Strong Evidences of the Ovarian Carcinoma Risk in Women after IVF Treatment: A Review Article
,
Abstract
Background: In-vitro fertilization (IVF) has been very popular since the birth of the first “test-tube” baby. This method is the last hope and the most serious solution for couples with infertility problems. Although childbearing is a concern of many couples, it must always be noted that any method can also have disadvantages. Thus, many studies have been done on the problems encountered by this method.
Methods: We searched for relevant articles in Pub Med, Springer, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases, and studied more than 70 papers. Keywords used included ovarian cancer, in vitro fertilization, gonadotropin hormone, clomiphene citrate, and infertility.
Results: Due to the large number of studies, high doses of the ovulation-stimulating drugs and their repeated use in this method can increase the risk of the ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome (OHSS), and ovarian cysts, which can lead to ovarian cancer. Also, an increase in the risk of developing ovarian cancer can be due to the increased duration of treatment for up to 12 months and the high doses of medications that are followed by defecation and failure of this treatment.
Conclusion: Due to the increase in the rates of infertility treatments and the incidence of gynecological cancers, especially ovarian cancer, this method need to be used with caution. IVF clients and candidates should be informed about potential future risks. People should be evaluated genetically for their history of ovarian cancer and be more aware of the importance of “Personalized medicine”.
1. Simonstein F(2010). IVF policies with emphasis on Israeli practices. Health Policy, 97(2-3):202-8.
2. Steptoe PC, Edwards RG(1978). Birth after reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet, 2(8085):366.
3. Sutcliffe AG, Ludwig M (2007). Outcome of assisted reproduction. Lancet, 370(9584):351-9.
4. Kroener L, Dumesic D, Al-Safi Z (2017). Use of fertility medications and cancer risk: a review and update. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 29(4):195-201.
5. Hunter P (2017). The long‐term health risks of ART: Epidemiological data and research on animals indicate that in vitro fertilization might create health problems later in life. EMBO Rep, 18(7):1061-1064.
6. Cancer CGoHFiB (2012). Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol, 13(11):1141-51.
7. Nachtigall RD (2006). International disparities in access to infertility services. Fertil Steril, 85(4):871-5.
8. Reid BM, Permuth JB, Sellers TA (2017). Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: a review. Cancer Biol Med, 14(1):9-32.
9. Webb PM, Jordan SJ (2017). Epidemiology of epithelial ovarian cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 41:3-14.
10. Kurman RJ, Shih I-M (2010). The Origin and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer-a proposed unifying theory. Am J Surg Pathol, 34(3):433-43.
11. Meinhold-Heerlein I, Hauptmann S (2014). The heterogeneity of ovarian cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 289(2):237–9.
12. Noone AM HN, Krapcho M, Miller D et al (2017). Ovarian Cancer Bethesda: National Cancer Institute. [Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html
13. Alsop K, Fereday S, Meldrum C et al (2012). BRCA mutation frequency and patterns of treatment response in BRCA mutation–positive women with ovarian cancer: a report from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 30(21):2654-63.
14. Cho KR, Shih I-M (2009). Ovarian cancer. Annu Rev Pathol, 4:287-313.
15. Kurman RJ, Shih I-M (2008). Pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Lessons from morphology and molecular biology and their clinical implications. Int J Gynecol Pathol, 27(2):151-60.
16. Bell DA (2005). Origins and molecular pathology of ovarian cancer. Mod Pathol, 18(S2):S19-32.
17. Scully R (1995). Early de novo ovarian cancer and cancer developing in benign ovarian lesions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 49:S9-15.
18. Bell DA, Scully RE (1994). Early de novo ovarian carcinoma. A study of fourteen cases. Cancer, 73(7):1859-64.
19. Puls LE, Powell DE, DePriest PD et al (1992). Transition from benign to malignant epithelium in mucinous and serous ovarian cystadenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol, 47(1):53-7.
20. Bourne TH, Whitehead MI, Campbell S et al (1991). Ultrasound screening for familial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol, 43(2):92-7.
21. Stenbäck F (1981). Benign, borderline and malignant serous cystadenomas of the ovary: a transmission and scanning electron microscopical study. Pathol Res Pract, 172(1-2):58-72.
22. Ali AT (2018). Fertility Drugs and Ovarian Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 18(6):567-576.
23. Gaitskell K, Green J, Pirie K, Barnes et al (2018). Histological subtypes of ovarian cancer associated with parity and breastfeeding in the prospective Million Women Study. Int J Cancer, 142(2):281-9.
24. Reigstad MM, Storeng R, Myklebust TÅ et al (2017). Cancer risk in women treated with fertility drugs according to parity status—a registry-based cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 26(6):953-962
25. Sutcliffe A, Williams C, Jones M et al (2015). Ovarian tumor risk in women after Assisted Reproductive Therapy (ART); 2.2 million person years of observation in Great Britain. Fertil Steril, 104(3):e37.
26. Casagrande J, Pike M, Ross R et al (1979). " Incessant ovulation" and ovarian cancer. Lancet, 2(8135):170-3.
27. Gabriella Impicciatore G, Mario Tiboni G (2011). Ovulation inducing agents and cancer risk: review of literature. Curr Drug Saf, 6(4):250-8.
28. Ehrlich S (2015). Effect of fertility and infertility on longevity. Fertil Steril, 103(5):1129-35.
29. Reigstad M, Larsen I, Myklebust T et al (2015). Cancer risk among parous women following assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod. 30(8):1952-63.
30. Tung K-H, Wilkens LR, Wu AH et al (2005). Effect of anovulation factors on pre-and postmenopausal ovarian cancer risk: revisiting the incessant ovulation hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol, 161(4):321-9.
31. Calderon-Margalit R, Friedlander Y et al (2009). Cancer risk after exposure to treatments for ovulation induction. Am J Epidemiol, 169(3):365-75.
32. Melin A, Sparén P, Bergqvist A (2007). The risk of cancer and the role of parity among women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod, 22:3021–6.
33. Trabert B LE, Scoccia B, Moghissi KS et al (2013). Ovulation-inducing drugs and ovarian cancer risk: results from an extended follow-up of a large United States infertility cohort. Fertil Steril, 100:1660–6.
34. Benshushan A PO, Brzezinski A, Tanos V et al (2001). Ovulation induction and risk of endometrial cancer: a pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 98(1):53-7.
35. drugbank (updated August 15, 2018 09:46). Clomiphene citrate Canadian Institutes of Health Research; https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00882
36. Charles D, Klein T, Lunn S, Loraine J (1969). Clinical and endocrinological studies with the isomeric components of clomiphene citrate. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw, 76(12):1100-10.
37. Klopper A, Hall M (1971). New synthetic agent for the induction of ovulation: preliminary trials in women. Br Med J, 1(5741):152-4.
38. Usadi RS, Merriam KS (2015). On-label and off-label drug use in the treatment of female infertility. Fertil Steril, 103(3):583-94.
39. Roy S, Greenblatt RB, Mahesh VB, Jungck EC (1963). Clomiphene citrate: Further observations on its use in induction of ovulation in the human and on its mode of action. Fertil Steril, 14(6):575-95.
40. Riley GM, Evans TN (1964). Effects of clomiphene citrate* on anovulatory ovarian function. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 89(1):97-110.
41. Kistner R, Smith OW (1960). Observations on the use of a non-steroidal estrogen antagonist: MER-25. Surg Forum, 10:725-9.
42. GREENBLATT RB (1961). Chemical induction of ovulation. Fertil Steril, 12:402-4.
43. Smith OW, Day CF (1963). Effect of clomiphene on aromatization of steroids by the human placenta in vitro. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 44(4):519-28.
44. Smith OW, Smith GV, Kistner RW (1963). Action of MER-25 and of clomiphene on the human ovary. JAMA, 184(11):878-86.
45. Kettel LM, Roseff SJ, Berga SL, Mortola JF, Yen SS (1993). Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian response to clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril, 59(3):532-8.
46. Kato J, Kobayashi T, Villee CA (1968). Effect of clomiphene on the uptake of estradiol by the anterior hypothalamus and hypophysis. Endocrinology, 82(5):1049-52.
47. Clark JH, Markaverich BM (1981). The agonistic-antagonistic properties of clomiphene: a review. Pharmacol Ther, 15(3):467-519.
48. Rossing MA, Daling JR, Weiss NS, Moore DE, Self SG (1994). Ovarian tumors in a cohort of infertile women. N Engl J Med, 331(12):771-6.
49. Sherman BM, Chapler FK, Crickard K, Wycoff D (1979). Endocrine consequences of continuous antiestrogen therapy with tamoxifen in premenopausal women. J Clin Invest, 64(2):398-404.
50. Lunan CB, Klopper A (1975). Antioestrogens: a review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 4(5):551-72.
51. Williamson J, Ellis J (1973). The induction of ovulation by tamoxifen. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw, 80(9):844-7.
52. Tajima C (1984). Luteotropic effects of tamoxifen in infertile women. Fertil Steril, 42(2):223-7.
53. Senior B, CAWOOD ML, Oakey R, McKiddie J, Siddle D (1978). A comparison of the effects of clomiphene and tamoxifen treatment on the concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone in the peripheral plasma of infertile women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 8(5):381-9.
54. Kuroda H, Mandai M, Konishi I et al (1998). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) inhibits cisplatin‐induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells: Possible role of up‐regulation of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 by hCG. Int J Cancer, 76(4):571-8.
55. Hughes EG (1997). The effectiveness of ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination in the treatment of persistent infertility: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod, 12(9):1865-72.
56. Cantineau AE, Cohlen BJ, Heineman MJ (2007). Ovarian stimulation protocols (anti‐oestrogens, gonadotrophins with and without GnRH agonists/antagonists) for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 18;(2): CD005356.
57. Albano C, Felberbaum R, Smitz J et al (2000). Ovarian stimulation with HMG: results of a prospective randomized phase III European study comparing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-antagonist cetrorelix and the LHRH-agonist buserelin. Hum Reprod, 15(3):526-31.
58. Filicori M, Cognigni G, Tabarelli Ce et al (2002). Stimulation and growth of antral ovarian follicles by selective LH activity administration in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87(3):1156-61.
59. Ben-Rafael Z, Bider D, Menashe Y et al (1990). Follicular and luteal cysts after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril, 53(6):1091-4.
60. Choi S-H, Shapiro H, Robinson GE et al (2005). Psychological side-effects of clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotrophin. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol, 26(2):93-100.
61. Siedentopf F, Horstkamp B, Stief G, Kentenich H (1997). Clomiphene citrate as a possible cause of a psychotic reaction during infertility treatment. Hum Reprod , 12(4):706-7.
62. Derman SG, Adashi EY (1994). Adverse effects of fertility drugs. Drug Saf, 11(6):408-21.
63. Adashi EY (1986), editor Clomiphene citrate-initiated ovulation: a clinical update. Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology; Copyright© 1986 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
64. Varras M, Polyzos D, Akrivis C (2003). Effects of tamoxifen on the human female genital tract: review of the literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 24(3-4):258-68.
65. Nazarali SA, Narod SA (2014). Tamoxifen for women at high risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press), 17;6:29-36.
66. Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Smith DM et al (2010). Women’s decisions regarding tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention: responses to a tailored decision aid. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 119(3):613-20.
67. Navot D, Goldstein N, Mor-Josef S et al (1991). Multiple pregnancies: risk factors and prognostic variables during induction of ovulation with human menopausal gonadotrophins. Hum Reprod, 6(8):1152-5.
68. ACOG technical bulletin (1994). Managing the anovulatory state:Medical induction of ovulation. Number 197 September 1994.Committee on Technical Bulletins of the American College ofObstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 47:305-12.
69. Burt VK HV(1985). Drug information. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists,Bethesda, MD: American Hospital Formulary Service.
70. Neulen J, Yan Z, Raczek S, Weindel K et al (1995). Human chorionic gonadotropin-dependent expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in human granulosa cells: importance in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80(6):1967-71.
2. Steptoe PC, Edwards RG(1978). Birth after reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet, 2(8085):366.
3. Sutcliffe AG, Ludwig M (2007). Outcome of assisted reproduction. Lancet, 370(9584):351-9.
4. Kroener L, Dumesic D, Al-Safi Z (2017). Use of fertility medications and cancer risk: a review and update. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 29(4):195-201.
5. Hunter P (2017). The long‐term health risks of ART: Epidemiological data and research on animals indicate that in vitro fertilization might create health problems later in life. EMBO Rep, 18(7):1061-1064.
6. Cancer CGoHFiB (2012). Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol, 13(11):1141-51.
7. Nachtigall RD (2006). International disparities in access to infertility services. Fertil Steril, 85(4):871-5.
8. Reid BM, Permuth JB, Sellers TA (2017). Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: a review. Cancer Biol Med, 14(1):9-32.
9. Webb PM, Jordan SJ (2017). Epidemiology of epithelial ovarian cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 41:3-14.
10. Kurman RJ, Shih I-M (2010). The Origin and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer-a proposed unifying theory. Am J Surg Pathol, 34(3):433-43.
11. Meinhold-Heerlein I, Hauptmann S (2014). The heterogeneity of ovarian cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 289(2):237–9.
12. Noone AM HN, Krapcho M, Miller D et al (2017). Ovarian Cancer Bethesda: National Cancer Institute. [Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html
13. Alsop K, Fereday S, Meldrum C et al (2012). BRCA mutation frequency and patterns of treatment response in BRCA mutation–positive women with ovarian cancer: a report from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 30(21):2654-63.
14. Cho KR, Shih I-M (2009). Ovarian cancer. Annu Rev Pathol, 4:287-313.
15. Kurman RJ, Shih I-M (2008). Pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Lessons from morphology and molecular biology and their clinical implications. Int J Gynecol Pathol, 27(2):151-60.
16. Bell DA (2005). Origins and molecular pathology of ovarian cancer. Mod Pathol, 18(S2):S19-32.
17. Scully R (1995). Early de novo ovarian cancer and cancer developing in benign ovarian lesions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 49:S9-15.
18. Bell DA, Scully RE (1994). Early de novo ovarian carcinoma. A study of fourteen cases. Cancer, 73(7):1859-64.
19. Puls LE, Powell DE, DePriest PD et al (1992). Transition from benign to malignant epithelium in mucinous and serous ovarian cystadenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol, 47(1):53-7.
20. Bourne TH, Whitehead MI, Campbell S et al (1991). Ultrasound screening for familial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol, 43(2):92-7.
21. Stenbäck F (1981). Benign, borderline and malignant serous cystadenomas of the ovary: a transmission and scanning electron microscopical study. Pathol Res Pract, 172(1-2):58-72.
22. Ali AT (2018). Fertility Drugs and Ovarian Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 18(6):567-576.
23. Gaitskell K, Green J, Pirie K, Barnes et al (2018). Histological subtypes of ovarian cancer associated with parity and breastfeeding in the prospective Million Women Study. Int J Cancer, 142(2):281-9.
24. Reigstad MM, Storeng R, Myklebust TÅ et al (2017). Cancer risk in women treated with fertility drugs according to parity status—a registry-based cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 26(6):953-962
25. Sutcliffe A, Williams C, Jones M et al (2015). Ovarian tumor risk in women after Assisted Reproductive Therapy (ART); 2.2 million person years of observation in Great Britain. Fertil Steril, 104(3):e37.
26. Casagrande J, Pike M, Ross R et al (1979). " Incessant ovulation" and ovarian cancer. Lancet, 2(8135):170-3.
27. Gabriella Impicciatore G, Mario Tiboni G (2011). Ovulation inducing agents and cancer risk: review of literature. Curr Drug Saf, 6(4):250-8.
28. Ehrlich S (2015). Effect of fertility and infertility on longevity. Fertil Steril, 103(5):1129-35.
29. Reigstad M, Larsen I, Myklebust T et al (2015). Cancer risk among parous women following assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod. 30(8):1952-63.
30. Tung K-H, Wilkens LR, Wu AH et al (2005). Effect of anovulation factors on pre-and postmenopausal ovarian cancer risk: revisiting the incessant ovulation hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol, 161(4):321-9.
31. Calderon-Margalit R, Friedlander Y et al (2009). Cancer risk after exposure to treatments for ovulation induction. Am J Epidemiol, 169(3):365-75.
32. Melin A, Sparén P, Bergqvist A (2007). The risk of cancer and the role of parity among women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod, 22:3021–6.
33. Trabert B LE, Scoccia B, Moghissi KS et al (2013). Ovulation-inducing drugs and ovarian cancer risk: results from an extended follow-up of a large United States infertility cohort. Fertil Steril, 100:1660–6.
34. Benshushan A PO, Brzezinski A, Tanos V et al (2001). Ovulation induction and risk of endometrial cancer: a pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 98(1):53-7.
35. drugbank (updated August 15, 2018 09:46). Clomiphene citrate Canadian Institutes of Health Research; https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00882
36. Charles D, Klein T, Lunn S, Loraine J (1969). Clinical and endocrinological studies with the isomeric components of clomiphene citrate. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw, 76(12):1100-10.
37. Klopper A, Hall M (1971). New synthetic agent for the induction of ovulation: preliminary trials in women. Br Med J, 1(5741):152-4.
38. Usadi RS, Merriam KS (2015). On-label and off-label drug use in the treatment of female infertility. Fertil Steril, 103(3):583-94.
39. Roy S, Greenblatt RB, Mahesh VB, Jungck EC (1963). Clomiphene citrate: Further observations on its use in induction of ovulation in the human and on its mode of action. Fertil Steril, 14(6):575-95.
40. Riley GM, Evans TN (1964). Effects of clomiphene citrate* on anovulatory ovarian function. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 89(1):97-110.
41. Kistner R, Smith OW (1960). Observations on the use of a non-steroidal estrogen antagonist: MER-25. Surg Forum, 10:725-9.
42. GREENBLATT RB (1961). Chemical induction of ovulation. Fertil Steril, 12:402-4.
43. Smith OW, Day CF (1963). Effect of clomiphene on aromatization of steroids by the human placenta in vitro. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 44(4):519-28.
44. Smith OW, Smith GV, Kistner RW (1963). Action of MER-25 and of clomiphene on the human ovary. JAMA, 184(11):878-86.
45. Kettel LM, Roseff SJ, Berga SL, Mortola JF, Yen SS (1993). Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian response to clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril, 59(3):532-8.
46. Kato J, Kobayashi T, Villee CA (1968). Effect of clomiphene on the uptake of estradiol by the anterior hypothalamus and hypophysis. Endocrinology, 82(5):1049-52.
47. Clark JH, Markaverich BM (1981). The agonistic-antagonistic properties of clomiphene: a review. Pharmacol Ther, 15(3):467-519.
48. Rossing MA, Daling JR, Weiss NS, Moore DE, Self SG (1994). Ovarian tumors in a cohort of infertile women. N Engl J Med, 331(12):771-6.
49. Sherman BM, Chapler FK, Crickard K, Wycoff D (1979). Endocrine consequences of continuous antiestrogen therapy with tamoxifen in premenopausal women. J Clin Invest, 64(2):398-404.
50. Lunan CB, Klopper A (1975). Antioestrogens: a review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 4(5):551-72.
51. Williamson J, Ellis J (1973). The induction of ovulation by tamoxifen. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw, 80(9):844-7.
52. Tajima C (1984). Luteotropic effects of tamoxifen in infertile women. Fertil Steril, 42(2):223-7.
53. Senior B, CAWOOD ML, Oakey R, McKiddie J, Siddle D (1978). A comparison of the effects of clomiphene and tamoxifen treatment on the concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone in the peripheral plasma of infertile women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 8(5):381-9.
54. Kuroda H, Mandai M, Konishi I et al (1998). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) inhibits cisplatin‐induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells: Possible role of up‐regulation of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 by hCG. Int J Cancer, 76(4):571-8.
55. Hughes EG (1997). The effectiveness of ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination in the treatment of persistent infertility: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod, 12(9):1865-72.
56. Cantineau AE, Cohlen BJ, Heineman MJ (2007). Ovarian stimulation protocols (anti‐oestrogens, gonadotrophins with and without GnRH agonists/antagonists) for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 18;(2): CD005356.
57. Albano C, Felberbaum R, Smitz J et al (2000). Ovarian stimulation with HMG: results of a prospective randomized phase III European study comparing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-antagonist cetrorelix and the LHRH-agonist buserelin. Hum Reprod, 15(3):526-31.
58. Filicori M, Cognigni G, Tabarelli Ce et al (2002). Stimulation and growth of antral ovarian follicles by selective LH activity administration in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87(3):1156-61.
59. Ben-Rafael Z, Bider D, Menashe Y et al (1990). Follicular and luteal cysts after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril, 53(6):1091-4.
60. Choi S-H, Shapiro H, Robinson GE et al (2005). Psychological side-effects of clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotrophin. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol, 26(2):93-100.
61. Siedentopf F, Horstkamp B, Stief G, Kentenich H (1997). Clomiphene citrate as a possible cause of a psychotic reaction during infertility treatment. Hum Reprod , 12(4):706-7.
62. Derman SG, Adashi EY (1994). Adverse effects of fertility drugs. Drug Saf, 11(6):408-21.
63. Adashi EY (1986), editor Clomiphene citrate-initiated ovulation: a clinical update. Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology; Copyright© 1986 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
64. Varras M, Polyzos D, Akrivis C (2003). Effects of tamoxifen on the human female genital tract: review of the literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 24(3-4):258-68.
65. Nazarali SA, Narod SA (2014). Tamoxifen for women at high risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press), 17;6:29-36.
66. Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Smith DM et al (2010). Women’s decisions regarding tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention: responses to a tailored decision aid. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 119(3):613-20.
67. Navot D, Goldstein N, Mor-Josef S et al (1991). Multiple pregnancies: risk factors and prognostic variables during induction of ovulation with human menopausal gonadotrophins. Hum Reprod, 6(8):1152-5.
68. ACOG technical bulletin (1994). Managing the anovulatory state:Medical induction of ovulation. Number 197 September 1994.Committee on Technical Bulletins of the American College ofObstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 47:305-12.
69. Burt VK HV(1985). Drug information. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists,Bethesda, MD: American Hospital Formulary Service.
70. Neulen J, Yan Z, Raczek S, Weindel K et al (1995). Human chorionic gonadotropin-dependent expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in human granulosa cells: importance in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80(6):1967-71.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 48 No 12 (2019) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i12.3543 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Ovarian cancer In-vitro fertilization Ovarian hyper stimulation Clomiphene citrate Gonadotropins Infertility | ||
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How to Cite
1.
FARHUD DD, ZOKAEI S, KEYKHAEI M, ZARIF YEGANEH M. Strong Evidences of the Ovarian Carcinoma Risk in Women after IVF Treatment: A Review Article. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(12):2124-2132.
