Building Resilience in Firefighters: A Systematic Review
-
Ahad Heydari
,
Abbas Ostadtaghizadeh
,
Davoud Khorasano-Zavareh
,
Ali Ardalan
,
Abbas Ebadi
,
Iraj Mohammadfam
,
Hojjat Shafaei
Abstract
Background: We aimed to identify indicators affecting firefighters’ resilience through a systematic review.
Methods: International electronic databases, including Web of Science, Medline through PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, were searched on Dec 23, 2018. The search strategy was developed using main words, including firefighter, resilience, and indicators. Then, the indicators related to firefighters’ resilience were extracted and analyzed using a qualitative synthesis method.
Results: Overall, 7178 unique documents were identified by searching different databases. Then, by screening the title and abstract, 7104 articles were excluded, and only 74 full text papers were critically studied. Finally, 31 full text articles were selected for the analysis. Quality appraisal of included studies done by modified STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) tool. Moreover, 186 indicators and criteria were extracted from the included studies and classified into 6 domains and 15 categories.
Conclusion: This study suggests six main domains, including physical health, physical fitness, mental health, life style, job-related competencies, and demographic status, to categorize different indicators of firefighters’ resilience. Building resilience in firefighters requires all these domains to be considered in the assessment, planning, and evaluation processes.
1. Griffin SC, Regan TL, Harber P, et al (2016). Evaluation of a fitness intervention for new firefighters: injury reduction and economic benefits. Inj Prev, 22(3):181-8.
2. Cornell DJ, Gnacinski SL, Zamzow A, et al (2017). Measures of health, fitness, and functional movement among firefighter recruits. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 23(2):198-204.
3. Kahn SA, Palmieri TL, Sen S, et al (2017). Factors Implicated in Safety-related Firefighter Fatalities. J Burn Care Res, 38(1):e83-e88.
4. Bhojani FA, Castillejo-Picco LA, Cathcart D, et al (2018). Fitness-for-Duty Assessments of Industrial Firefighters: Guidance for Occupational Medicine Physicians. J Occup Environ Med, 60(2):e82-e89.
5. Elsevier. Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2005.
6. Petersen A, Payne W, Phillips M, et al (2010). Validity and relevance of the pack hike wildland firefighter work capacity test: a review. Ergonomics, 53(10):1276-85.
7. Wooley MJ, Loew M. How to Survive a Firestorm and Empower More Resilient Wildland Firefighters. 2019.
8. Deppa KF, Saltzberg J (2016). Resilience training for firefighters: An approach to prevent behavioral health problems. Springer, University of Pennsylvania, Wynnewood, USA, pp. 78-79.
9. Jeong HS, Kang I, Namgung E, et al (2015). Validation of the Korean version of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale-2 in firefighters and rescue workers. Compr Psychiatry, 59:123-8.
10. Ogińska-Bulik N, Kobylarczyk M (2016). Association between resiliency and posttraumatic growth in firefighters: the role of stress appraisal. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 22(1):40-8.
11. Laal F, Jafari MJ, Noorizadeh N, et al (2017). Mental workload and affecting factors among firefighters in Tehran, Iran, in 2017. JOHE, 6(4):184-189.
12. company J (2018). Firefighter Personality Test - JobTestPrep. available at: https://www.jobtestprep.com/firefighter-personality-test
13. G. -L. Li, S. -C. Tiana and R. -X. Gao(2014). Study on Competency Model of Firefighter," 2014 7th International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, pp. 680-684.
14. Firoozeh M, Saremi M, Kavousi A, et al (2017). Demographic and occupational determinants of the work ability of firemen. J Occup Health, 59(1):81-87.
15. Karter MJ, Molis JL (2013). US firefighter injuries-2012: National Fire Protection Association, Fire Analysis and Research Division. . Available from: https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Data-research-and-tools/Emergency-Responders/Firefighter-injuries-in-the-United-States
16. Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, et al (2014). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Int J Surg, 12(12):1500-24.
17. Davis PO, Dotson CO (1987). Physiological aspects of fire fighting. Fire Technology, 23(4):280-291.
18. Saupe K, Sothmann M, Jasenof D (1991). Aging and the fitness of fire fighters: the complex issues involved in abolishing mandatory retirement ages. Am J Public Health, 81(9):1192-4.
19. Conrad KM, Balch GI, Reichelt PA, et al (1994). Musculoskeletal injuries in the fire service: views from a focus group study. AAOHN J, 42(12):572-81.
20. Ellam LD, Fieldman GB, Fordham M, et al (1994). The Perception Of Physical-Fitness As A Guide To Its Evaluation In Firemen. Ergonomics, 37(5):943-52.
21. Swank AM, Adams KJ, Barnard KL, et al (2000). Age-related aerobic power in volunteer firefighters, a comparative analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(2):170-4.
22. Davis SC, Jankovitz KZ, Rein S (2002). Physical fitness and cardiac risk factors of professional firefighters across the career span. Res Q Exerc Sport, 73(3):363-70.
23. Kiss P, Walgraeve M, Vanhoorne M (2002). Assessment of work ability in aging fire fighters by means of the Work Ability Index Preliminary results. Archives of Public Health, 60(3-4):233-243.
24. Szubert Z, Sobala W (2002). Work-related injuries among firefighters: sites and circumstances of their occurrence. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 15(1):49-55.
25. Fogleman M, Bhojani FA (2005). Refinery firefighters: assessing fitness for duty. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 11(2):161-79.
26. Michaelides MA, Parpa KM, Thompson J, et al (2008). Predicting performance on a firefghter's ability test from fitness parameters. Res Q Exerc Sport, 79(4):468-75.
27. Malek MDA, Mearns K, Flin R (2010). Stress and psychological well-being in UK and Malaysian fire fighters. Cross Cultural Management-an International Journal, 17(1):50-61.
28. Plat MJ, Frings-Dresen MH, Sluiter JK (2012). Impact of chronic diseases on work ability in ageing firefighters. J Occup Health, 54(2):158-63.
29. Plat MJ, Frings-Dresen MH, Sluiter JK (2012). Which subgroups of fire fighters are more prone to work-related diminished health requirements? Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 85(7):775-82.
30. Calavalle AR, Sisti D, Mennelli G, et al (2013). A simple method to analyze overall individual physical fitness in firefighters. J Strength Cond Res, 27(3):769-75.
31. Jahnke SA, Poston WS, Haddock CK, et al (2013). Injury among a population based sample of career firefighters in the central USA. Inj Prev, 19(6):393-8.
32. Jahnke SA, Poston WS, Haddock CK, et al (2013). Obesity and incident injury among career firefighters in the central United States. Obesity (Silver Spring), 21(8):1505-8.
33. Gordon H, Larivière M(2014). Physical and psychological determinants of injury in Ontario forest firefighters. Occup Med (Lond), 64(8):583-8.
34. Lim DK, Baek KO, Chung IS, et al (2014). Factors Related to Sleep Disorders among Male Firefighters. Ann Occup Environ Med, 26:11.
35. Storer TW, Dolezal BA, Abrazado ML, et al (2014). Firefighter Health and Fitness Assessment: A Call to Action. J Strength Cond Res, 28(3):661-71.
36. Barger LK, Rajaratnam SMW, Wang W, et al (2015). Common sleep disorders increase risk of motor vehicle crashes and adverse health outcomes in firefighters. J Clin Sleep Med, 11(3):233-40.
37. Jahnke SA, Hyder ML, Haddock CK, et al (2015). High-intensity Fitness Training Among a National Sample of Male Career Firefighters. Safety and Health at Work, 6(1):71-74.
38. Carlis-Paittoo BO. Occupational related injuries and disabilities among operational fire fighters in Ghana 2016.
39. Cheung SS, Lee JK, Oksa J (2016). Thermal stress, human performance, and physical employment standards. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 41(6):S148-64.
40. 40. C. -F. Huang, H. -C. Lien and C. -M. Wang (2016). The influences of firefighters' personality traits on job burnout: Using post-traumatic stress disorder as a mediator," 2016 International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI), pp. 1-4.
41. Rahimi NA, Sedek R, Teh AH, et al (2017). Relationship between body composition and physical fitness of rescue firefighter personnel in Selangor, Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(2):77‐83.
42. Sullivan JP, O'Brien CS, Barger LK, et al (2017). Randomized, Prospective Study of the Impact of a Sleep Health Program on Firefighter Injury and Disability. Sleep, 40(1):zsw001.
43. Ramsden R, Smith J, Turcotte K, Garis L, et al (2018). DETERMINANTS OF INJURY AND DEATH AMONG CANADIAN FIREFIGHTERS. Injury Prevention, 24:A213-A.
44. Lentz L, Randall JR, Gross DP, et al (2019). The relationship between physical fitness and occupational injury in emergency responders: A systematic review. Am J Ind Med, 62(1):3-13.
45. 1582 N (2018). Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments. In NFPA National Fire Codes Online. available at: https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=1582
46. Yoon JH, Kim YK, Kim KS, et al (2016). Characteristics of Workplace Injuries among Nineteen Thousand Korean Firefighters. J Korean Med Sci, 31(10):1546-52.
47. Jitnarin N, Poston WS, Haddock CK, et al (2014). Accuracy of body mass index-defined obesity status in US firefighters. Safety and health at work, 5(3):161-164.
48. Jay S, Smith B, Windler S, et al (2016). Does suspected sleep disordered breathing impact on the sleep and performance of firefighting volunteers during a simulated fire ground campaign? Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(2):173.
49. Murphy SA, Bond GE, Beaton RD, et al (2002). Lifestyle practices and occupational stressors as predictors of health outcomes in urban firefighters. International Journal of Stress Management volume, 9(4):311-327.
50. Smith DL (2011). Firefighter fitness: improving performance and preventing injuries and fatalities. Curr Sports Med Rep, 10(3):167-72.
51. Negm A, MacDermid J, Sinden K, et al (2017). Prevalence and distribution of musculoskeletal disorders in firefighters are influenced by age and length of service. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 3(2):33-41.
52. Peng L, Chan AHS (2019). A meta-analysis of the relationship between ageing and occupational safety and health. Safety Science, 112:162-172.
53. Marjan Firoozeh1 MS, Amir Kavousi1 and Azam Maleki1 (2017). Demographic and occupational determinants of the work ability of firemen. J Occup Health, 59(1):81-87.
54. Miller GE, Freedland KE, Carney RM, et al (2003). Cynical hostility, depressive symptoms, and the expression of inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. J Behav Med, 26(6):501-15.
55. Keyes CL (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. J Consult Clin Psychol,73(3):539-48.
56. Choi TY, Kim J, Lee J, et al (2017). The effect of the mental health improvement programs in firefighters. European Psychiatry, 41:S357.
57. Vakola M, Eric Soderquist K, Prastacos GP (2007). Competency management in support of organisational change. International Journal of Manpower, 28(3/4):260-275.
58. Lee SH, Olshfski D (2002). Employee commitment and firefighters: It's my job. Public Administration Review, 62:108-14.
59. Tol A, Tavassoli E, Shariferad GR, et al (2013). Health-promoting lifestyle and quality of life among undergraduate students at school of health, Isfahan university of medical sciences. J Educ Health Promot, 2:11.
60. Airila A, Hakanen J, Punakallio A, et al (2012). Is work engagement related to work ability beyond working conditions and lifestyle factors? Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 85(8):915-25.
61. Worsley A, Wang WC, Hunter W (2010). Baby boomers’ food shopping habits. Relationships with demographics and personal values. Appetite, 55(3):466-72.
62. Salminen S, Perttula P, Ratilainen H, et al (2017). The effect of demographic factors on occupational injuries. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 23(2):225-228.
63. Masood R, Choudhry R (2012). Investigation of demographic factors relationship with safety climate2012.availableat: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Investigation-of-demographic-factors-relationship-Masood/3d62f577ec105d9c8d76ae324cb8cb942b0a069e
2. Cornell DJ, Gnacinski SL, Zamzow A, et al (2017). Measures of health, fitness, and functional movement among firefighter recruits. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 23(2):198-204.
3. Kahn SA, Palmieri TL, Sen S, et al (2017). Factors Implicated in Safety-related Firefighter Fatalities. J Burn Care Res, 38(1):e83-e88.
4. Bhojani FA, Castillejo-Picco LA, Cathcart D, et al (2018). Fitness-for-Duty Assessments of Industrial Firefighters: Guidance for Occupational Medicine Physicians. J Occup Environ Med, 60(2):e82-e89.
5. Elsevier. Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2005.
6. Petersen A, Payne W, Phillips M, et al (2010). Validity and relevance of the pack hike wildland firefighter work capacity test: a review. Ergonomics, 53(10):1276-85.
7. Wooley MJ, Loew M. How to Survive a Firestorm and Empower More Resilient Wildland Firefighters. 2019.
8. Deppa KF, Saltzberg J (2016). Resilience training for firefighters: An approach to prevent behavioral health problems. Springer, University of Pennsylvania, Wynnewood, USA, pp. 78-79.
9. Jeong HS, Kang I, Namgung E, et al (2015). Validation of the Korean version of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale-2 in firefighters and rescue workers. Compr Psychiatry, 59:123-8.
10. Ogińska-Bulik N, Kobylarczyk M (2016). Association between resiliency and posttraumatic growth in firefighters: the role of stress appraisal. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 22(1):40-8.
11. Laal F, Jafari MJ, Noorizadeh N, et al (2017). Mental workload and affecting factors among firefighters in Tehran, Iran, in 2017. JOHE, 6(4):184-189.
12. company J (2018). Firefighter Personality Test - JobTestPrep. available at: https://www.jobtestprep.com/firefighter-personality-test
13. G. -L. Li, S. -C. Tiana and R. -X. Gao(2014). Study on Competency Model of Firefighter," 2014 7th International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, pp. 680-684.
14. Firoozeh M, Saremi M, Kavousi A, et al (2017). Demographic and occupational determinants of the work ability of firemen. J Occup Health, 59(1):81-87.
15. Karter MJ, Molis JL (2013). US firefighter injuries-2012: National Fire Protection Association, Fire Analysis and Research Division. . Available from: https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Data-research-and-tools/Emergency-Responders/Firefighter-injuries-in-the-United-States
16. Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, et al (2014). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Int J Surg, 12(12):1500-24.
17. Davis PO, Dotson CO (1987). Physiological aspects of fire fighting. Fire Technology, 23(4):280-291.
18. Saupe K, Sothmann M, Jasenof D (1991). Aging and the fitness of fire fighters: the complex issues involved in abolishing mandatory retirement ages. Am J Public Health, 81(9):1192-4.
19. Conrad KM, Balch GI, Reichelt PA, et al (1994). Musculoskeletal injuries in the fire service: views from a focus group study. AAOHN J, 42(12):572-81.
20. Ellam LD, Fieldman GB, Fordham M, et al (1994). The Perception Of Physical-Fitness As A Guide To Its Evaluation In Firemen. Ergonomics, 37(5):943-52.
21. Swank AM, Adams KJ, Barnard KL, et al (2000). Age-related aerobic power in volunteer firefighters, a comparative analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(2):170-4.
22. Davis SC, Jankovitz KZ, Rein S (2002). Physical fitness and cardiac risk factors of professional firefighters across the career span. Res Q Exerc Sport, 73(3):363-70.
23. Kiss P, Walgraeve M, Vanhoorne M (2002). Assessment of work ability in aging fire fighters by means of the Work Ability Index Preliminary results. Archives of Public Health, 60(3-4):233-243.
24. Szubert Z, Sobala W (2002). Work-related injuries among firefighters: sites and circumstances of their occurrence. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 15(1):49-55.
25. Fogleman M, Bhojani FA (2005). Refinery firefighters: assessing fitness for duty. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 11(2):161-79.
26. Michaelides MA, Parpa KM, Thompson J, et al (2008). Predicting performance on a firefghter's ability test from fitness parameters. Res Q Exerc Sport, 79(4):468-75.
27. Malek MDA, Mearns K, Flin R (2010). Stress and psychological well-being in UK and Malaysian fire fighters. Cross Cultural Management-an International Journal, 17(1):50-61.
28. Plat MJ, Frings-Dresen MH, Sluiter JK (2012). Impact of chronic diseases on work ability in ageing firefighters. J Occup Health, 54(2):158-63.
29. Plat MJ, Frings-Dresen MH, Sluiter JK (2012). Which subgroups of fire fighters are more prone to work-related diminished health requirements? Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 85(7):775-82.
30. Calavalle AR, Sisti D, Mennelli G, et al (2013). A simple method to analyze overall individual physical fitness in firefighters. J Strength Cond Res, 27(3):769-75.
31. Jahnke SA, Poston WS, Haddock CK, et al (2013). Injury among a population based sample of career firefighters in the central USA. Inj Prev, 19(6):393-8.
32. Jahnke SA, Poston WS, Haddock CK, et al (2013). Obesity and incident injury among career firefighters in the central United States. Obesity (Silver Spring), 21(8):1505-8.
33. Gordon H, Larivière M(2014). Physical and psychological determinants of injury in Ontario forest firefighters. Occup Med (Lond), 64(8):583-8.
34. Lim DK, Baek KO, Chung IS, et al (2014). Factors Related to Sleep Disorders among Male Firefighters. Ann Occup Environ Med, 26:11.
35. Storer TW, Dolezal BA, Abrazado ML, et al (2014). Firefighter Health and Fitness Assessment: A Call to Action. J Strength Cond Res, 28(3):661-71.
36. Barger LK, Rajaratnam SMW, Wang W, et al (2015). Common sleep disorders increase risk of motor vehicle crashes and adverse health outcomes in firefighters. J Clin Sleep Med, 11(3):233-40.
37. Jahnke SA, Hyder ML, Haddock CK, et al (2015). High-intensity Fitness Training Among a National Sample of Male Career Firefighters. Safety and Health at Work, 6(1):71-74.
38. Carlis-Paittoo BO. Occupational related injuries and disabilities among operational fire fighters in Ghana 2016.
39. Cheung SS, Lee JK, Oksa J (2016). Thermal stress, human performance, and physical employment standards. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 41(6):S148-64.
40. 40. C. -F. Huang, H. -C. Lien and C. -M. Wang (2016). The influences of firefighters' personality traits on job burnout: Using post-traumatic stress disorder as a mediator," 2016 International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI), pp. 1-4.
41. Rahimi NA, Sedek R, Teh AH, et al (2017). Relationship between body composition and physical fitness of rescue firefighter personnel in Selangor, Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(2):77‐83.
42. Sullivan JP, O'Brien CS, Barger LK, et al (2017). Randomized, Prospective Study of the Impact of a Sleep Health Program on Firefighter Injury and Disability. Sleep, 40(1):zsw001.
43. Ramsden R, Smith J, Turcotte K, Garis L, et al (2018). DETERMINANTS OF INJURY AND DEATH AMONG CANADIAN FIREFIGHTERS. Injury Prevention, 24:A213-A.
44. Lentz L, Randall JR, Gross DP, et al (2019). The relationship between physical fitness and occupational injury in emergency responders: A systematic review. Am J Ind Med, 62(1):3-13.
45. 1582 N (2018). Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments. In NFPA National Fire Codes Online. available at: https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=1582
46. Yoon JH, Kim YK, Kim KS, et al (2016). Characteristics of Workplace Injuries among Nineteen Thousand Korean Firefighters. J Korean Med Sci, 31(10):1546-52.
47. Jitnarin N, Poston WS, Haddock CK, et al (2014). Accuracy of body mass index-defined obesity status in US firefighters. Safety and health at work, 5(3):161-164.
48. Jay S, Smith B, Windler S, et al (2016). Does suspected sleep disordered breathing impact on the sleep and performance of firefighting volunteers during a simulated fire ground campaign? Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(2):173.
49. Murphy SA, Bond GE, Beaton RD, et al (2002). Lifestyle practices and occupational stressors as predictors of health outcomes in urban firefighters. International Journal of Stress Management volume, 9(4):311-327.
50. Smith DL (2011). Firefighter fitness: improving performance and preventing injuries and fatalities. Curr Sports Med Rep, 10(3):167-72.
51. Negm A, MacDermid J, Sinden K, et al (2017). Prevalence and distribution of musculoskeletal disorders in firefighters are influenced by age and length of service. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 3(2):33-41.
52. Peng L, Chan AHS (2019). A meta-analysis of the relationship between ageing and occupational safety and health. Safety Science, 112:162-172.
53. Marjan Firoozeh1 MS, Amir Kavousi1 and Azam Maleki1 (2017). Demographic and occupational determinants of the work ability of firemen. J Occup Health, 59(1):81-87.
54. Miller GE, Freedland KE, Carney RM, et al (2003). Cynical hostility, depressive symptoms, and the expression of inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. J Behav Med, 26(6):501-15.
55. Keyes CL (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. J Consult Clin Psychol,73(3):539-48.
56. Choi TY, Kim J, Lee J, et al (2017). The effect of the mental health improvement programs in firefighters. European Psychiatry, 41:S357.
57. Vakola M, Eric Soderquist K, Prastacos GP (2007). Competency management in support of organisational change. International Journal of Manpower, 28(3/4):260-275.
58. Lee SH, Olshfski D (2002). Employee commitment and firefighters: It's my job. Public Administration Review, 62:108-14.
59. Tol A, Tavassoli E, Shariferad GR, et al (2013). Health-promoting lifestyle and quality of life among undergraduate students at school of health, Isfahan university of medical sciences. J Educ Health Promot, 2:11.
60. Airila A, Hakanen J, Punakallio A, et al (2012). Is work engagement related to work ability beyond working conditions and lifestyle factors? Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 85(8):915-25.
61. Worsley A, Wang WC, Hunter W (2010). Baby boomers’ food shopping habits. Relationships with demographics and personal values. Appetite, 55(3):466-72.
62. Salminen S, Perttula P, Ratilainen H, et al (2017). The effect of demographic factors on occupational injuries. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 23(2):225-228.
63. Masood R, Choudhry R (2012). Investigation of demographic factors relationship with safety climate2012.availableat: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Investigation-of-demographic-factors-relationship-Masood/3d62f577ec105d9c8d76ae324cb8cb942b0a069e
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 51 No 7 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i7.10088 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Resilience Safety Firefighter Systematic review | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Heydari A, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Khorasano-Zavareh D, Ardalan A, Ebadi A, Mohammadfam I, Shafaei H. Building Resilience in Firefighters: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(7):1546-1558.
