How Much Excess Body Weight, Blood Pressure, Triglyceride, or Age Can Double the Likelihood of Diabetes Type 2?
Abstract
Background: We aimed to identify the level of known risk factors of diabetes associated with doubled likelihood of diabetes type 2.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, an analysis was performed on the data of 9930 individuals aged 15 yr and older participating from 2014 to 2018 in the second phase of the Kerman coronary artery disease risk factors study (KERCADRS), Kerman, Iran. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with doubled chance of diabetes.
Results: The mean age of participants was 46.1±15.5 yr from which 59.5% were women. Overall, 1105 (11.1%) individuals had type 2 diabetes. An increase of 13.86 yr in age, an increase of 17.32 kg/m2 unit in the amount of body mass index, an increase of 0.17 in the waist-to-hip ratio, a 77 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure and 6.07 unit increase in triglyceride to HDL ratio doubled the chances of developing type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion: Slight changes in the waist-to-hip circumference ratio (0.17), aging (14 yr), and increase in TG/HDL ratio (6.07 unit) were the most important risk factors, while intense physical activity was the most important protective factor associated with doubling of the chances of developing diabetes. Since most of these risk factors are modifiable, increase in physical activity and providing facilities to improve lifestyle in the community seems necessary.
1. Atlas D. International diabetes federation (2015). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 7th edn Brus-sels, Belgium Int Diabetes Fed.
2. Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, N, et al (2019). Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projec-tions for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Di-abetes Atlas, 9 th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 157: 107843.
3. Collaborators GBDRF. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and oc-cupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (2015). Lancet (London, England), 386(10010): 2287.
4. World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes (2016). ISBN 978 92 4 156525 7 (NLM classification: WK 810).
5. Vazquez G, Duval S, Jacobs Jr DR, Silven-toinen K (2007). Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident dia-betes. a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Rev, 29(1): 115–28.
6. Abdullah A, Peeters A, de Courten M, Stoelwinder J (2010). The magnitude of association between overweight and obe-sity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 89(3): 309–19
7. Ard D, Tettey N-S, Feresu S (2020). The In-fluence of Family History of Type 2 Dia-betes Mellitus on Positive Health Behav-ior Changes among African Americans. Int J Chronic Dis, 3: 8016542.
8. WHO D country profiles (2017). http://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/en/. Diabetes country profiles (2016).
9. Esteghamati A, Larijani B, Aghajani MH, et al (2017). Diabetes in Iran: prospective analysis from first nationwide diabetes report of National Program for Preven-tion and Control of Diabetes (NPPCD-2016). Sci Rep, 7(1): 1–10.
10. Khosravi Shadmani F, Farzadfar F, Larijani B, Mirzaei M, Haghdoost AA (2019). Trend and projection of mortality rate due to non-communicable diseases in Iran: A modeling study. PLoS One, 14; 14(2).
11. Poorolajal J, Farbakhsh F, Mahjub H, Bidar-afsh A, Babaee E (2016). How much ex-cess body weight, blood sugar, or age can double the risk of hypertension? Public Health, 133: 14–8.
12. Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL (2020). Prevalence of obesity and se-vere obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, (360): 1-8.
13. Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F (2019). The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism, 92: 6-10.
14. Moayeri A, Mohamadpour M, Mousavi SF, Shirzadpour E, Mohamadpour S, Amraei M (2017). Fracture risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and possible risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 13:455.
15. Lee PG, Halter JB (2017). The pathophysi-ology of hyperglycemia in older adults: clinical considerations. Diabetes Care, 40(4): 444–52.
16. Fagherazzi G, Vilier A, Affret A, Balkau B, Bonnet F, Clavel-Chapelon F (2015). The association of body shape trajectories over the life course with type 2 diabetes risk in adulthood: a group-based model-ing approach. Ann Epidemiol, 25(10): 785–7.
17. Mano Y, Yokomichi H, Suzuki K, et al (2015). Do body mass index trajectories affect the risk of type 2 diabetes? A case–control study. BMC Public Health, 15(1): 718.
18. Peter RS, Keller F, Klenk J, Concin H, Nagel G (2016). Body mass trajectories, diabetes mellitus, and mortality in a large cohort of Austrian adults. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(49).
19. Heianza Y, Arase Y, Kodama S, et al (2015). Trajectory of body mass index before the development of type 2 diabetes in Japa-nese men: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 15. J Diabetes Investig, 6(3): 289–94.
20. Luo J, Hodge A, Hendryx M, Byles JE (2020). Age of obesity onset, cumulative obesity exposure over early adulthood and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 63(3): 519–27.
21. Chadt A, Scherneck S, Joost HG, Al-Hasani H (2018). Molecular links between obesity and diabetes:“diabesity”. Endotext [In-ternet].
22. Felber JP, Golay A (2002). Pathways from obesity to diabetes. Int J Obes, 26(2):S39–45.
23. Cheung BMY, Li C (2012). Diabetes and hypertension: is there a common meta-bolic pathway? Curr Atheroscler Rep, 14(2): 160–6.
24. Xu J, Hu Y, Wei Q, et al (2020). Associa-tions of LDL-C-to-HDL-C and TG-to-HDL-C Ratios with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study with 6 years’ Follow-UP.
25. Ren X, Chen Z ai, Zheng S, et al (2016). As-sociation between triglyceride to HDL-C ratio (TG/HDL-C) and insulin resistance in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One, 11(4):e0154345.
26. Lin D, Qi Y, Huang C, et al (2018). Associa-tions of lipid parameters with insulin re-sistance and diabetes: a population-based study. Clin Nutr, 37(4): 1423–9.
27. Maturu A, DeWitt P, Kern PA, Rasouli N (2015). The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ra-tio as a predictor of β-cell function in Af-rican American women. Metabolism, 64(5): 561–5.
28. Young KA, Maturu A, Lorenzo C, et al (2019). The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ra-tio as a predictor of insulin resistance, β-cell function, and diabetes in Hispanics and African Americans. J Diabetes Compli-cations, 33(2): 118–22.
2. Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, N, et al (2019). Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projec-tions for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Di-abetes Atlas, 9 th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 157: 107843.
3. Collaborators GBDRF. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and oc-cupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (2015). Lancet (London, England), 386(10010): 2287.
4. World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes (2016). ISBN 978 92 4 156525 7 (NLM classification: WK 810).
5. Vazquez G, Duval S, Jacobs Jr DR, Silven-toinen K (2007). Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident dia-betes. a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Rev, 29(1): 115–28.
6. Abdullah A, Peeters A, de Courten M, Stoelwinder J (2010). The magnitude of association between overweight and obe-sity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 89(3): 309–19
7. Ard D, Tettey N-S, Feresu S (2020). The In-fluence of Family History of Type 2 Dia-betes Mellitus on Positive Health Behav-ior Changes among African Americans. Int J Chronic Dis, 3: 8016542.
8. WHO D country profiles (2017). http://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/en/. Diabetes country profiles (2016).
9. Esteghamati A, Larijani B, Aghajani MH, et al (2017). Diabetes in Iran: prospective analysis from first nationwide diabetes report of National Program for Preven-tion and Control of Diabetes (NPPCD-2016). Sci Rep, 7(1): 1–10.
10. Khosravi Shadmani F, Farzadfar F, Larijani B, Mirzaei M, Haghdoost AA (2019). Trend and projection of mortality rate due to non-communicable diseases in Iran: A modeling study. PLoS One, 14; 14(2).
11. Poorolajal J, Farbakhsh F, Mahjub H, Bidar-afsh A, Babaee E (2016). How much ex-cess body weight, blood sugar, or age can double the risk of hypertension? Public Health, 133: 14–8.
12. Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL (2020). Prevalence of obesity and se-vere obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, (360): 1-8.
13. Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F (2019). The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism, 92: 6-10.
14. Moayeri A, Mohamadpour M, Mousavi SF, Shirzadpour E, Mohamadpour S, Amraei M (2017). Fracture risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and possible risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 13:455.
15. Lee PG, Halter JB (2017). The pathophysi-ology of hyperglycemia in older adults: clinical considerations. Diabetes Care, 40(4): 444–52.
16. Fagherazzi G, Vilier A, Affret A, Balkau B, Bonnet F, Clavel-Chapelon F (2015). The association of body shape trajectories over the life course with type 2 diabetes risk in adulthood: a group-based model-ing approach. Ann Epidemiol, 25(10): 785–7.
17. Mano Y, Yokomichi H, Suzuki K, et al (2015). Do body mass index trajectories affect the risk of type 2 diabetes? A case–control study. BMC Public Health, 15(1): 718.
18. Peter RS, Keller F, Klenk J, Concin H, Nagel G (2016). Body mass trajectories, diabetes mellitus, and mortality in a large cohort of Austrian adults. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(49).
19. Heianza Y, Arase Y, Kodama S, et al (2015). Trajectory of body mass index before the development of type 2 diabetes in Japa-nese men: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 15. J Diabetes Investig, 6(3): 289–94.
20. Luo J, Hodge A, Hendryx M, Byles JE (2020). Age of obesity onset, cumulative obesity exposure over early adulthood and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 63(3): 519–27.
21. Chadt A, Scherneck S, Joost HG, Al-Hasani H (2018). Molecular links between obesity and diabetes:“diabesity”. Endotext [In-ternet].
22. Felber JP, Golay A (2002). Pathways from obesity to diabetes. Int J Obes, 26(2):S39–45.
23. Cheung BMY, Li C (2012). Diabetes and hypertension: is there a common meta-bolic pathway? Curr Atheroscler Rep, 14(2): 160–6.
24. Xu J, Hu Y, Wei Q, et al (2020). Associa-tions of LDL-C-to-HDL-C and TG-to-HDL-C Ratios with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study with 6 years’ Follow-UP.
25. Ren X, Chen Z ai, Zheng S, et al (2016). As-sociation between triglyceride to HDL-C ratio (TG/HDL-C) and insulin resistance in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One, 11(4):e0154345.
26. Lin D, Qi Y, Huang C, et al (2018). Associa-tions of lipid parameters with insulin re-sistance and diabetes: a population-based study. Clin Nutr, 37(4): 1423–9.
27. Maturu A, DeWitt P, Kern PA, Rasouli N (2015). The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ra-tio as a predictor of β-cell function in Af-rican American women. Metabolism, 64(5): 561–5.
28. Young KA, Maturu A, Lorenzo C, et al (2019). The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ra-tio as a predictor of insulin resistance, β-cell function, and diabetes in Hispanics and African Americans. J Diabetes Compli-cations, 33(2): 118–22.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 51 No 4 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i4.9256 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Diabetes Risk factor odds ratio | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Jangipour Afshar P, Najafipour H, Shadkam Farokhi M, Shahesmaeili A. How Much Excess Body Weight, Blood Pressure, Triglyceride, or Age Can Double the Likelihood of Diabetes Type 2?. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(4):939-945.
