Urbanization Levels and Its Association with Prevalence of Risk Factors and Colorectal Cancer Incidence
-
Mostafa Enayatrad
,
Parvin Yavari
,
Hamid Vahedi
,
Sepideh Mahdavi
,
Koorosh Etemad
,
Soheila Khodakarim
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. This study aimed to determine the relationship between risk factors and the incidence of colorectal cancer in Urbanization levels in Iran.
Methods: This was a population-based study. Urbanization levels were determined using the census data of the Statistical Center in 2012. Data on risk factors for colorectal cancer were obtained from the information provided by the Iranian Non-Communicable Disease Control Center and the incidence of colorectal cancer from the data from the National Cancer Registry System. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between colorectal cancer risk factors and urbanization levels with colorectal cancer incidence. For statistical analysis, SPSS and Stata software were used. A significant level of P≤0.05 was considered.
Results: The relationship between urbanization levels and risk factors with the incidence of colorectal cancer, nutrition Status, tobacco use, and body mass index were not significant. There was a significant relationship between physical activity and incidence at different levels and between levels of urbanization and incidence rate, indicating a lower incidence rate of colorectal cancer at lower levels of urbanization.
Conclusion: Colorectal cancer incidence is higher at higher levels of urbanization than lower levels. The difference between regions in terms of urbanization can have in flounce on access to facilities, health service, and counseling opportunities to modify the risk factors and access to proper screening and follow-up care.
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28. Wu K, Hu FB, Fuchs C, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci E (2004). Dietary patterns and risk of colon cancer and adenoma in a cohort of men (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 15:853-62.
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30. Dixon LB, Balder HF, Virtanen MJ, et al (2004). Dietary patterns associated with colon and rectal cancer: results from the Dietary Patterns and Cancer (DIETSCAN) Project. Am J Clin Nutr, 80:1003-11.
31. Riboli E, Norat T (2003). Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr, 78:559S-569S.
32. Pourfarzi F, Yazdanbod A, Daneshvar R, Saberi SH (2012). Evaluation of Effective Factors in Incidence of Colorectal Cancer. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci, 12:56-64.
33. Al-Moosa S, Allin S, Jemiai N, Al-Lawati J, Mossialos E (2006). Diabetes and urbanization in the Omani population: an analysis of national survey data. Popul Health Metr, 4:5.
34. Mohan V, Mathur P, Deepa R, et al (2008). Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India--the WHO-ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 80:159-68.
35. Ramachandran A, Mary S, Yamuna A, Murugesan N, Snehalatha C (2008). High prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors associated with urbanization in India. Diabetes Care, 31:893-8.
36. Liu S, Wang W, Yang X, et al (2011). Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Chinese Adults, China National Nutrition and Health Survey, 2002. Prev Chronic Dis, 8(1): A13.
37. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report ( 2008). ed. US Dept Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
2. Doubeni CA, Major JM, Laiyemo AO, Schootman M, Zauber AG, Hollenbeck AR, Sinha R, Allison J (2012). Contribution of behavioral risk factors and obesity to socioeconomic differences in colorectal cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst, 104:1353-62.
3. Norgaard M, Iversen LH, Sorensen HT (2005). [Colorectal cancer. Incidence and risk factors]. Ugeskr Laeger, 167:4157-9.
4. Giovannucci E (2002). Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 31:925-43.
5. Zisman AL, Nickolov A, Brand RE, Gorchow A, Roy HK (2006). Associations between the age at diagnosis and location of colorectal cancer and the use of alcohol and tobacco: implications for screening. Arch Intern Med, 166:629-34.
6. Willett WC (2005). Diet and cancer: an evolving picture. JAMA, 293:233-4.
7. Janout V, Kollarova H (2001). Epidemiology of colorectal cancer. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub, 145:5-10.
8. Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, Bandera EV, McCullough M, Gansler T, Andrews KS, Thun MJ (2006). The American Cancer Society 2006 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin, 56:254-81.
9. Koushik A, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al (2007). Fruits, vegetables, and colon cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst, 99:1471-83.
10. Omran AR (2005). The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. 1971. Milbank Q, 83:731-57.
11. Enayatrad M, Yavari P, Etemad K, Khodakarim S, Mahdavi S (2018). Association of Urbanization Levels and Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Iran. International Journal of Cancer Management, 11:e68476.
12. Dahly DL, Adair LS (2007). Quantifying the urban environment: a scale measure of urbanicity outperforms the urban-rural dichotomy. Soc Sci Med, 64:1407-19.
13. McDade TW, Adair LS (2001). Defining the "urban" in urbanization and health: a factor analysis approach. Soc Sci Med, 53:55-70.
14. Gupta A (2013). Measuring Urbanization Around a Regional Capital: The Case of Bhopal District. USR 3330 "Savoirs et Mondes Indiens" Working papers series no. 6 ; SUBURBIN Working papers series no. :1. xi, 76 pages.
15. Goya MM (2007). Iranian Annual Cancer Registration Report 2003/2008. ed. Tehran: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education.
16. World Health Organization (2003). Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. ed. World Health Organization.
17. US Department of Health Human Services (2015). US Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020; US Department of Health and Human Services. US Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA.
18. Saneie P, Azadbakh L (2012). Methods to Evaluate Adherence to Mediterranean Diet: A Review on Epidemiologic Studies. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 30:1-18.
19. World Health Organization (2012) Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) analysis guide. Geneva,
20. Initiative NOE (1998). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. National Institutes of Health:98-4083.
21. Coughlin SS, Richards TB, Thompson T, Miller BA, VanEenwyk J, Goodman MT, Sherman RL (2006). Rural/nonrural differences in colorectal cancer incidence in the United States, 1998-2001. Cancer, 107:1181-8.
22. Fulton JP, Correa CN, Hirschenberger W, al. e (1997). Urbanization and cancer incidence, United States, 1988-1992. In: HoweHL, ed. Cancer Incidence in North America, 1989-1993,. Sacramento, CA: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, 1:VI-1-VI-9.
23. Paquette I, Finlayson SR (2007). Rural versus urban colorectal and lung cancer patients: differences in stage at presentation. J Am Coll Surg, 205:636-41.
24. Rushton G, Peleg I, Banerjee A, Smith G, West M (2004). Analyzing geographic patterns of disease incidence: rates of late-stage colorectal cancer in Iowa. J Med Syst, 28:223-36.
25. Katsidzira L, Gangaidzo IT, Makunike-Mutasa R, et al (2019). A case-control study of risk factors for colorectal cancer in an African population. Eur J Cancer Prev, 28:145-150.
26. Coughlin SS, Thompson TD (2004). Colorectal cancer screening practices among men and women in rural and nonrural areas of the United States, 1999. J Rural Health, 20:118-24.
27. Singh GK, Miller BA, Hankey BR, al e (2003). Area Socioeconomic Variations in U.S. Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Stage, Treatment, and Survival, 1975-1999. NCI Cancer Surveillance Monograph Series, 4:pub 03-5417.
28. Wu K, Hu FB, Fuchs C, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci E (2004). Dietary patterns and risk of colon cancer and adenoma in a cohort of men (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 15:853-62.
29. Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, van Poppel G, Sturmans F, Hermus RJ, van den Brandt PA (2000). Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study: The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 152:1081-92.
30. Dixon LB, Balder HF, Virtanen MJ, et al (2004). Dietary patterns associated with colon and rectal cancer: results from the Dietary Patterns and Cancer (DIETSCAN) Project. Am J Clin Nutr, 80:1003-11.
31. Riboli E, Norat T (2003). Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr, 78:559S-569S.
32. Pourfarzi F, Yazdanbod A, Daneshvar R, Saberi SH (2012). Evaluation of Effective Factors in Incidence of Colorectal Cancer. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci, 12:56-64.
33. Al-Moosa S, Allin S, Jemiai N, Al-Lawati J, Mossialos E (2006). Diabetes and urbanization in the Omani population: an analysis of national survey data. Popul Health Metr, 4:5.
34. Mohan V, Mathur P, Deepa R, et al (2008). Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India--the WHO-ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 80:159-68.
35. Ramachandran A, Mary S, Yamuna A, Murugesan N, Snehalatha C (2008). High prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors associated with urbanization in India. Diabetes Care, 31:893-8.
36. Liu S, Wang W, Yang X, et al (2011). Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Chinese Adults, China National Nutrition and Health Survey, 2002. Prev Chronic Dis, 8(1): A13.
37. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report ( 2008). ed. US Dept Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 11 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i11.7588 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Colorectal cancer Incidence Risk factors Urbanization levels | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Enayatrad M, Yavari P, Vahedi H, Mahdavi S, Etemad K, Khodakarim S. Urbanization Levels and Its Association with Prevalence of Risk Factors and Colorectal Cancer Incidence. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(11):2317-2325.
