Impact of Elevated Systolic Blood Pressure Levels on Mortality and Life Expectancy in Southeast Chinese Residents
-
Wei Feng
,
Wei Ji
,
Yong Wang
,
Qinghai Gong
,
Sixuan Li
,
Yang Liu
,
Ge Lou
,
Shiwei Liu
,
Hui Li
Abstract
Background: We aimed to analyse the impact of elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels on mortality and life expectancy among ≥25 yr adults in the municipality of Ningbo, China.
Methods: The death cause data were collected from the Internet-based Comprehensive Chronic Disease Surveillance System in Zhejiang Province in 2015, and SBP level data were obtained from the Ningbo Adult Chronic Disease Surveillance survey. According to the comparative risk assessment theory, the population attributable fraction (PAF) of elevated SBP levels by gender and urban-rural regions has been calculated. The deaths and life expectancy loss due to elevated SBP levels were estimated.
Results: In 2015, the average SBP level among ≥25 yr adults in Ningbo was 129.01 ± 17.73 mmHg, which was higher in men (131.67 ± 16.89 mmHg) than in women (126.24 ± 18.15 mmHg) and was higher among adults in rural regions (130.55 ± 18.75 mmHg) than among adults in urban regions (127.15 ± 16.19 mmHg). A total of 6181 deaths were attributed to elevated SBP levels among adults in Ningbo. The PAF of deaths caused by elevated SBP levels among adults was 16.14%, which was higher in women (18.73%) than in men (14.31%). The overall loss of life expectancy caused by elevated SBP levels among adults was 1.76 yr, which was higher in women (1.99 yr) than in men (1.53 yr) and was higher in rural regions (1.91 yr) than in urban regions (1.49 yr).
Conclusion: Elevated SBP levels had a serious impact on the death and life expectancy loss of residents in Ningbo.
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8. GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392(10159): 1923-94.
9. Wu Y, Huxley R, Li L, et al (2008). Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. Circulation, 118(25): 2679-86.
10. Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang L, et al (2018). Status of Hypertension in China: Results From the China Hypertension Survey, 2012-2015. Circulation, 137(22): 2344-56.
11. Joffres M, Falaschetti E, Gillespie C, et al (2013). Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in national surveys from England, the USA and Canada, and correlation with stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 3(8): e003423.
12. Yoon S S, Gu Q, Nwankwo T, et al (2015). Trends in blood pressure among adults with hypertension: United States, 2003 to 2012. Hypertension, 65(1): 54-61.
13. Valdés González Y, Campbell NRC, Pons Barrera E, et al (2020). Implementation of a community-based hypertension control program in Matanzas, Cuba. J Clin Hypertens(Greenwich), 22(2):142-9.
14. Khoe LC, Wangge G, Soewondo P, et al (2020). The implementation of community-based diabetes and hypertension management care program in Indonesia. PLoS One, 15(1):e0227806.
15. Augustovski F, Chaparro M, Palacios A, et al (2018). Cost-Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Approach for Hypertension Control in Low-Income Settings in Argentina: Trial-Based Analysis of the Hypertension Control Program in Argentina. Value Health, 21(12):1357-64.
16. Leung AA, Nerenberg K, Daskalopoulou SS, et al (2016). Hypertension Canada's 2016 Canadian Hypertension Education Program Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurement, Diagnosis, Assessment of Risk, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension. Can J Cardiol, 32(5):569-88.
17. Tian M, Wang H, Tong X, et al (2015). Essential public health services’ accessibility and its determinants among adults with chronic diseases in China. PLoS One, 10(4):e0125262.
18. Zhang D, Pan X, Li S, et al (2017). Impact of the National Essential Public Health Services Policy on Hypertension Control in China. Am J Hypertens, 31(1):115-23.
19. Iso H, Shimamoto T, Naito Y, et al (1998). Effects of a long-term hypertension control program on stroke incidence and prevalence in a rural community in northeastern Japan. Stroke, 29(8):1510–8.
20. Chen L, Yip W, Chang MC, et al (2007). The effects of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance on access and health status of the elderly. Health Econ, 16(3):223–42.
21. Bai R, Wei J, An R, et al (2018). Trends in Life Expectancy and Its Association with Economic Factors in the Belt and Road Countries-Evidence from 2000-2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(12) :2890.
22. Duque A M, Peixoto M V, Lima S, et al (2018). Analysis of the relationship between life expectancy and social determinants in a north-eastern region of Brazil, 2010-2017. Geospat Health, 13(2).
23. Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan (2018). Chin J Ophthalmol. 54(1):11-22.
24. Xu G, Liu J, Liu S, et al (2015). The Expanding Burden of Elevated Blood Pressure in China: Evidence From Jiangxi Province, 2007-2010. Medicine (Baltimore), 94(39): e1623.
25. Ran S, Yang SY, Chen DB, et al (2019). Mortality and life expectancy loss attributable to elevated blood pressure in Chongqing in 2015. Chin J Prev Contr Chron Dis. 27(07):501-6.
26. Zeng XY, Li YC, Liu JM, et al (2017). Estimation of the impact of risk factors control on non-communicable diseases mortality, life expectancy and the labor force lost in China in 2030. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi，51 (12):1079-85.
27. Wei F, Yong W, Kui L, et al (2019).Exploration of dyslipidemia prevalence and its risk factors in a coastal city of China: a population-based cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Exp Med. 12(3):2729-37.
28. Lim S S, Vos T, Flaxman A D, et al (2012). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380(9859): 2224-60.
29. 29. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2018). Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Causes of Death and Nonfatal Causes Mapped to ICD Codes. [EB/OL]. Available from: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2017-cause-icd-code-mappings.
30. GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators (2016). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 388(10053): 1659-724.
31. Zeng XY, Liu SW, Wang LJ, et al (2017). Mortality and life expectancy that attributable to high blood pressure in Chinese people in 2013. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 38(8):1011-6.
32. Fei FR, Yu M, Zhong JM, et al (2018). Cerebral-cardio vascular diseases death and cause eliminated life expectancy among residents of Zhejiang Province in 2016. Prev Med, 30(9):865-9.
33. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2017). Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants. Lancet, 389(10064):37-55.
34. Ikeda N, Gaidou E, Hasegawa T, et al (2008). Understanding the decline of mean systolic blood pressure in Japan: an analysis of pooled data from the National Nutrition Survey, 1986-2002. Bull World Health Organ, 86(12):978-88.
35. Ezzati M, Oza S, Danaei G, et al (2008). Trends and cardiovascular mortality effects of state-level blood pressure and uncontrolled hypertension in the United States. Circulation, 117(7):905-14.
36. Muntner P, Hardy ST, Fine LJ, et al (2020). Trends in Blood Pressure Control Among US Adults With Hypertension, 1999-2000 to 2017-2018. JAMA, 324(12):1190-1200.
37. Falaschetti E, Mindell J, Knott C, et al (2014). Hypertension management in England: a serial cross-sectional study from 1994 to 2011. Lancet, 383(9932):1912-19.
38. Schiffrin EL, Campbell NR, Feldman RD,et al (2016). Hypertension in Canada: Past, Present, and Future. Ann Glob Health, 82(2):288-99.
39. Guo J, Zhu YC, Chen YP, et al (2015). The dynamics of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Chinese adults: results from CHNS 1991-2011. J Hypertens, 33(8):1688-96.
40. Chen X, Wei W, Zou S, et al (2014). Trends in the prevalence of hypertension in island and coastal areas of china: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens, 27(12): 1503-10.
41. Feng W，Cao YS，Li SJ (2012). Analysis on the Trend of Prevalence of Hypertension among Residents in Fenghua City. Zhejiang Preventive Medicine, 24(08):4-6+9.
42. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2015). Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 385(9963):117-71.
43. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). Data set of death surveillance in China 2016. Science and technology of China press: Beijing, China.
44. Qi SX, Fan ZQ, Yang HF, et al (2020). Analysis of disease burden attributed to elevated blood pressure in Nanjing among residents aged 25 and above in 2011 and 2017. Chin J Prev Contr Chron Dis, 28(9):718-21.
45. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). Report on life expectancy and risk factors among Chinese residents. Peking Union Medical College Press: Beijing, China.
2. GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392(10159): 1736-88.
3. GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392(10159): 1859-922.
4. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al (2012). Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet, 380(9859):2095–128.
5. Roth GA, Johnson C, Abajobir A, et al (2017). Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70(1):1–25.
6. National Center for Cardiovascular Disease (2019). Report on Cardiovascular Diseaseon in China 2018. Enccyclopeddia of China Publishing House: Beijing, China.
7. Wang Y, Cao XX, Hou YB, et al (2020). Study on Chinese and global cardiovascular diseases burden in 1990 and 2017. Chin J Prev Contr Chron Dis, 28(1):10-13+19.
8. GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392(10159): 1923-94.
9. Wu Y, Huxley R, Li L, et al (2008). Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. Circulation, 118(25): 2679-86.
10. Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang L, et al (2018). Status of Hypertension in China: Results From the China Hypertension Survey, 2012-2015. Circulation, 137(22): 2344-56.
11. Joffres M, Falaschetti E, Gillespie C, et al (2013). Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in national surveys from England, the USA and Canada, and correlation with stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 3(8): e003423.
12. Yoon S S, Gu Q, Nwankwo T, et al (2015). Trends in blood pressure among adults with hypertension: United States, 2003 to 2012. Hypertension, 65(1): 54-61.
13. Valdés González Y, Campbell NRC, Pons Barrera E, et al (2020). Implementation of a community-based hypertension control program in Matanzas, Cuba. J Clin Hypertens(Greenwich), 22(2):142-9.
14. Khoe LC, Wangge G, Soewondo P, et al (2020). The implementation of community-based diabetes and hypertension management care program in Indonesia. PLoS One, 15(1):e0227806.
15. Augustovski F, Chaparro M, Palacios A, et al (2018). Cost-Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Approach for Hypertension Control in Low-Income Settings in Argentina: Trial-Based Analysis of the Hypertension Control Program in Argentina. Value Health, 21(12):1357-64.
16. Leung AA, Nerenberg K, Daskalopoulou SS, et al (2016). Hypertension Canada's 2016 Canadian Hypertension Education Program Guidelines for Blood Pressure Measurement, Diagnosis, Assessment of Risk, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension. Can J Cardiol, 32(5):569-88.
17. Tian M, Wang H, Tong X, et al (2015). Essential public health services’ accessibility and its determinants among adults with chronic diseases in China. PLoS One, 10(4):e0125262.
18. Zhang D, Pan X, Li S, et al (2017). Impact of the National Essential Public Health Services Policy on Hypertension Control in China. Am J Hypertens, 31(1):115-23.
19. Iso H, Shimamoto T, Naito Y, et al (1998). Effects of a long-term hypertension control program on stroke incidence and prevalence in a rural community in northeastern Japan. Stroke, 29(8):1510–8.
20. Chen L, Yip W, Chang MC, et al (2007). The effects of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance on access and health status of the elderly. Health Econ, 16(3):223–42.
21. Bai R, Wei J, An R, et al (2018). Trends in Life Expectancy and Its Association with Economic Factors in the Belt and Road Countries-Evidence from 2000-2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(12) :2890.
22. Duque A M, Peixoto M V, Lima S, et al (2018). Analysis of the relationship between life expectancy and social determinants in a north-eastern region of Brazil, 2010-2017. Geospat Health, 13(2).
23. Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan (2018). Chin J Ophthalmol. 54(1):11-22.
24. Xu G, Liu J, Liu S, et al (2015). The Expanding Burden of Elevated Blood Pressure in China: Evidence From Jiangxi Province, 2007-2010. Medicine (Baltimore), 94(39): e1623.
25. Ran S, Yang SY, Chen DB, et al (2019). Mortality and life expectancy loss attributable to elevated blood pressure in Chongqing in 2015. Chin J Prev Contr Chron Dis. 27(07):501-6.
26. Zeng XY, Li YC, Liu JM, et al (2017). Estimation of the impact of risk factors control on non-communicable diseases mortality, life expectancy and the labor force lost in China in 2030. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi，51 (12):1079-85.
27. Wei F, Yong W, Kui L, et al (2019).Exploration of dyslipidemia prevalence and its risk factors in a coastal city of China: a population-based cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Exp Med. 12(3):2729-37.
28. Lim S S, Vos T, Flaxman A D, et al (2012). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380(9859): 2224-60.
29. 29. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2018). Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Causes of Death and Nonfatal Causes Mapped to ICD Codes. [EB/OL]. Available from: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2017-cause-icd-code-mappings.
30. GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators (2016). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 388(10053): 1659-724.
31. Zeng XY, Liu SW, Wang LJ, et al (2017). Mortality and life expectancy that attributable to high blood pressure in Chinese people in 2013. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 38(8):1011-6.
32. Fei FR, Yu M, Zhong JM, et al (2018). Cerebral-cardio vascular diseases death and cause eliminated life expectancy among residents of Zhejiang Province in 2016. Prev Med, 30(9):865-9.
33. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2017). Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants. Lancet, 389(10064):37-55.
34. Ikeda N, Gaidou E, Hasegawa T, et al (2008). Understanding the decline of mean systolic blood pressure in Japan: an analysis of pooled data from the National Nutrition Survey, 1986-2002. Bull World Health Organ, 86(12):978-88.
35. Ezzati M, Oza S, Danaei G, et al (2008). Trends and cardiovascular mortality effects of state-level blood pressure and uncontrolled hypertension in the United States. Circulation, 117(7):905-14.
36. Muntner P, Hardy ST, Fine LJ, et al (2020). Trends in Blood Pressure Control Among US Adults With Hypertension, 1999-2000 to 2017-2018. JAMA, 324(12):1190-1200.
37. Falaschetti E, Mindell J, Knott C, et al (2014). Hypertension management in England: a serial cross-sectional study from 1994 to 2011. Lancet, 383(9932):1912-19.
38. Schiffrin EL, Campbell NR, Feldman RD,et al (2016). Hypertension in Canada: Past, Present, and Future. Ann Glob Health, 82(2):288-99.
39. Guo J, Zhu YC, Chen YP, et al (2015). The dynamics of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Chinese adults: results from CHNS 1991-2011. J Hypertens, 33(8):1688-96.
40. Chen X, Wei W, Zou S, et al (2014). Trends in the prevalence of hypertension in island and coastal areas of china: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens, 27(12): 1503-10.
41. Feng W，Cao YS，Li SJ (2012). Analysis on the Trend of Prevalence of Hypertension among Residents in Fenghua City. Zhejiang Preventive Medicine, 24(08):4-6+9.
42. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2015). Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 385(9963):117-71.
43. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). Data set of death surveillance in China 2016. Science and technology of China press: Beijing, China.
44. Qi SX, Fan ZQ, Yang HF, et al (2020). Analysis of disease burden attributed to elevated blood pressure in Nanjing among residents aged 25 and above in 2011 and 2017. Chin J Prev Contr Chron Dis, 28(9):718-21.
45. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). Report on life expectancy and risk factors among Chinese residents. Peking Union Medical College Press: Beijing, China.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 10 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i10.7499 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Elevated systolic blood pressure Population attributable fraction Attributed death Life expectancy | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Feng W, Ji W, Wang Y, Gong Q, Li S, Liu Y, Lou G, Liu S, Li H. Impact of Elevated Systolic Blood Pressure Levels on Mortality and Life Expectancy in Southeast Chinese Residents. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(10):1993-2001.
