Mediterranean Fast Food: A Leading Cause of Hypercholesterolemia among University Students in Northern Jordan
-
Moawiah Khatatbeh
,
Waleed Momani
,
Zaid Altaany
,
Reem Al Saad
,
Abdul Rahman Al Bourah
,
Omar Melhem
,
Omar AL Omari
Abstract
Background: Consumption of fast food is pervasive among young adults. This research aimed to assess the impact of consuming fast foods on total cholesterol level among university students in Northern Jordan.
Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, a blood sample to investigate cholesterol level was drawn from a sample of university students in Northern Jordan. Besides, students’ dietary habits and anthropometric measurements were obtained.
Results: Out of 201 participants, 57% (n=115) were male and 43% (n=86) were female. More than three quarters of the sample ate shawarma (Mediterranean fast food) at least once per week. About 44% of the study subjects had increased BMI and about 37% had increased serum cholesterol level. Participants’ gender, age, marital status, physical activity, BMI, living status, and daily pocket money significantly correlated with cholesterol level (P<0.05). In the regression analysis, eating fast foods and increased BMI were strong predictors of high cholesterol level. Students who ate shawarma more than 3 times a week had more than 8 folds to have hypercholesterolemia (OR=8.4; CI: 2.62-26.72), and obese students were more than 14 folds at higher risk to have hypercholesterolemia compared to those with normal BMI (OR=14.2; CI: 4.80-42.29). In addition, male students had doubled odds for having abnormal cholesterol level compared to females (OR=2.1; CI: 1.10-4.44).
Conclusion: Fast food consumption among university students in Jordan was significantly associated with increased total cholesterol level. Encouraging healthy diet and lifestyle are the basis for prevention of dyslipidemia.
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26. Zhou J, Zhou Q, Wang DP, et al (2017). Associa-tions of sedentary behavior and physical activity with dyslipidemia. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 49(3):418-423.
27. Loprinzi PD, Addoh O (2016). The association of physical activity and cholesterol concentrations across different combinations of central adiposity and body mass index. Health Promot Perspect, 6(3):128-36.
28. Kelishadi R, Hashemi Pour M, Sarraf‐Zadegan NI, et al (2003). Obesity and associated modifiable envi-ronmental factors in Iranian adolescents: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program− heart health promotion from childhood. Pediatr Int, 45(4):435-42.
29. Sayon-Orea C, Bes-Rastrollo M, Basterra-Gortari FJ, et al (2013). Consumption of fried foods and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 23(2):144-50.
30. Bays HE, Toth PP, Kris-Etherton PM, et al (2013). Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol, 7(4):304-83.
31. Morse KL, Driskell JA (2009). Observed sex differ-ences in fast-food consumption and nutrition self-assessments and beliefs of college students. Nutr Res, 29(3):173-9.
32. Ozturk D, Onurlubas E (2016). Fast food consumption habits of young people. Economic and Social Development. Book of Proceedings. 14:417.
33. Janssen HG, Davies IG, Richardson LD, et al (2018). Determinants of takeaway and fast food con-sumption: a narrative review. Nutr Res Rev, 31(1):16-34.
2. ALFaris NA, Al-Tamimi JZ, Al-Jobair MO, et al (2015). Trends of fast food consumption among adolescent and young adult Saudi girls living in Ri-yadh. Food Nutr Res, 59:26488.
3. Barnes TL, French SA, Mitchell NR, et al (2016). Fast-food consumption, diet quality and body weight: cross-sectional and prospective associations in a community sample of working adults. Public Health Nutr, 19(5):885-92.
4. Isganaitis E, Lustig RH (2005). Fast food, central nervous system insulin resistance, and obesity. Ar-terioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 25(12):2451-62.
5. Asgary S, Nazari B, Sarrafzadegan N, et al (2009). Evaluation of fatty acid content of some Iranian fast foods with emphasis on trans fatty acids. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 18(2):187-92.
6. Al-Mahroos F, Al-Roomi K (1999). Overweight and obesity in the Arabian Peninsula: an overview. J R Soc Promot Health, 119(4):251-3.
7. Musaiger AO, Al Hazzaa HM, Al-Qahtani A, et al (2011). Strategy to combat obesity and to pro-mote physical activity in Arab countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 4:89-97.
8. El-Kassas G, Itani L, El Ali Z (2015). Obesity risk factors among Beirut Arab University students in Tripoli-Lebanon. Nutr Food Sci, 5:6.
9. Al-Otaibi HH, Basuny AM (2015). Fast food con-sumption associated with obesity/overweight risk among university female student in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 14(8):511-516.
10. Popkin BM (2011). Contemporary nutritional transi-tion: determinants of diet and its impact on body composition. Proc Nutr Soc, 70(1):82-91.
11. Musaiger AO (2007). Overweight and obesity in the Arab countries: the need for action. Arab Center for Nutrition, Bahrain.
12. Rahim HF, Sibai A, Khader Y, et al (2014). Non-communicable diseases in the Arab world. Lan-cet,383(9914):356-67.
13. Tayyem RF, Bawadi HA, Shehadah I, et al (2018). Fast foods, sweets and beverage consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: A case-control study in Jordan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 19(1):261-269.
14. Abu Baker NN, Daradkeh SM (2010). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Ir-bid governorate, Jordan. E Mediterr Health J, 16 (6), 657-62.
15. Tayyem RF, Al-Hazzaa HM, Abu-Mwe SS, et al (2014). Association of Lifestyle Factors with Obe-sity Indices among Adolescents in Amman, Jor-dan. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 20(1):51-62.
16. Suleiman AA, Alboqai OK, Yasein N, et al (2009). Prevalence of and factors associated with over-weight and obesity among Jordan University stu-dents. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(7):738-745.
17. Nimri L, AL-Dahab FA, Batchoun R (2014). Food-borne bacterial pathogens recovered from con-taminated shawarma meat in northern Jordan. J Infect Dev Ctries, 8(11):1407-14.
18. Schumann G, Klauke R, Canalias F, et al (2011). IFCC primary reference procedures for the measurement of catalytic activity concentrations of enzymes at 37° C. Part 9: Reference procedure for the measurement of catalytic concentration of al-kaline phosphatase: International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) Scientific Division, Committee on Refer-ence Systems of Enzymes (C-RSE) (1)). Clin Chem Lab Med, 49(9):1439-46.
19. Moitra CA (2010). The Arabian Nights Cookbook: From Lamb Kebabs to Baba Ghanouj, Delicious Homestyle Arabian Cooking, 133.
20. Al-Masri M (2015). Colloquial Arabic (Levantine): The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge.
21. Batieha A, Jaddou HY, Ajlouni KM (1997). Hyper-lipidemia in Jordan: a community-based survey. Saudi Medical Journal, 18 (3): 279-85.
22. Abujbara M, Batieha A, Khader Y, et al (2018). The Prevalence of dyslipidemia among Jordanians. J Lipids, 2018:6298739.
23. Duffey KJ, Gordon-Larsen P, Jacobs Jr, et al (2007). Differential associations of fast food and restau-rant food consumption with 3-y change in body mass index: the Coronary Artery Risk Develop-ment in Young Adults Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(1):201-8.
24. Krishnan S, Coogan PF, Boggs DA, et al (2010). Consumption of restaurant foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes in African American women. Am J Clin Nutr, 91(2):465-71.
25. Duffey KJ, Gordon-Larsen P, Steffen LM, et al (2009). Regular consumption from fast food es-tablishments relative to other restaurants is differ-entially associated with metabolic outcomes in young adults. J Nutr, 139(11):2113-8.
26. Zhou J, Zhou Q, Wang DP, et al (2017). Associa-tions of sedentary behavior and physical activity with dyslipidemia. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 49(3):418-423.
27. Loprinzi PD, Addoh O (2016). The association of physical activity and cholesterol concentrations across different combinations of central adiposity and body mass index. Health Promot Perspect, 6(3):128-36.
28. Kelishadi R, Hashemi Pour M, Sarraf‐Zadegan NI, et al (2003). Obesity and associated modifiable envi-ronmental factors in Iranian adolescents: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program− heart health promotion from childhood. Pediatr Int, 45(4):435-42.
29. Sayon-Orea C, Bes-Rastrollo M, Basterra-Gortari FJ, et al (2013). Consumption of fried foods and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 23(2):144-50.
30. Bays HE, Toth PP, Kris-Etherton PM, et al (2013). Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol, 7(4):304-83.
31. Morse KL, Driskell JA (2009). Observed sex differ-ences in fast-food consumption and nutrition self-assessments and beliefs of college students. Nutr Res, 29(3):173-9.
32. Ozturk D, Onurlubas E (2016). Fast food consumption habits of young people. Economic and Social Development. Book of Proceedings. 14:417.
33. Janssen HG, Davies IG, Richardson LD, et al (2018). Determinants of takeaway and fast food con-sumption: a narrative review. Nutr Res Rev, 31(1):16-34.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 51 No 4 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i4.9238 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Fast foods Jordan Mediterranean Students | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Khatatbeh M, Momani W, Altaany Z, Al Saad R, Al Bourah AR, Melhem O, AL Omari O. Mediterranean Fast Food: A Leading Cause of Hypercholesterolemia among University Students in Northern Jordan. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(4):779-787.
