Stress and Depression in Family Members of Patients with Dementia in Urban and Rural Communities: Cross-Sectional Surveys in Korea
Abstract
Background: We compared the associations of socioeconomic factors with stress and depression among family members living with a dementia patient in urban and rural areas of South Korea.
Methods: Data were collected from 9,730 (4,560 urban and 5,170 rural) participants in the Korean Community Health Survey from 2014-17. The variable of interest was the presence of a cohabitating dementia patient, and the dependent variables were stress and depression.
Results: Family members living with a dementia patient in rural areas had a significantly lower socioeconomic status (education, household income, marital status, and employment) than those living in urban areas (p<0.001). In addition, family members living with a dementia patient in rural areas reported statistically significantly less stress and depression than did those in urban areas after adjusting for related factors(rural stress OR=0.87, 95% CI=0.80-0.95; rural depression OR=0.75, 95% CI=0.66-0.85). Female gender and a low family income were associated with stress and depression in both rural and urban areas. Age, educational attainment, number of family members, marital status, and employment status differed slightly between urban and rural areas.
Conclusion: The socioeconomic factors associated with stress and depression differ slightly in the rural and urban areas of South Korea.
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2. Crouch E, Probst JC, Bennett KJ (2017). Rural–urban differences in unpaid care-givers of adults. Rural Remote Health, 17(4): 4351.
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8. Ladner K, Cuellar NG (2012). Depression in rural hospice family caregivers. Online J Rural Nurs Health Care, 3(1):14–27.
9. Brodaty H, Donkin M (2009). Family care-givers of people with dementia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 11(2):217-228.
10. Crossley M, Morgan D, Lanting S, et al (2008). Interdisciplinary research and in-terprofessional collaborative care in a memory clinic for rural and northern res-idents of western Canada: Unique train-ing ground for clinical psychology gradu-ate students. Aust Psychol, 43(4):231–238.
11. Tommis Y, Seddon D, Woods B, et al (2007). Rural–urban differences in the ef-fects on mental well-being of caring for people with stroke or dementia. Aging Ment Health, 11(6):743–50.
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13. Cohen D, Eisdorfer C (1988). Depression in family members caring for a relative with Alzheimer’s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc, 36(10):885–9.
14. Cohen D, Luchins D, Eisdorfer C, et al (1990). Caring for relatives with Alz-heimer’s disease: The mental health risks to spouses, adult children, and other family caregivers. Behav Health Aging, 1(3):171–82.
15. Eisdorfer C, Czaja SJ, Loewenstein DA, et al (2003). The effect of a family therapy and technology-based intervention on care-giver depression. Gerontologist, 43(4):521–531.
16. Butler SS, Turner W, Kaye LW, et al (2005). Depression and caregiver burden among rural elder caregivers. J Gerontol Soc Work, 46(1):47–63.
17. Ehrlich K, Boström AM, Mazaheri M, et al (2015). Family caregivers’ assessments of caring for a relative with dementia: A comparison of urban and rural areas. Int J Older People Nurs, 10(1):27–37.
18. Mittelman MS, Ferris SH, Shulman E, et al (1995). A comprehensive support pro-gram: effect on depression in spouse-caregivers of AD patients. Gerontologist, 35(6):792–802.
19. Kim H, Chang M, Rose K, et al (2012). Pre-dictors of caregiver burden in caregivers of individuals with dementia. J Adv Nurs, 68(4):846–55.
20. Kim Y, Schulz R (2008). Family caregivers’ strains: comparative analysis of cancer caregiving with dementia, diabetes, and frail elderly caregiving. J Aging Health, 20(5):483–503.
21. Pinquart M, Sörensen S (2007). Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 62(2):P126-37.
22. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Korean Community Health Survey 2014-2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Ko-rea. Available from: https://chs.cdc.go.kr/chs/index.do [In Korea].
23. Buckwalter KC, Gerdner L, Kohout F, et al (1999). A nursing intervention to decrease depression in family caregivers of per-sons with dementia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 13(2):80–8.
24. Meyers JL, Gray LN (2001). The relation-ships between family primary caregiver characteristics and satisfaction with hos-pice care, quality of life, and burden. Oncol Nurs Forum, 28(1):73-82.
25. Rozario PA, DeRienzis D (2008). Familism beliefs and psychological distress among African–American women caregivers. Gerontologist, 48(6):772–80.
26. Byrd J, Spencer SM, Goins RT (2011). Dif-ferences in caregiving: Does residence matter?J Appl Gerontol, 30(4):407–421.
27. Trivedi R, Beaver K, Bouldin ED, et al (2014). Characteristics and well-being of informal caregivers: Results from a na-tionally representative US survey. Chronic Illn, 10(3):167–79.
28. Connell CM, Kole SL, Avey H, et al (1996). Attitudes about Alzheimer's disease and the dementia service delivery network among family caregivers and service pro-viders in rural Michigan. Am J Alzheimers Dis, 11(3):15–25.
29. Lee YR, Sung KT (1998). Cultural influences on caregiving burden: Cases of Koreans and Americans. Int J Aging Hum Dev, 46(2):125–41.
2. Crouch E, Probst JC, Bennett KJ (2017). Rural–urban differences in unpaid care-givers of adults. Rural Remote Health, 17(4): 4351.
3. Kunik ME, Snow AL, Molinari VA, et al (2003). Health care utilization in dementia patients with psychiatric comorbidity. Gerontologist, 43(1):86–91.
4. Judge KS, Bass DM, Snow AL, et al (2011). Partners in dementia care: a care coordi-nation intervention for individuals with dementia and their family caregivers. Ger-ontologist, 51(2):261–72.
5. Schulz R, O'Brien AT, Bookwala J, et al (1995). Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Preva-lence, correlates, and causes. Gerontologist, 35(6): 771–91.
6. Cox C, Monk A (1993). Hispanic culture and family care of Alzheimer's patients. Health Soc Work, 18(2):92–100.
7. Mintzer JE, Rubert MP, Herman KC (1994). Caregiving for Hispanic Alzheimer's dis-ease patients: Understanding the prob-lem. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2(1):32–8.
8. Ladner K, Cuellar NG (2012). Depression in rural hospice family caregivers. Online J Rural Nurs Health Care, 3(1):14–27.
9. Brodaty H, Donkin M (2009). Family care-givers of people with dementia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 11(2):217-228.
10. Crossley M, Morgan D, Lanting S, et al (2008). Interdisciplinary research and in-terprofessional collaborative care in a memory clinic for rural and northern res-idents of western Canada: Unique train-ing ground for clinical psychology gradu-ate students. Aust Psychol, 43(4):231–238.
11. Tommis Y, Seddon D, Woods B, et al (2007). Rural–urban differences in the ef-fects on mental well-being of caring for people with stroke or dementia. Aging Ment Health, 11(6):743–50.
12. Teel CS (2004). Rural practitioners’ experi-ences in dementia diagnosis and treat-ment. Aging Ment Health, 8(5):422–9.
13. Cohen D, Eisdorfer C (1988). Depression in family members caring for a relative with Alzheimer’s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc, 36(10):885–9.
14. Cohen D, Luchins D, Eisdorfer C, et al (1990). Caring for relatives with Alz-heimer’s disease: The mental health risks to spouses, adult children, and other family caregivers. Behav Health Aging, 1(3):171–82.
15. Eisdorfer C, Czaja SJ, Loewenstein DA, et al (2003). The effect of a family therapy and technology-based intervention on care-giver depression. Gerontologist, 43(4):521–531.
16. Butler SS, Turner W, Kaye LW, et al (2005). Depression and caregiver burden among rural elder caregivers. J Gerontol Soc Work, 46(1):47–63.
17. Ehrlich K, Boström AM, Mazaheri M, et al (2015). Family caregivers’ assessments of caring for a relative with dementia: A comparison of urban and rural areas. Int J Older People Nurs, 10(1):27–37.
18. Mittelman MS, Ferris SH, Shulman E, et al (1995). A comprehensive support pro-gram: effect on depression in spouse-caregivers of AD patients. Gerontologist, 35(6):792–802.
19. Kim H, Chang M, Rose K, et al (2012). Pre-dictors of caregiver burden in caregivers of individuals with dementia. J Adv Nurs, 68(4):846–55.
20. Kim Y, Schulz R (2008). Family caregivers’ strains: comparative analysis of cancer caregiving with dementia, diabetes, and frail elderly caregiving. J Aging Health, 20(5):483–503.
21. Pinquart M, Sörensen S (2007). Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 62(2):P126-37.
22. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Korean Community Health Survey 2014-2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Ko-rea. Available from: https://chs.cdc.go.kr/chs/index.do [In Korea].
23. Buckwalter KC, Gerdner L, Kohout F, et al (1999). A nursing intervention to decrease depression in family caregivers of per-sons with dementia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 13(2):80–8.
24. Meyers JL, Gray LN (2001). The relation-ships between family primary caregiver characteristics and satisfaction with hos-pice care, quality of life, and burden. Oncol Nurs Forum, 28(1):73-82.
25. Rozario PA, DeRienzis D (2008). Familism beliefs and psychological distress among African–American women caregivers. Gerontologist, 48(6):772–80.
26. Byrd J, Spencer SM, Goins RT (2011). Dif-ferences in caregiving: Does residence matter?J Appl Gerontol, 30(4):407–421.
27. Trivedi R, Beaver K, Bouldin ED, et al (2014). Characteristics and well-being of informal caregivers: Results from a na-tionally representative US survey. Chronic Illn, 10(3):167–79.
28. Connell CM, Kole SL, Avey H, et al (1996). Attitudes about Alzheimer's disease and the dementia service delivery network among family caregivers and service pro-viders in rural Michigan. Am J Alzheimers Dis, 11(3):15–25.
29. Lee YR, Sung KT (1998). Cultural influences on caregiving burden: Cases of Koreans and Americans. Int J Aging Hum Dev, 46(2):125–41.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 12 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i12.7934 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dementia Family Caregiver Stress Depression | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Kim SH, Lee J. Stress and Depression in Family Members of Patients with Dementia in Urban and Rural Communities: Cross-Sectional Surveys in Korea. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(12):2517-2525.
