The Prevalence of Sexual Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Un-Protected Sex in Temporary Marriage in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
,
Abstract
Background: Temporary marriage (TM) is legitimate sexual relations without social, moral approval, which can be a threat to individuals’ health, it is a risk factor for spread of Sexual Transmitted Infections (STIs). Therefore, it is necessary to identify and control STIs in TM-individuals and subsequent save of "society health". In this meat-analysis, we examined the prevalence of STIs in TM in Iran. We further examined un-protected sex among TM-individuals.
Method: Up to Feb 2020, we searched international and national electronic databases identify to published studies on the prevalence of STIs in TM. We estimated the prevalence of STIs in TM using a random-effect pooled estimate analysis approach.
Results: Totally, we retrieved 1616 studies from the previously mentioned databases, of which, 18 met the eligibility criteria, published from 1995 to 2020 in different provinces. The total sample size of the included studied contained 2056 TM-individuals, of which 368 were found with STIs and 955 with unprotected sex. The pooled prevalence of STIs and unprotected sex among TM women was 39% (95%CI: 24% to 54%), 55% (95%CI: 40% to 70%)
Conclusion: STI and unprotected sex are high among TM-individuals which call an urgent need for community and health care providers to provide especially designed medical and psycho-social supportive care services in a safe and unprejudiced environment for TM-individuals. Furthermore, untrained health care providers for TM-individuals, under reporting, social stigma should be taken in to account. Denying the presence of such realities, does not eradicate the facts but results in catastrophic public health problems.
1. Rahbari L (2019). Marriage in Iran: Women Caught Between Shi’i and State Law. EJIMEL, 7:37-48.
2. Badran SZ, Turnbull B (2019). Contemporary Tem-porary Marriage: A Blog-analysis of First-hand Experiences. Journal of International Women's Studies, 20(2): 241-256.
3. Tremayne S (2006). Change and ‘Face’ in Modern Iran. Anthropology of the Middle East, 1(1):25-41.
4. Aghajanian A, Vaezzade S, Kohan JA, et al (2018). Recent Trends of Marriage in Iran.Open Fam Stud J, 10(1):1–8.
5. DeJong J, Jawad R, Mortagy I, et al (2005). The sexual and reproductive health of young people in the Arab countries and Iran. Reprod Health Matters, 13(25):49–59.
6. El-Kak F (2013). Sexuality and sexual health: Constructs and expressions in the extended middle east and North Africa. Vaccine, 6:G45-50.
7. Ghodsi T (1994). Tying A Slipknot: Temporary Marriages in Iran. MJIL,15(2):645-86.
8. Abu-Raddad LJ, Hilmi N, Mumtaz G, et al (2010). Epidemiology of HIV infection in the middle east and North Africa. AIDS, 2:S5-23.
9. Bannazadeh Baghi H, Soroush MH (2018 ) .HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa: a positive future.Sex Transm Infect, 94(5):339.
10. Ehsanzadeh-Cheemeh P, Sadeque A, Grimes RM, et al (2009) . Sociocultural dimensions of HIV/AIDS among Middle Eastern immigrants in the US: Bridging culture with HIV/ AIDS .programmes. Perspect Public Health,129(5):228–233.
11. Kenyon C, Buyze J, Colebunders R (2014).Classification of incidence and prevalence of certain sexually transmitted infections by world regions. Int J Infect Dis,18:73-80
12. McInnes MDF, Moher D, Thombs BD, et al (2018). Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies The PRISMA-DTA Statement. JAMA,319(4):388–396.
13. Loney PL, Chambers LW, Bennett KJ, et al (1998). Critical Appraisal of the Health Research Literature: Prevalence or Incidence of a Health Problem. Chronic Dis Can,19(4):170–6.
14. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ , 327(7414):557-60.
15. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG (2019). Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Wiley, 241–284.
16. Asadi-Aliabadi M, Abolghasemi J (2018). High-risk behaviors among regular and casual female sex workers in Iran: a report from Western Asia. ranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, 12 (1); e9744.
17. Alipour A, Haghdoost AA, Sajadi L, et al (2013). HIV prevalence and related risk behaviours among female partners of male injecting drugs users in Iran: Results of a bio-behavioural survey 2010. Sex Transm Infect, 3 : 41-4.
18. Nokhodian Z, Yazdani MR, Yaran M, et al (2012). Prevalence and risk factors of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B and C among female prisoners in Isfahan, Iran. Hepat Mon, 12(7):92–97.
19. Rezaianzadeh A, Abbastabar H, Rajaeefard A, Hgaem H, Abdollahi M(. 2017). Determinant factors of survival time in a cohort study on HIV patient using by time-varying cox model: Fars province, south of Iran. Int J Epidemiol Res,4(2):145–155.
20. Rostami F, Shokoohi M, Aderayo Bamimore M, et al (2017). Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections based on syndromic approach and associated factors among Iranian women. Iran J Heal Sci,5(1):1–12.
21. Shahesmaeili A, Karamouzian M, Shokoohi M, et al (2018) .Symptom-Based Versus Laboratory-Based Diagnosis of Five Sexually Transmitted Infections in Female Sex Workers in Iran. AIDS Behav, 22:19–25.
22. Shokoohi M, Karamouzian M, Khajekazemi R, et al. (2016) .Correlates of HIV testing among female sex workers in Iran: Findings of a national bio-behavioural surveillance survey. PLoS ONE, 11(1): e0147587.
23. Shokoohi M, Karamouzian M, Mirzazadeh A, et al (2016). HIV knowledge, attitudes, and practices of young people in Iran: Findings of a national population-based survey in 2013. PLoS ONE , 11(9):e0161849.
24. Tehrani FR, Malek-Afzali H (2008). Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning HIV/AIDS among Iranian at-risk sub-populations. East Mediterr Health J,14(1):142–56.
25. Zargooshi J (2002) . Characteristics of gonorrhoea in Kermanshah, Iran. Sex Transm Infect ,78(6):460–1.
26. Behzadi MA, Davarpanah MA, Namayandeh M, et al (2018).Molecular diagnosis of genital tract infections among hiv-positive women in iran. Iran J Microbiol,10(4):233–241.
27. Fallahi A, Rahmani A, Azin SA, et al (2019). Effects of adverse early-life experiences on sexually transmitted infections among homelesswomen. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 8 (3); e91295.
28. Ghanbarzadeh N, Najafi S (2006). A Study Of Hiv And Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Female Prisoners In Birjand. J Birjand Univ Med Sci,13(328):69–74.
29. Hassani Azad M, Davoodian P, Boushehri E, et al ( 2016) . The Prevalence of Infection with the (HIV) Among the Volunteers for Marriage Referred to the Health Center of Bandar Abbas in 2015. Tech J Eng Appl Sci , 6(1):45–55
30. Kassaian N, Ataei B, Yaran M, et al (2011). Hepatitis B and C among women with illegal social behavior in Isfahan, Iran: Seroprevalence and associated factors. Hepat Mon,11(5):368–31.
31. Khani S , M-BL(2018). Women’s sexual and reproductive health care needs assessment: an Iranian perspective. East Mediterr Health J, 24(7):637–643.
32. Merghati-Khoei ES, Rezaei Z, Shojaei-Zadeh D, et al (2017). Sexual Risk Behaviors and Condom Use Barriers in Iranian Men with Substance Use Disorders. Addict Heal,9(1):40–47.
33. Mohammad K, Farahani FKA, Mohammadi MR, et al (2007). Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors among Boys Aged 15-18 Years in Tehran. J Adolesc Health, 41(4):407–14.
34. Al-Maharma D, Safadi R, Ahmad M, et al (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of syrian refugee mothers towards sexually transmitted infections. Int J Womens Health,11:607–615.
35. Khani S, Moghaddam-Banaem L, Mohamadi E, et al (2015). Propriétés psychométriques de la version en langue perse du sexual and reproductive health needs assessment questionnaire évaluant les besoins en santé sexuelle et génésique. East Mediterr Health J,21(1):29–38.
36. Riley RD, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ (2011). Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ, 342:d549.
37. Serghiou S, Goodman SN (2019). Random-Effects Meta-analysis: Summarizing Evidence with Caveats. JAMA, 321(3):301-302.
2. Badran SZ, Turnbull B (2019). Contemporary Tem-porary Marriage: A Blog-analysis of First-hand Experiences. Journal of International Women's Studies, 20(2): 241-256.
3. Tremayne S (2006). Change and ‘Face’ in Modern Iran. Anthropology of the Middle East, 1(1):25-41.
4. Aghajanian A, Vaezzade S, Kohan JA, et al (2018). Recent Trends of Marriage in Iran.Open Fam Stud J, 10(1):1–8.
5. DeJong J, Jawad R, Mortagy I, et al (2005). The sexual and reproductive health of young people in the Arab countries and Iran. Reprod Health Matters, 13(25):49–59.
6. El-Kak F (2013). Sexuality and sexual health: Constructs and expressions in the extended middle east and North Africa. Vaccine, 6:G45-50.
7. Ghodsi T (1994). Tying A Slipknot: Temporary Marriages in Iran. MJIL,15(2):645-86.
8. Abu-Raddad LJ, Hilmi N, Mumtaz G, et al (2010). Epidemiology of HIV infection in the middle east and North Africa. AIDS, 2:S5-23.
9. Bannazadeh Baghi H, Soroush MH (2018 ) .HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa: a positive future.Sex Transm Infect, 94(5):339.
10. Ehsanzadeh-Cheemeh P, Sadeque A, Grimes RM, et al (2009) . Sociocultural dimensions of HIV/AIDS among Middle Eastern immigrants in the US: Bridging culture with HIV/ AIDS .programmes. Perspect Public Health,129(5):228–233.
11. Kenyon C, Buyze J, Colebunders R (2014).Classification of incidence and prevalence of certain sexually transmitted infections by world regions. Int J Infect Dis,18:73-80
12. McInnes MDF, Moher D, Thombs BD, et al (2018). Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies The PRISMA-DTA Statement. JAMA,319(4):388–396.
13. Loney PL, Chambers LW, Bennett KJ, et al (1998). Critical Appraisal of the Health Research Literature: Prevalence or Incidence of a Health Problem. Chronic Dis Can,19(4):170–6.
14. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ , 327(7414):557-60.
15. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG (2019). Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Wiley, 241–284.
16. Asadi-Aliabadi M, Abolghasemi J (2018). High-risk behaviors among regular and casual female sex workers in Iran: a report from Western Asia. ranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, 12 (1); e9744.
17. Alipour A, Haghdoost AA, Sajadi L, et al (2013). HIV prevalence and related risk behaviours among female partners of male injecting drugs users in Iran: Results of a bio-behavioural survey 2010. Sex Transm Infect, 3 : 41-4.
18. Nokhodian Z, Yazdani MR, Yaran M, et al (2012). Prevalence and risk factors of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B and C among female prisoners in Isfahan, Iran. Hepat Mon, 12(7):92–97.
19. Rezaianzadeh A, Abbastabar H, Rajaeefard A, Hgaem H, Abdollahi M(. 2017). Determinant factors of survival time in a cohort study on HIV patient using by time-varying cox model: Fars province, south of Iran. Int J Epidemiol Res,4(2):145–155.
20. Rostami F, Shokoohi M, Aderayo Bamimore M, et al (2017). Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections based on syndromic approach and associated factors among Iranian women. Iran J Heal Sci,5(1):1–12.
21. Shahesmaeili A, Karamouzian M, Shokoohi M, et al (2018) .Symptom-Based Versus Laboratory-Based Diagnosis of Five Sexually Transmitted Infections in Female Sex Workers in Iran. AIDS Behav, 22:19–25.
22. Shokoohi M, Karamouzian M, Khajekazemi R, et al. (2016) .Correlates of HIV testing among female sex workers in Iran: Findings of a national bio-behavioural surveillance survey. PLoS ONE, 11(1): e0147587.
23. Shokoohi M, Karamouzian M, Mirzazadeh A, et al (2016). HIV knowledge, attitudes, and practices of young people in Iran: Findings of a national population-based survey in 2013. PLoS ONE , 11(9):e0161849.
24. Tehrani FR, Malek-Afzali H (2008). Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning HIV/AIDS among Iranian at-risk sub-populations. East Mediterr Health J,14(1):142–56.
25. Zargooshi J (2002) . Characteristics of gonorrhoea in Kermanshah, Iran. Sex Transm Infect ,78(6):460–1.
26. Behzadi MA, Davarpanah MA, Namayandeh M, et al (2018).Molecular diagnosis of genital tract infections among hiv-positive women in iran. Iran J Microbiol,10(4):233–241.
27. Fallahi A, Rahmani A, Azin SA, et al (2019). Effects of adverse early-life experiences on sexually transmitted infections among homelesswomen. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 8 (3); e91295.
28. Ghanbarzadeh N, Najafi S (2006). A Study Of Hiv And Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Female Prisoners In Birjand. J Birjand Univ Med Sci,13(328):69–74.
29. Hassani Azad M, Davoodian P, Boushehri E, et al ( 2016) . The Prevalence of Infection with the (HIV) Among the Volunteers for Marriage Referred to the Health Center of Bandar Abbas in 2015. Tech J Eng Appl Sci , 6(1):45–55
30. Kassaian N, Ataei B, Yaran M, et al (2011). Hepatitis B and C among women with illegal social behavior in Isfahan, Iran: Seroprevalence and associated factors. Hepat Mon,11(5):368–31.
31. Khani S , M-BL(2018). Women’s sexual and reproductive health care needs assessment: an Iranian perspective. East Mediterr Health J, 24(7):637–643.
32. Merghati-Khoei ES, Rezaei Z, Shojaei-Zadeh D, et al (2017). Sexual Risk Behaviors and Condom Use Barriers in Iranian Men with Substance Use Disorders. Addict Heal,9(1):40–47.
33. Mohammad K, Farahani FKA, Mohammadi MR, et al (2007). Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors among Boys Aged 15-18 Years in Tehran. J Adolesc Health, 41(4):407–14.
34. Al-Maharma D, Safadi R, Ahmad M, et al (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of syrian refugee mothers towards sexually transmitted infections. Int J Womens Health,11:607–615.
35. Khani S, Moghaddam-Banaem L, Mohamadi E, et al (2015). Propriétés psychométriques de la version en langue perse du sexual and reproductive health needs assessment questionnaire évaluant les besoins en santé sexuelle et génésique. East Mediterr Health J,21(1):29–38.
36. Riley RD, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ (2011). Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ, 342:d549.
37. Serghiou S, Goodman SN (2019). Random-Effects Meta-analysis: Summarizing Evidence with Caveats. JAMA, 321(3):301-302.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 6 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i6.6414 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Prevalence Sexual transmitted disease Unsafe Sex Temporary marriage | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Valizadeh F, Chaman R, Motaghi Z, Nazari AM. The Prevalence of Sexual Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Un-Protected Sex in Temporary Marriage in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(6):1156-1166.
