The Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Miners around the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are responsible for significant problem for workers' health. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among mining workers.
Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis study were designed in 2020 (from Jan to Mar). The researchers searched five international databases Medline/PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science. All analyzes were performed using STATA statistical software.
Results: The search results were 447 articles and after screening stage finally 50 studies were included in review. The highest number of studies (26 studies) reported the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders of upper back and 4 studies reported the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders of the arms and ankles & feet. The results of meta-analysis based on prevalence in different organs showed that the highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was in the upper back and the lowest in the knees with a prevalence of 50.39% (CI 95%: 31.23-54.73%) and 16.03% (CI 95%: 11.78-20.28%), respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among miners is relatively high. Therefore, supervisors and mine managers should pay more attention to reducing musculoskeletal disorders and increasing the ergonomic level of mines in order to increase workers' health.
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2. Niu S (2010). Ergonomics and occupational safety and health: An ILO perspective. Appl Ergon, 41 (6): 744-53.
3. Pinder A, Yeomans L, Heuvel S, et al (2007). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: Back to work. 1st ed. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, pp.: 20-21.
4. Tavakkol R, Kavi E, Hassanipour S, et al (2020). The global prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among operating room personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health, 8 (4): 1053-61.
5. Richardson A, McNoe B, Derrett S, et al (2018). Interventions to prevent and reduce the impact of musculoskeletal injuries among nurses: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud, 82: 58-67.
6. Council NR (2001). Musculoskeletal disorders the workplace: Low back upper extremities. 1st ed. Washington (DC), U.S., pp.: 25-40.
7. Soroush A, Shamsi M, Izadi N, et al (2018). Musculoskeletal disorders as common problems among iranian nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Int J Prev Med, 9:27.
8. Tawiah AK, Oppong-Yeboah B, Bello AI (2015). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers at gold mine industry in Ghana: prevalence and patterns of occurrence. J Adv Med Med Res, 9 (8): 1-9.
9. Falahati M, Dehghani F, Malakoutikhah M, et al (2019). Using fuzzy logic approach to predict work-related musculoskeletal disorders among automotive assembly workers. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 33: 136.
10. Malakoutikhah M, Karimi A, Hoseini M, et al (2017). Survey of the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and work-family conflict in one of the country's steel industry. J Occup Hyg Eng, 4 (1): 10-17.
11. Manninen P, Heliövaara M, Riihimäki H, et al (2002). Physical workload and the risk of severe knee osteoarthritis. Scand J Work Environ Health, 28 (1): 25-32.
12. Sharrard W (1963). Aetiology and pathology of beat knee. Br J Ind Med, 20(1):24-31.
13. Aghillinejad M, Mokamelkhah EK, Nassiri-Kashani M, et al (2016). Musculoskeletal Disorders among Iranian Coal Miners at 2014. Iran J Health Saf Environ, 3 (1S): 466-71.
14. Lawrencw J (1955). Rheumatism in coal miners. III. Ocupational factor. Br J Ind Med, 12: 249-281.
15. Salehi sahl abadi A, Nasl Saraji G, Zeraati H, et al (2009). Assessment of spine curvatures (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) prevalence and their associations with musculo-skeletal disorders in automobile industry workers. Sci J Sch Pub Health Inst Pub Health Res, 6 (3): 49-60.
16. Van Vuuren BJ, Becker PJ, Van Heerden HJ, et al (2005). Lower back problems and occupational risk factors in a South African steel industry. Am J Ind Med, 47 (5): 451-7.
17. Lang J, Ochsmann E, Kraus T, et al (2012). Psychosocial work stressors as antecedents of musculoskeletal problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis of stability-adjusted longitudinal studies. Soc Sci Med, 75 (7): 1163-74.
18. Kowalski-Trakofler KM, Steiner LJ, Schwerha DJ (2005). Safety considerations for the aging workforce. Saf Sci, 43 (10): 779-93.
19. Deng M, Wu F, Wang J, Sun L (2017). Musculoskeletal disorders, personality traits, psychological distress, and accident proneness of Chinese coal miners. Work, 57 (3): 441-9.
20. Widanarko B, Legg S, Stevenson M, et al (2012). Interaction between physical, psychosocial, and organisational work factors for low back symptoms and its consequences amongst Indonesian coal mining workers. Appl Ergon, 46 Pt A:158-67.
21. Devereux J (2004). The role of work stress and psychological factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders: The stress and MSD study. 1st ed. HSE books, UK, pp.: 25.
22. Pal A, Dhara P (2017). Evaluation of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Postural Stress of Female "Jari" Workers. Indian J Occup Environ Med, 21: 132-7.
23. Ahmad A (2014). A study of miners, demographics and health status in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India. Int J Develop Stud Res, 3 (1): 113-21.
24. Ahmad A (2015). Socio-economic and health status of sandstone miners: a case study of Sorya village, Karauli, Rajasthan. Int J Res Med Sci, 3 (5): 1159-64.
25. Ahmad A (2017). Prevalence and predictors of occupational stress among quarry workers in rural Rajasthan. Journal of Public Mental Health, 16 (4): 132-43.
26. Ahmad A, Alvi R (2017). Musculoskeletal disorders and risk factors of workers in Indian mining industry: a cross-sectional study. Int J Perc Pub Health, 1 (4): 241-8.
27. Bandyopadhyay A, Dev S, Gangopadhyay S (2012). A study on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the coalminers of Eastern Coalfields of India. Int J Occup Saf Health, 2 (2): 34-7.
28. Bhattacherjee A, Bertrand J-P, Meyer J-P, et al (2007). Relationships of physical job tasks and living conditions with occupational injuries in coal miners. Ind Health, 45 (2): 352-8.
29. Gianchandani SG, Ganvir SS (2011). Prevalence and predisposing factors of low back pain among male underground miners. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther, 5 (2): 134-7.
30. Mandal BB, Manwar VD (2017). Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among heavy earth moving machinery operators exposed to whole-body vibration in opencast mining. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 4 (5): 1566-72.
31. Mandal BB, Srivastava AK (2010). Musculoskeletal disorders in dumper operators exposed to whole body vibration at indian mines. Int J Min Reclaim Env, 24 (3): 233-43.
32. Nandi S, Dhatrak S, Chaterjee D, et al (2009). Health survey in gypsum mines in India. Indian J Community Med, 34 (4): 343-5.
33. Noor IH, Helmi ZN, Setyaningrum R (2015). The correlation between age, tenure, and height with musculoskeletal disorders complaint (observational study among brick craftsman in lok buntar village sungai tabuk district). 1st ed. pp.: 20-25.
34. Octora M, Wilmayani N, Ekawanti A, et al (2018). Association between Work Posture and Musculoskeletal Complaint among Traditional Gold Miners, West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Mid-International Conference on Public Health. Sebelas Maret University.
35. Widanarko B, Legg S, Devereux J, et al (2015). Interaction between physical and psychosocial risk factors on the presence of neck/shoulder symptoms and its consequences. Ergonomics, 58 (9): 1507-18.
36. Widanarko B, Legg S, Stevenson M, et al (2013). Prevalence of low back symptoms and its consequences in relation to occupational group. Am J Ind Med, 56 (5): 576-89.
37. Busi N, Barber CM, Ross M, et al (2007). Hand-arm vibration syndrome in South African gold miners. Occup Med (Lond), 57 (1): 25-9.
38. Schutte P, Dias B, Smith A, et al (2003). Prospective study to assess the prevalence and work-related risk factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders in the South African mining industry. South African. Available from: https://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/1308/Health702.pdf?sequence=1
39. Schutte PC (2005). Ergonomics in the South African mining industry. J South Afr Inst Min Metall, 105 (6): 369-72.
40. Torma-Krajewski J, Hipes C, Steiner L (2007). Ergonomic interventions at Vulcan Materials Company. Min Eng, 59 (11): 54-8.
41. Torma-Krajewski J, Steiner L, Lewis P (2007). Implementation of an ergonomics process at a US surface coal mine. Int J Ind Ergon, 37 (2): 157-67.
42. Weston E, Nasarwanji MF, Pollard JP (2016). Identification of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Mining. J Saf Health Environ Res, 12 (1): 274-83.
43. Aickin C, Lusted M, Mitchell R, et al (2010). Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in NSW mines: Overview of a mail survey. 1st ed. pp.: 21.
44. Carlisle KN, Parker AW (2014). Psychological distress and pain reporting in Australian coal miners. Saf Health Work, 5 (4): 203-9.
45. Jones OF, James CL (2018). Task rotation in an underground coal mine: A pilot study. Work, 59 (2): 285-94.
46. Xu G, Pang D, Liu F, (2012). Prevalence of low back pain and associated occupational factors among Chinese coal miners. BMC Public Health, 12 : 149.
47. Yue P, Xu G, Li L, et al (2014). Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in relation to psychosocial factors. Occup Med (Lond), 64 (3): 211-6.
48. Bio F, Sadhra S, Jackson C, (2007). Low back pain in underground gold miners in Ghana. Ghana Med J, 41 (1): 21-5.
49. Moses MO (2014). Effects of Progressive Resistance Exercise Training on Low Back Pain Conditions of Miners in Ghana. Int J Appl Exerc Physiol, 3 (1): 21-8.
50. Custodio B, Matias A, Soriano V (2018). Association of Individual Risk Factors and Workplace Factors to Self-Reported Body Discomfort of Filipino Small-Scale Gold Miners. Philippine Eng J, 39 (1): 50-7.
51. Custodio B.P., Matias A.C., Soriano V.J. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Volume 491. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; Berlin, Germany: 2016. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Small Scale Gold Miners and Extraction Workers in the Philippines; pp. 495–501.
52. Leung AMR, Lu JLDP (2016). Environmental Health and Safety Hazards of Indigenous Small-Scale Gold Mining Using Cyanidation in the Philippines. Environ Health Insights, 10: 125-31.
53. Jahangiri M, Najarkola SAM, Gholami T, et al (2015). Ergonomics Intervention to Reduce Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in a Lead Mine. Health Scope, 4(4): e29507.
54. Ishtiaq M, Jehan N, Rehman ZU (2014). Frequency of musculoskeleton health problems and its relation with demographic variables among Cherat coal miners District Nowshera Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Pakistan. J Dow Univ Health Sci, 8(3): 117-20.
55. Jiskani IM, Wei Z, Chalgri SR, et al (2018). Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and assessment of workplace factors: A case of coal mine in Pakistan. Thirty-Fifth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Xuzhou, China.
56. de Sousa MNA, de Oliveira Santos BM, Zaia JE, et al (2015). Musculoskeletal disorders in informal mining workers. Int Arch Med, 8 (183): 1-8.
57. Ralph O, Gilles N, Fon N, et al (2018). Impact of artisanal gold mining on human health and the environment in the Batouri Gold District, East Cameroon. Acad J Interdiscip Stud, 7 (1): 25-44.
58. Egwuonwu V, Abidemi T, Aiyejunsunle C, et al (2013). A cross-sectional survey of work related musculoskeletal disorders prevalence and associated risk factors among quarry workers in a South Eastern Nigerian community. The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 11(2): 1-7.
59. Zejda J, Stasiow B (2003). Cervical spine degenerative changes (narrowed intervertebral disc spaces and osteophytes) in coal miners. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 16 (1): 49-53.
60. Skandfer M, Talykova L, Brenn T, et al (2014). Low back pain among mineworkers in relation to driving, cold environment and ergonomics. Ergonomics, 57 (10): 1541-8.
61. Sarikaya S, Özdolap Ş, Gümüştasş Ş, et al (2007). Low back pain and lumbar angles in Turkish coal miners. Am J Ind Med, 50 (2): 92-6.
62. Cherry N, McDonald J (2002). The incidence of work‐related disease reported by occupational physicians, 1996–2001. Occup Med (Lond), 52 (7): 407-11.
63. Kunda R, Frantz J, Karachi F (2013). Prevalence and ergonomic risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal injuries amongst underground mine workers in Zambia. J Occup Health, 55 (3): 211-7.
64. Burström L, Aminoff A, Björ B, et al (2017). Musculoskeletal symptoms and exposure to whole-body vibration among open-pit mine workers in the Arctic. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 30 (4): 553-64.
2. Niu S (2010). Ergonomics and occupational safety and health: An ILO perspective. Appl Ergon, 41 (6): 744-53.
3. Pinder A, Yeomans L, Heuvel S, et al (2007). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: Back to work. 1st ed. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, pp.: 20-21.
4. Tavakkol R, Kavi E, Hassanipour S, et al (2020). The global prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among operating room personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health, 8 (4): 1053-61.
5. Richardson A, McNoe B, Derrett S, et al (2018). Interventions to prevent and reduce the impact of musculoskeletal injuries among nurses: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud, 82: 58-67.
6. Council NR (2001). Musculoskeletal disorders the workplace: Low back upper extremities. 1st ed. Washington (DC), U.S., pp.: 25-40.
7. Soroush A, Shamsi M, Izadi N, et al (2018). Musculoskeletal disorders as common problems among iranian nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Int J Prev Med, 9:27.
8. Tawiah AK, Oppong-Yeboah B, Bello AI (2015). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers at gold mine industry in Ghana: prevalence and patterns of occurrence. J Adv Med Med Res, 9 (8): 1-9.
9. Falahati M, Dehghani F, Malakoutikhah M, et al (2019). Using fuzzy logic approach to predict work-related musculoskeletal disorders among automotive assembly workers. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 33: 136.
10. Malakoutikhah M, Karimi A, Hoseini M, et al (2017). Survey of the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and work-family conflict in one of the country's steel industry. J Occup Hyg Eng, 4 (1): 10-17.
11. Manninen P, Heliövaara M, Riihimäki H, et al (2002). Physical workload and the risk of severe knee osteoarthritis. Scand J Work Environ Health, 28 (1): 25-32.
12. Sharrard W (1963). Aetiology and pathology of beat knee. Br J Ind Med, 20(1):24-31.
13. Aghillinejad M, Mokamelkhah EK, Nassiri-Kashani M, et al (2016). Musculoskeletal Disorders among Iranian Coal Miners at 2014. Iran J Health Saf Environ, 3 (1S): 466-71.
14. Lawrencw J (1955). Rheumatism in coal miners. III. Ocupational factor. Br J Ind Med, 12: 249-281.
15. Salehi sahl abadi A, Nasl Saraji G, Zeraati H, et al (2009). Assessment of spine curvatures (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) prevalence and their associations with musculo-skeletal disorders in automobile industry workers. Sci J Sch Pub Health Inst Pub Health Res, 6 (3): 49-60.
16. Van Vuuren BJ, Becker PJ, Van Heerden HJ, et al (2005). Lower back problems and occupational risk factors in a South African steel industry. Am J Ind Med, 47 (5): 451-7.
17. Lang J, Ochsmann E, Kraus T, et al (2012). Psychosocial work stressors as antecedents of musculoskeletal problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis of stability-adjusted longitudinal studies. Soc Sci Med, 75 (7): 1163-74.
18. Kowalski-Trakofler KM, Steiner LJ, Schwerha DJ (2005). Safety considerations for the aging workforce. Saf Sci, 43 (10): 779-93.
19. Deng M, Wu F, Wang J, Sun L (2017). Musculoskeletal disorders, personality traits, psychological distress, and accident proneness of Chinese coal miners. Work, 57 (3): 441-9.
20. Widanarko B, Legg S, Stevenson M, et al (2012). Interaction between physical, psychosocial, and organisational work factors for low back symptoms and its consequences amongst Indonesian coal mining workers. Appl Ergon, 46 Pt A:158-67.
21. Devereux J (2004). The role of work stress and psychological factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders: The stress and MSD study. 1st ed. HSE books, UK, pp.: 25.
22. Pal A, Dhara P (2017). Evaluation of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Postural Stress of Female "Jari" Workers. Indian J Occup Environ Med, 21: 132-7.
23. Ahmad A (2014). A study of miners, demographics and health status in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India. Int J Develop Stud Res, 3 (1): 113-21.
24. Ahmad A (2015). Socio-economic and health status of sandstone miners: a case study of Sorya village, Karauli, Rajasthan. Int J Res Med Sci, 3 (5): 1159-64.
25. Ahmad A (2017). Prevalence and predictors of occupational stress among quarry workers in rural Rajasthan. Journal of Public Mental Health, 16 (4): 132-43.
26. Ahmad A, Alvi R (2017). Musculoskeletal disorders and risk factors of workers in Indian mining industry: a cross-sectional study. Int J Perc Pub Health, 1 (4): 241-8.
27. Bandyopadhyay A, Dev S, Gangopadhyay S (2012). A study on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the coalminers of Eastern Coalfields of India. Int J Occup Saf Health, 2 (2): 34-7.
28. Bhattacherjee A, Bertrand J-P, Meyer J-P, et al (2007). Relationships of physical job tasks and living conditions with occupational injuries in coal miners. Ind Health, 45 (2): 352-8.
29. Gianchandani SG, Ganvir SS (2011). Prevalence and predisposing factors of low back pain among male underground miners. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther, 5 (2): 134-7.
30. Mandal BB, Manwar VD (2017). Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among heavy earth moving machinery operators exposed to whole-body vibration in opencast mining. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 4 (5): 1566-72.
31. Mandal BB, Srivastava AK (2010). Musculoskeletal disorders in dumper operators exposed to whole body vibration at indian mines. Int J Min Reclaim Env, 24 (3): 233-43.
32. Nandi S, Dhatrak S, Chaterjee D, et al (2009). Health survey in gypsum mines in India. Indian J Community Med, 34 (4): 343-5.
33. Noor IH, Helmi ZN, Setyaningrum R (2015). The correlation between age, tenure, and height with musculoskeletal disorders complaint (observational study among brick craftsman in lok buntar village sungai tabuk district). 1st ed. pp.: 20-25.
34. Octora M, Wilmayani N, Ekawanti A, et al (2018). Association between Work Posture and Musculoskeletal Complaint among Traditional Gold Miners, West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Mid-International Conference on Public Health. Sebelas Maret University.
35. Widanarko B, Legg S, Devereux J, et al (2015). Interaction between physical and psychosocial risk factors on the presence of neck/shoulder symptoms and its consequences. Ergonomics, 58 (9): 1507-18.
36. Widanarko B, Legg S, Stevenson M, et al (2013). Prevalence of low back symptoms and its consequences in relation to occupational group. Am J Ind Med, 56 (5): 576-89.
37. Busi N, Barber CM, Ross M, et al (2007). Hand-arm vibration syndrome in South African gold miners. Occup Med (Lond), 57 (1): 25-9.
38. Schutte P, Dias B, Smith A, et al (2003). Prospective study to assess the prevalence and work-related risk factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders in the South African mining industry. South African. Available from: https://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/1308/Health702.pdf?sequence=1
39. Schutte PC (2005). Ergonomics in the South African mining industry. J South Afr Inst Min Metall, 105 (6): 369-72.
40. Torma-Krajewski J, Hipes C, Steiner L (2007). Ergonomic interventions at Vulcan Materials Company. Min Eng, 59 (11): 54-8.
41. Torma-Krajewski J, Steiner L, Lewis P (2007). Implementation of an ergonomics process at a US surface coal mine. Int J Ind Ergon, 37 (2): 157-67.
42. Weston E, Nasarwanji MF, Pollard JP (2016). Identification of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Mining. J Saf Health Environ Res, 12 (1): 274-83.
43. Aickin C, Lusted M, Mitchell R, et al (2010). Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in NSW mines: Overview of a mail survey. 1st ed. pp.: 21.
44. Carlisle KN, Parker AW (2014). Psychological distress and pain reporting in Australian coal miners. Saf Health Work, 5 (4): 203-9.
45. Jones OF, James CL (2018). Task rotation in an underground coal mine: A pilot study. Work, 59 (2): 285-94.
46. Xu G, Pang D, Liu F, (2012). Prevalence of low back pain and associated occupational factors among Chinese coal miners. BMC Public Health, 12 : 149.
47. Yue P, Xu G, Li L, et al (2014). Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in relation to psychosocial factors. Occup Med (Lond), 64 (3): 211-6.
48. Bio F, Sadhra S, Jackson C, (2007). Low back pain in underground gold miners in Ghana. Ghana Med J, 41 (1): 21-5.
49. Moses MO (2014). Effects of Progressive Resistance Exercise Training on Low Back Pain Conditions of Miners in Ghana. Int J Appl Exerc Physiol, 3 (1): 21-8.
50. Custodio B, Matias A, Soriano V (2018). Association of Individual Risk Factors and Workplace Factors to Self-Reported Body Discomfort of Filipino Small-Scale Gold Miners. Philippine Eng J, 39 (1): 50-7.
51. Custodio B.P., Matias A.C., Soriano V.J. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Volume 491. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; Berlin, Germany: 2016. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Small Scale Gold Miners and Extraction Workers in the Philippines; pp. 495–501.
52. Leung AMR, Lu JLDP (2016). Environmental Health and Safety Hazards of Indigenous Small-Scale Gold Mining Using Cyanidation in the Philippines. Environ Health Insights, 10: 125-31.
53. Jahangiri M, Najarkola SAM, Gholami T, et al (2015). Ergonomics Intervention to Reduce Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in a Lead Mine. Health Scope, 4(4): e29507.
54. Ishtiaq M, Jehan N, Rehman ZU (2014). Frequency of musculoskeleton health problems and its relation with demographic variables among Cherat coal miners District Nowshera Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Pakistan. J Dow Univ Health Sci, 8(3): 117-20.
55. Jiskani IM, Wei Z, Chalgri SR, et al (2018). Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and assessment of workplace factors: A case of coal mine in Pakistan. Thirty-Fifth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Xuzhou, China.
56. de Sousa MNA, de Oliveira Santos BM, Zaia JE, et al (2015). Musculoskeletal disorders in informal mining workers. Int Arch Med, 8 (183): 1-8.
57. Ralph O, Gilles N, Fon N, et al (2018). Impact of artisanal gold mining on human health and the environment in the Batouri Gold District, East Cameroon. Acad J Interdiscip Stud, 7 (1): 25-44.
58. Egwuonwu V, Abidemi T, Aiyejunsunle C, et al (2013). A cross-sectional survey of work related musculoskeletal disorders prevalence and associated risk factors among quarry workers in a South Eastern Nigerian community. The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 11(2): 1-7.
59. Zejda J, Stasiow B (2003). Cervical spine degenerative changes (narrowed intervertebral disc spaces and osteophytes) in coal miners. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 16 (1): 49-53.
60. Skandfer M, Talykova L, Brenn T, et al (2014). Low back pain among mineworkers in relation to driving, cold environment and ergonomics. Ergonomics, 57 (10): 1541-8.
61. Sarikaya S, Özdolap Ş, Gümüştasş Ş, et al (2007). Low back pain and lumbar angles in Turkish coal miners. Am J Ind Med, 50 (2): 92-6.
62. Cherry N, McDonald J (2002). The incidence of work‐related disease reported by occupational physicians, 1996–2001. Occup Med (Lond), 52 (7): 407-11.
63. Kunda R, Frantz J, Karachi F (2013). Prevalence and ergonomic risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal injuries amongst underground mine workers in Zambia. J Occup Health, 55 (3): 211-7.
64. Burström L, Aminoff A, Björ B, et al (2017). Musculoskeletal symptoms and exposure to whole-body vibration among open-pit mine workers in the Arctic. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 30 (4): 553-64.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 4 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i4.5992 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Musculoskeletal disorders Miners Systematic review Meta-analysis | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rabiei H, Malakoutikhah M, Vaziri MH, Salehi Sahlabadi A. The Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Miners around the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(4):676-688.
