DL, Aragon-Ching JB. (2018). Vita-min D in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl. 20(3):244-252.
16. Schepisi G, De Padova S, Scarpi E, et al (2017). Vitamin D status among long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Onco-target, 8(22):36780-36786.
17. O'Sullivan J (2017). Controversies in PSA screening. Evid Based Med, 22(6):198.
18. Verhoeven RHA, Gondos A, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, et al (2013). EUNICE Survival Working Group. Testicular can-cer in Europe and the USA: survival still rising among older patients. Ann Oncol, 24(2):508-513.
19. Juška A, Ulys A, Kairevičė L, Smailytė G, Stankevičius E, Jančiauskienė R, Jievaltas M (2011). Survival of patients with tes-ticular cancer in Lithuania during 1999-2002. Medicina (Kaunas), 47(1):52-6.
20. Steele CB, Li J, Huang B, Weir HK (2017). Prostate cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001-2009): Findings from the CONCORD-2 study. Cancer, 15;123 Suppl 24(Suppl 24):5160-5177.
21. Winter A, Sirri E, Jansen L, et al (2017). As-sociation of Population-based Cancer Registries in Germany (GEKID) Cancer Survival Working Group. Comparison of prostate cancer survival in Germany and the USA: can differences be attributed to differences in stage distributions? BJU Int, 119(4):550-559.
22. Plonis J, Bokums K, Cauce V, et al (2014). Prostate cancer trends in Latvia during 1990-2012: incidence, prevalence, mortali-ty, and survival rates. Medicina (Kaunas), 50(6):313-7.
Files
IssueVol 51 No 8 (2022) QRcode
SectionOriginal Article(s)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i8.10265
Keywords
Prostate cancer Testicular cancer Incidence Mortality 5-year survival

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Umurzakov KT, Shalgumbayeva G, Kaydarova DR, Smail Y, Ibrayev A, Sagidullin SO, Semenova YM. Epidemiological Characteristics of Male Reproductive Cancers in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Ten-Year Trends. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(8):1807-1816.