The Reasons for Using Smokeless Tobacco: A Review
-
Mahnaz SOLHI
,
Esmaeil FATTAHI
,
Zahra Sadat MANZARI
,
Prakash C. GUPTA
,
Mehdi KARGAR
,
Parisa KASMAEI
,
Hadis BARATI
Abstract
Background: Smokeless tobacco use is a public health problem in some parts of the world. The major objective of this study was to investigate the reasons and factors of consumption.
Methods: A content analysis was conducted on articles for the past thirty years (1989-2019). We reviewed and selected 400 abstracts of original articles from PubMed databases by the search strategy, and reviewed one by one. Among these, 45 abstracts were selected, in which the patterns of use, the reasons for using, and the determinants and predictors were described. Eleven papers were selected based on the results and related to the research objectives. The results of these articles were evaluated precisely word by word and phrase by phrase with content analysis method and inductive approach.
Results: The reasons for the use of smokeless tobacco fell in two main themes: socio-cultural structure; and, beliefs, each contained Sub-themes such as "culture and living conditions", "laws", "family and peer relationships", "beliefs related to psychological" and "beliefs related to physical influences", "beliefs", "The role of harm perceptions ".
Conclusion: There was a difference between beliefs, cultures and social conditions among the people about using of smokeless tobacco and the association of these factors is investigated in future studies. We also suggest for the prevention and control of smokeless tobacco use, cultural norms and beliefs will need to address adequately.
1. Gupta PC, Ray CS, Sinha DN, Singh PK (2011). Smokeless tobacco: a major public health problem in the SEA region: a review. Indian J Public Health, 55(3):199-209.
2. Schensul JJ, Nair S, Bilgi S, et al (2013). Availability, accessibility and promotion of smokeless tobacco in a low-income area of Mumbai. Tob Control, 22(5):324-30.
3. Sinha D, Gupta P, Ray C, Singh P (2012). Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among adults in WHO South-East Asia. Indian J Cancer, 49(4):342-6.
4. Gupta PC, Ray CS (2003). Smokeless tobacco and health in India and South Asia. Respirology, 8(4):419-31.
5. Hussain A, Zaheer S, Shafique K (2018). School-based behavioral intervention to reduce the habit of smokeless tobacco and betel quid use in high-risk youth in Karachi: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 13(11):e0206919.
6. Khan Z, Tönnies J, Müller S (2014). Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in South Asia: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Cancer Epidemiol, 2014:394696.
7. Adedigba MA, Aransiola J, Arobieke RI, et al (2017). Between traditions and health: Beliefs and perceptions of health effects of smokeless tobacco among selected users in Nigeria. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(3):1-9.
8. Rudatsikira E, Muula AS, Siziya S (2010). Current use of smokeless tobacco among adolescents in the Republic of Congo. BMC Public Health, 10:16.
9. Croucher R, Shanbhag S, Dahiya M, et al (2012). Smokeless tobacco cessation in S outh A sian communities: a multi‐centre prospective cohort study. Addiction, 2:45-52.
10. Stoebner-Delbarre A, Aghi MB (2013). A comparative study of perceptions on tobacco in vulnerable populations between India and France. Glob Health Promot, 20:82-9.
11. Bates C, Fagerström K, Jarvis M, et al (2003). European Union policy on smokeless tobacco: a statement in favour of evidence based regulation for public health. Tob Control, 12(4):360-7.
12. West R, McNeill A, Raw M (2004). Smokeless tobacco cessation guidelines for health professionals in England. Br Dent J, 196(10):611-8.
13. Holman LR, Bricker JB, Comstock BA (2013). Psychological predictors of male smokeless tobacco use initiation and cessation: a 16‐year longitudinal study. Addiction, 108(7):1327-1335.
14. Odani S, O'Flaherty K, Veatch N, et al (2018). Attitudes toward smokeless tobacco use at all public sports venues among US adults, 2016. Prev Med, 111:397-401.
15. Choi K, Forster J (2013). Awareness, perceptions and use of snus among young adults from the upper Midwest region of the USA. Tob Control, 22(6):412-7.
16. Agaku IT, Ayo-Yusuf OA, Vardavas CI, Connolly G (2014). Predictors and patterns of cigarette and smokeless tobacco use among adolescents in 32 countries, 2007–2011. J Adolesc Health, 54(1):47-53.
17. Han BH, Wyatt LC, Sherman SE, et al (2019). Prevalence and Correlates of Cultural Smokeless Tobacco Products among South Asian Americans in New York City. J Community Health, 44(3):479-486.
18. Kozlowski LT (2018). Origins in the USA in the 1980s of the warning that smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to cigarettes: a historical, documents-based assessment with implications for comparative warnings on less harmful tobacco/nicotine products. Harm Reduction Journal, 15:21.
19. Agbor M, Azodo C, Tefouet T (2013). Smokeless tobacco use, tooth loss and oral health issues among adults in Cameroon. Afr Health Sci, 13(3): 785–790.
20. Mutti S, Reid JL, Gupta PC, et al (2016). Patterns of use and perceptions of harm of smokeless tobacco in Navi Mumbai, India and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Indian J Community Med, 41(4):280-287.
21. Adkison SE, Bansal-Travers M, Smith DM, et al (2014). Impact of smokeless tobacco packaging on perceptions and beliefs among youth, young adults, and adults in the US: findings from an internet-based cross-sectional survey. Harm Reduct J, 11:2.
22. Mehrotra R, Yadav A, Sinha DN, et al (2019). Smokeless tobacco control in 180 countries across the globe: call to action for full implementation of WHO FCTC measures. Lancet Oncol, 20(4):e208-e217.
23. Adkison SE, O’connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, et al (2016). Validation of a measure of normative beliefs about smokeless tobacco use. Nicotine Tob Res, 18(5):801-8.
24. Severson HH (2003). What have we learned from 20 years of research on smokeless tobacco cessation? Am J Med Sci, 326(4):206-11.
25. Thakur J, Paika R (2018). Determinants of smokeless tobacco use in India. Indian J Med Res, 148(1): 41–45.
26. Somatunga L, Sinha D, Sumanasekera P, et al (2012). Smokeless tobacco use in Sri Lanka. Indian J Cancer, 49(4):357-63.
27. Richardson A, Ganz O, Stalgaitis C, et al (2014). Noncombustible tobacco product advertising: how companies are selling the new face of tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res, 16(5):606-14.
28. Sinha DN, Rizwan S, Aryal KK, et al (2015). Trends of smokeless tobacco use among adults (aged 15-49 years) in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16(15):6561-8.
29. Sinha DN, Gupta PC, Kumar A, et al (2018). The poorest of poor suffer the greatest burden from smokeless tobacco use: A study from 140 countries. Nicotine Tob Res, 20(12):1529-1532.
30. Sinha DN, Suliankatchi RA, Gupta PC, et al (2018). Global burden of all-cause and cause-specific mortality due to smokeless tobacco use: systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Control, 27(1):35-42.
31. Madewell ZJ, Kolaja CA (2019). Smokeless tobacco warnings in Indian mass media: Intention and attempts to quit. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 40(3):413.
32. Solhi M, Mehrabian F, Rastaghi S, Fattahi E (2019). Use of Smokeless Tobacco Among Students in the City of Chabahar: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 8 (2); e91023.
33. Honarmand M (2009). Prevalence of paan use among high school boys of Zahedan in 2007 and its contributory factors. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 16:263-269.
34. Honarmand M, Farhadmollashahi L, Bekyghasemi M (2013). Use of smokeless tobacco among male students of Zahedan universities in Iran: a cross sectional study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14(11):6385-8.
35. Jalilvand M, Nikmanesh Z, Kazemi Y, Emamhadi MA (2010). Smokeless Tobacco Use among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Sistan Baloochestan Province, Iran 2008. ranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ,4 (1); 23-9
36. Fattahi E, Tavousi M, Niknami S, Zareban I, Hidarnia A (2013). Effectiveness of an educational intervention for reducing paan consumption among adolescent. Payesh, 12(1): 109-116.
37. Rollins K, Lewis C, Goeckner R, et al (2017). American Indian knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about smokeless tobacco: A comparison of two focus group studies. J Community Health, 42(6):1133-1140.
38. Salvi A, Sura T, Karaye I, Horney JA (2019). Factors associated with dependence on smokeless tobacco, Navi Mumbai, India. Heliyon, 5(3):e01382.
39. Fattahi E (2019). The Necessity for Appropriate Research in the Field of Pan-Prague Use. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 20 (12); e87207.
40. Hidarnia A, Fatahi E, Tavosi M, Niknami S (2012). Effectiveness of educational intervention based Affective Beliefs in prevention Paan consumption among adolescents in Chabahar. Proceedings in ARSA-Advanced Research in Scientific Areas.
41. Vaismoradi M, Turunen H, Bondas T (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nurs Health Sci, 15(3):398-405.
42. Elo S, Kyngäs H (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. J Adv Nurs, 62(1):107-15.
43. Shahjahan M, Harun MGD, Chowdhury AA, et al (2017). Factors influencing the initiation of smokeless tobacco consumption among low socioeconomic community in Bangladesh: a qualitative investigation. Int Q Community Health Educ, 37(3-4):181-187.
44. Messina J, Freeman C, Rees A, et al (2013). A systematic review of contextual factors relating to smokeless tobacco use among South Asian users in England. Nicotine Tob Res, 15(5):875-82.
45. Shah S, Dave B, Shah R, et al (2018). Socioeconomic and cultural impact of tobacco in India. J Family Med Prim Care, 7(6): 1173–1176.
46. Poston WS, Haddock C, Jitnarin N, Janhke SA (2011). A national qualitative study of tobacco use among career firefighters and department health personnel. Nicotine Tob Res, 14(6): 734–741.
47. Benowitz NL (1988). Nicotine and smokeless tobacco. CA Cancer J Clin, 38(4):244-7.
48. Lipari RN, Van Horn SL (2017). Trends in smokeless tobacco use and initiation: 2002 to 2012. The CBHSQ Report.
49. Timberlake DS (2009). Are smokers receptive to using smokeless tobacco as a substitute? Prev Med, 49(2-3):229-32.
50. Wisniewski JF, Bartolucci AA (1989). Comparative patterns of smokeless tobacco usage among major league baseball personnel. J Oral Pathol Med, 18(6):322-6.
51. Ullah MZ, Lim JN, Ha M-A, Rahman MM (2018). Smokeless tobacco use: pattern of use, knowledge and perceptions among rural Bangladeshi adolescents. PeerJ, 6:e5463.
52. Sutter ME, Everhart RS, Miadich S, et al (2018). Patterns and profiles of adolescent tobacco users: Results from the Virginia Youth Survey. Nicotine Tob Res, 20:S39-S47.
53. Singh JK, Acharya D, Kadel R, et al (2017). Factors associated with smokeless tobacco use among pregnant women in rural areas of the southern terai, nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc, 15(1):12-19.
54. Kumar A, Bhartiya D, Kaur J, et al (2018). Regulation of toxic contents of smokeless tobacco products. Indian J Med Res, 148(1): 14–24.
55. Rahman MA, Mahmood MA, Spurrier N, et al (2015). Why do Bangladeshi people use smokeless tobacco products? Asia Pac J Public Health, 27(2):NP2197-209.
56. Huque R, Zaman M, Huq S, Sinha D (2017). Smokeless tobacco and public health in Bangladesh. Indian J Public Health, 61(1):S18-S24.
57. Nair S, Schensul JJ, Begum S, et al (2015). Use of smokeless tobacco by Indian women aged 18–40 years during pregnancy and reproductive years. PLoS One, 10(3):e0119814.
58. Mantey DS, Clendennen SL, Pasch KE, et al (2019). Marketing exposure and smokeless tobacco use initiation among young adults: A longitudinal analysis. Addict Behav, 99:106014.
59. Bandura A (2009). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In: Media effects. Ed(s): Routledge, pp. 110-140.
60. Sinha DN, Bajracharya B, Khadka BB, Rinchen S, Bhattad V, Singh P(2012). Smokeless tobacco use in Nepal. Indian J Cancer,49:352-6.
2. Schensul JJ, Nair S, Bilgi S, et al (2013). Availability, accessibility and promotion of smokeless tobacco in a low-income area of Mumbai. Tob Control, 22(5):324-30.
3. Sinha D, Gupta P, Ray C, Singh P (2012). Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among adults in WHO South-East Asia. Indian J Cancer, 49(4):342-6.
4. Gupta PC, Ray CS (2003). Smokeless tobacco and health in India and South Asia. Respirology, 8(4):419-31.
5. Hussain A, Zaheer S, Shafique K (2018). School-based behavioral intervention to reduce the habit of smokeless tobacco and betel quid use in high-risk youth in Karachi: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 13(11):e0206919.
6. Khan Z, Tönnies J, Müller S (2014). Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in South Asia: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Cancer Epidemiol, 2014:394696.
7. Adedigba MA, Aransiola J, Arobieke RI, et al (2017). Between traditions and health: Beliefs and perceptions of health effects of smokeless tobacco among selected users in Nigeria. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(3):1-9.
8. Rudatsikira E, Muula AS, Siziya S (2010). Current use of smokeless tobacco among adolescents in the Republic of Congo. BMC Public Health, 10:16.
9. Croucher R, Shanbhag S, Dahiya M, et al (2012). Smokeless tobacco cessation in S outh A sian communities: a multi‐centre prospective cohort study. Addiction, 2:45-52.
10. Stoebner-Delbarre A, Aghi MB (2013). A comparative study of perceptions on tobacco in vulnerable populations between India and France. Glob Health Promot, 20:82-9.
11. Bates C, Fagerström K, Jarvis M, et al (2003). European Union policy on smokeless tobacco: a statement in favour of evidence based regulation for public health. Tob Control, 12(4):360-7.
12. West R, McNeill A, Raw M (2004). Smokeless tobacco cessation guidelines for health professionals in England. Br Dent J, 196(10):611-8.
13. Holman LR, Bricker JB, Comstock BA (2013). Psychological predictors of male smokeless tobacco use initiation and cessation: a 16‐year longitudinal study. Addiction, 108(7):1327-1335.
14. Odani S, O'Flaherty K, Veatch N, et al (2018). Attitudes toward smokeless tobacco use at all public sports venues among US adults, 2016. Prev Med, 111:397-401.
15. Choi K, Forster J (2013). Awareness, perceptions and use of snus among young adults from the upper Midwest region of the USA. Tob Control, 22(6):412-7.
16. Agaku IT, Ayo-Yusuf OA, Vardavas CI, Connolly G (2014). Predictors and patterns of cigarette and smokeless tobacco use among adolescents in 32 countries, 2007–2011. J Adolesc Health, 54(1):47-53.
17. Han BH, Wyatt LC, Sherman SE, et al (2019). Prevalence and Correlates of Cultural Smokeless Tobacco Products among South Asian Americans in New York City. J Community Health, 44(3):479-486.
18. Kozlowski LT (2018). Origins in the USA in the 1980s of the warning that smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to cigarettes: a historical, documents-based assessment with implications for comparative warnings on less harmful tobacco/nicotine products. Harm Reduction Journal, 15:21.
19. Agbor M, Azodo C, Tefouet T (2013). Smokeless tobacco use, tooth loss and oral health issues among adults in Cameroon. Afr Health Sci, 13(3): 785–790.
20. Mutti S, Reid JL, Gupta PC, et al (2016). Patterns of use and perceptions of harm of smokeless tobacco in Navi Mumbai, India and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Indian J Community Med, 41(4):280-287.
21. Adkison SE, Bansal-Travers M, Smith DM, et al (2014). Impact of smokeless tobacco packaging on perceptions and beliefs among youth, young adults, and adults in the US: findings from an internet-based cross-sectional survey. Harm Reduct J, 11:2.
22. Mehrotra R, Yadav A, Sinha DN, et al (2019). Smokeless tobacco control in 180 countries across the globe: call to action for full implementation of WHO FCTC measures. Lancet Oncol, 20(4):e208-e217.
23. Adkison SE, O’connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, et al (2016). Validation of a measure of normative beliefs about smokeless tobacco use. Nicotine Tob Res, 18(5):801-8.
24. Severson HH (2003). What have we learned from 20 years of research on smokeless tobacco cessation? Am J Med Sci, 326(4):206-11.
25. Thakur J, Paika R (2018). Determinants of smokeless tobacco use in India. Indian J Med Res, 148(1): 41–45.
26. Somatunga L, Sinha D, Sumanasekera P, et al (2012). Smokeless tobacco use in Sri Lanka. Indian J Cancer, 49(4):357-63.
27. Richardson A, Ganz O, Stalgaitis C, et al (2014). Noncombustible tobacco product advertising: how companies are selling the new face of tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res, 16(5):606-14.
28. Sinha DN, Rizwan S, Aryal KK, et al (2015). Trends of smokeless tobacco use among adults (aged 15-49 years) in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16(15):6561-8.
29. Sinha DN, Gupta PC, Kumar A, et al (2018). The poorest of poor suffer the greatest burden from smokeless tobacco use: A study from 140 countries. Nicotine Tob Res, 20(12):1529-1532.
30. Sinha DN, Suliankatchi RA, Gupta PC, et al (2018). Global burden of all-cause and cause-specific mortality due to smokeless tobacco use: systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Control, 27(1):35-42.
31. Madewell ZJ, Kolaja CA (2019). Smokeless tobacco warnings in Indian mass media: Intention and attempts to quit. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 40(3):413.
32. Solhi M, Mehrabian F, Rastaghi S, Fattahi E (2019). Use of Smokeless Tobacco Among Students in the City of Chabahar: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 8 (2); e91023.
33. Honarmand M (2009). Prevalence of paan use among high school boys of Zahedan in 2007 and its contributory factors. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 16:263-269.
34. Honarmand M, Farhadmollashahi L, Bekyghasemi M (2013). Use of smokeless tobacco among male students of Zahedan universities in Iran: a cross sectional study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14(11):6385-8.
35. Jalilvand M, Nikmanesh Z, Kazemi Y, Emamhadi MA (2010). Smokeless Tobacco Use among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Sistan Baloochestan Province, Iran 2008. ranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ,4 (1); 23-9
36. Fattahi E, Tavousi M, Niknami S, Zareban I, Hidarnia A (2013). Effectiveness of an educational intervention for reducing paan consumption among adolescent. Payesh, 12(1): 109-116.
37. Rollins K, Lewis C, Goeckner R, et al (2017). American Indian knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about smokeless tobacco: A comparison of two focus group studies. J Community Health, 42(6):1133-1140.
38. Salvi A, Sura T, Karaye I, Horney JA (2019). Factors associated with dependence on smokeless tobacco, Navi Mumbai, India. Heliyon, 5(3):e01382.
39. Fattahi E (2019). The Necessity for Appropriate Research in the Field of Pan-Prague Use. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 20 (12); e87207.
40. Hidarnia A, Fatahi E, Tavosi M, Niknami S (2012). Effectiveness of educational intervention based Affective Beliefs in prevention Paan consumption among adolescents in Chabahar. Proceedings in ARSA-Advanced Research in Scientific Areas.
41. Vaismoradi M, Turunen H, Bondas T (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nurs Health Sci, 15(3):398-405.
42. Elo S, Kyngäs H (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. J Adv Nurs, 62(1):107-15.
43. Shahjahan M, Harun MGD, Chowdhury AA, et al (2017). Factors influencing the initiation of smokeless tobacco consumption among low socioeconomic community in Bangladesh: a qualitative investigation. Int Q Community Health Educ, 37(3-4):181-187.
44. Messina J, Freeman C, Rees A, et al (2013). A systematic review of contextual factors relating to smokeless tobacco use among South Asian users in England. Nicotine Tob Res, 15(5):875-82.
45. Shah S, Dave B, Shah R, et al (2018). Socioeconomic and cultural impact of tobacco in India. J Family Med Prim Care, 7(6): 1173–1176.
46. Poston WS, Haddock C, Jitnarin N, Janhke SA (2011). A national qualitative study of tobacco use among career firefighters and department health personnel. Nicotine Tob Res, 14(6): 734–741.
47. Benowitz NL (1988). Nicotine and smokeless tobacco. CA Cancer J Clin, 38(4):244-7.
48. Lipari RN, Van Horn SL (2017). Trends in smokeless tobacco use and initiation: 2002 to 2012. The CBHSQ Report.
49. Timberlake DS (2009). Are smokers receptive to using smokeless tobacco as a substitute? Prev Med, 49(2-3):229-32.
50. Wisniewski JF, Bartolucci AA (1989). Comparative patterns of smokeless tobacco usage among major league baseball personnel. J Oral Pathol Med, 18(6):322-6.
51. Ullah MZ, Lim JN, Ha M-A, Rahman MM (2018). Smokeless tobacco use: pattern of use, knowledge and perceptions among rural Bangladeshi adolescents. PeerJ, 6:e5463.
52. Sutter ME, Everhart RS, Miadich S, et al (2018). Patterns and profiles of adolescent tobacco users: Results from the Virginia Youth Survey. Nicotine Tob Res, 20:S39-S47.
53. Singh JK, Acharya D, Kadel R, et al (2017). Factors associated with smokeless tobacco use among pregnant women in rural areas of the southern terai, nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc, 15(1):12-19.
54. Kumar A, Bhartiya D, Kaur J, et al (2018). Regulation of toxic contents of smokeless tobacco products. Indian J Med Res, 148(1): 14–24.
55. Rahman MA, Mahmood MA, Spurrier N, et al (2015). Why do Bangladeshi people use smokeless tobacco products? Asia Pac J Public Health, 27(2):NP2197-209.
56. Huque R, Zaman M, Huq S, Sinha D (2017). Smokeless tobacco and public health in Bangladesh. Indian J Public Health, 61(1):S18-S24.
57. Nair S, Schensul JJ, Begum S, et al (2015). Use of smokeless tobacco by Indian women aged 18–40 years during pregnancy and reproductive years. PLoS One, 10(3):e0119814.
58. Mantey DS, Clendennen SL, Pasch KE, et al (2019). Marketing exposure and smokeless tobacco use initiation among young adults: A longitudinal analysis. Addict Behav, 99:106014.
59. Bandura A (2009). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In: Media effects. Ed(s): Routledge, pp. 110-140.
60. Sinha DN, Bajracharya B, Khadka BB, Rinchen S, Bhattad V, Singh P(2012). Smokeless tobacco use in Nepal. Indian J Cancer,49:352-6.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 3 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5589 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Smokeless Tobacco Sociocultural Beliefs Culture Living conditions | ||
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How to Cite
1.
SOLHI M, FATTAHI E, MANZARI ZS, GUPTA PC, KARGAR M, KASMAEI P, BARATI H. The Reasons for Using Smokeless Tobacco: A Review. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(3):492-501.
