Distribution of Leishmania Infection in Humans, Animal Reservoir Hosts and Sandflies in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
,
Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the Golestan Province, northeastern Iran. In this study, we summarize the results of studies on the disease and its causative agent Leishmania in humans, vectors and reservoirs in the Golestan Province, Iran.
Methods: We retrieved all articles related to leishmaniasis in the Golestan Province, northern Iran from 1994 to 2018 in various databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Articles in Persian were retrieved from the IranMedex, SID and Magiran. Reference lists of relevant articles were also hand-searched. Local active researchers in the field of leishmaniasis were contacted to avoid missing any relevant articles. Overall, 54 papers were extracted, later evaluated by two research team members based on inclusion criteria. All analyses were performed using the Stata 14 software. Pooled prevalence was calculated using the metaprop command and a random-effect model. The I² statistic was used for measuring heterogeneity of studies.
Results: Ten articles in the province were related to detection of Leishmania species in patients with suspected cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis. Fifteen articles were dedicated to identification of Leishmania species in disease reservoirs and five articles were about detection of the parasite in sand flies. The pooled prevalence of L. major in patients with acute ulcer, wild rodents and sandflies was 83%, 29% and 11%, respectively.
Conclusion: Our findings highlight the need for implementation of control measures among the reservoirs of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in the Golestan Province, Iran.
1. World Health Organization (WHO) (2012). A human rights-based approach to ne-glected tropical diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012; [Online] Available from: http://www. https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/Human_rights_approach_to_NTD_Eng_ok.pdf
2. Inceboz T (2019). Epidemiology and Ecolo-gy of Leishmaniasis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86359
3. World Health Organization (WHO), (2019). Leishmaniasis. [Online] Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
4. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, et al ) 2014). Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-chodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop, 132: 131–139.
5. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012). Phlebotom-ine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their Role on Leishmania Trans-mission. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 6(1): 1–17.
6. Mohebali M (2013). Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: Review of the Epidemiological and Clinical Features. Iran J Parasitol, 8(3): 348–358.
7. Mohebali M, Arzamani K, Zarei Z, et al (2016). Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Wild Canines (Fox, Jackal, and Wolf) in Northeastern Iran Using Parasitological, Serological, and Molecular Methods. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 10(4): 538–545.
8. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y (2018). Geographic distribution and spatial anal-ysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis, 55(3):173-183.
9. Seyedi Rashti MA, Sahabi Z (1995). Phleboto-mus (Larroussius) keshishiani, Shchurenkova, another vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Public Health, 24(1-2):25-30.
10. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, et al (2006). Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 100(1):63-8.
11. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, et al (2008). First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus (Larroussiuss) major (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Iran. J Med Entomol, 45(4):726-31.
12. Sanei Dehkordi A, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, et al (2011). Molecular detection of Leishma-nia infantum in naturally infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar dis-trict, northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 5(1):20-7.
13. Rassi Y, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, et al (2012). First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus kandelaki using molecular methods in north-eastern Islamic Repub-lic of Iran. EMHJ, 18: 387-392.
14. Mesgarian F, Rahbarian N, Mahmoudi Rad M, et al (2010). Identification of Leishma-nia species isolated from human cutane-ous leishmaniasis in Gonbad-e-Qabus city using a PCR method during 2006-2007. Tehran Uni Med J, 68(4): 250-256.
15. Tohidi F, Borghaei A (2011). Cutaneous leishmaniasis parasite identification via PCR in the Infected Areas in Golestan Province. Knowledge and Health, 6(2): 26-31.
16. Tohidi F, Ghaseminejad P, Saedi E, Rostami M (2011). Determination species of cuta-neous leishmaniasis by its-PCR in the lo-cations of infection Golestan Province in Iran. Trop Med Int Health, 16(1): 234-235.
17. Pagheh AS, Fakhar M, Mesgarian F, et al (2012). Detection and Identification of Causative Agent of Cutaneous Leishman-iasis Using Specific PCR. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 21(1): 85-92.
18. Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam H, Ajdary S, Riazi-Rad F, et al (2012). Molecular epidemiol-ogy of cutaneous leishmaniasis and het-erogeneity of Leishmania major strains in Iran. Trop Med Int Health, 17(11): 1335-44.
19. Baghaei A. Parvizi P, Amirkhani A, et al (2012). Identification of Leishmania using microscopic and molecular methods in suspected patients of Cutaneous Leish-maniasis by targeting ITS-rDNA gene, Golestan Province, Iran (2009-10). J Gor-gan Uni Med Sci, 14(3): 72-81.
20. Pagheh AS, Fakhar M, Mesgarian F, et al (2013). Incidence Trend of Rural Cutane-ous Leishmaniasis in Gonbad-e-Qabus City (Golestan, Iran), during 2009-2012. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 23(104): 27-33.
21. Bordbar A, Parvizi P (2014). High infection frequency, low diversity of Leishmania ma-jor and first detection of Leishmania turani-ca in human in northern Iran. Acta Trop, 133: 69-72.
22. Bordbar A, Parvizi P (2014). High density of Leishmania major and rarity of other mammals' Leishmania in zoonotic cutane-ous leishmaniasis foci, Iran. Trop Med Int Health, 19(3): 355-363.
23. Hezari F, Niyyati M, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, et al (2016). Frequency of Cutaneous Leish-maniasis and Species Identification in Suspected Individuals from Golestan Province, Northern Iran in 2014. Iran J Public Health, 45(10): 1348-54.
24. Fakhar M, Asadi Kia A, Gohardehi S, et al (2014). Emergence of a new focus of vis-ceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infan-tum in Golestan Province, north-eastern of Iran. J Parasit Dis, 38(3): 255-259.
25. Asfaram S, Pagheh A, Fakhar M, et al (2017). Case Series of Visceral Leishman-iasis (kala-azar) in Mazandaran and Go-lestan Provinces, North of Iran. J Ma-zandaran Univ Med Sci, 26(144): 373-381.
26. Qorban M, Cheraghali F, Sofizadeh A, et al (2017). Kala-azar in Maraveh Tapeh County, Golestan Provice, Iran: Seven case reports. J Gorgan Uni Med Sci, 19(2): 98-103.
27. Parvizi P, Javadian E, Rassi Y, et al (1999). A Study on Vector and Reservoir Host of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Tur-kamansahra, Golestan Province, North-East of Iran. Pathobiol Rea, 3-4 (2): 125-130.
28. Mohebali M, Javadian E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, et al (2004). Characterization of Leishmania infection in rodents from en-demic areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 10(4-5):591-9.
29. Rassi Y, Sofizadeh A, Abai MR, et al (2008). Molecular Detection of Leishmania major in the Vectors and Reservoir Hosts of Cu-taneous Leishmaniasis in Kalaleh District, Golestan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 2(2): 21-27.
30. Parvizi P, Hedayati M (2010). Leishmania in-fections in rodents, reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tur-kemen Sahara.J Guilan Uni Med Sci, 18(72): 30-8.
31. Mirzaei A, Rouhani S, Taherkhani H, et al (2011). Isolation and detection of Leish-mania species among naturally infected Rhombomis opimus, a reservoir host of zo-onotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turk-men Sahara, North East of Iran. Exp Parasitol, 129(4): 375-80.
32. Akhoundi M, Mohebali M, Asadi M, et al (2013). Molecular characterization of Leishmania spp. In reservoir hosts in endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Folia Parasitol (Praha), 60(3): 218-224.
33. Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Abai MR, et al (2013). Natural infection and phylogenetic classification of Leishmania spp. Infecting Rhombomys opimus, a primary reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northeast Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 107(9):550-7.
34. Rouhani S, Mirzaei A, Spotin A, et al (2014). Novel identification of Leishmania major in Hemiechinus auritus and molecular detection of this parasite in Meriones libycus from an important foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. J Infect Public Health, 7(3): 210-217.
35. Namroodi S, Saberi M (2013). Serological survey of Leishmania infantum in wild ro-dents of Turkemen Sahra, Golestan province, North-East Iran. Int J Molecul Clin Microbiol, 2: 300-302.
36. Namroodi S, Saberi M (2015). Seroepidemi-ology of Leishmania infantum in rural dogs in Golestan Province, Iran. Mljgoums, 9(2): 97-102.
37. Namroodi S (2015). Serological Survey of Leishmania infantum in Jackals in Golestan Province, Iran (2011-2013). J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 24(120): 25-9.
38. Namrodi S (2015). Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in road-killed carni-vores from North of Iran, Golestan Province. Int J Molecul Clin Microbiol, 5(2): 585-590.
39. Mirzaei A, Schweynoch C, Rouhani S, et al (2014). Diversity of Leishmania species and of strains of Leishmania major isolated from desert rodents in different foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 108(8): 502-12.
40. Seyedi Rahti MA, Agh-Atabay MD, Mohe-bali M (1994). Natural promastigote in-fection of Sergentomyia sintoni, its seasonal variation and reservoir hosts in Turke-men Sahara, Iran. Iran J Public Health, 23 (1-4): 41-50.
41. Roshanghalb M, Parvizi P (2012). Isolating and Determining Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica in Phlebotomus papatasi in Golestan Province. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 21(1): 74-83.
42. Parvizi P, Ready P (2008). Nested PCRs and sequencing of nuclear ITS‐rDNA frag-ments detect three Leishmania species of gerbils in sandflies from Iranian foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trop Med Int Health, 13(9): 1159-71.
43. Sharbatkhori M, Spotin A, Taherkhani H, et al (2014). Molecular variation in Leishmania parasites from sandflies species of a zo-onotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-east of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis, 51(1): 16-21.
44. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996). Epidemiological study of reservoir hosts in an endemic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Bull World Health Organ, 74(6): 587-90.
45. Sofizadeh A, Vatandoost H, Rassi Y, et al (2016). Spatial Analyses of the Relation between Rodent's Active Burrows and Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Northeastern of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 10(4): 569-576.
46. Sofizadeh A, Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA, et al (2018). Distribution and ecological as-pects of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) species in Northeastern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 11(9): 526-533.
47. Foroutan M, Dalvand S, Khademvatan Set al (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of Leishmania infection in blood donors. Transfus Apher Sci, 56(4): 544-551.
48. Assefa A (2018). Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence in animals and humans. Heli-yon, 4(8): e00723.
49. Foroutan M, Khademvatan S, Majidiani H, et al (2017). Prevalence of Leishmania spe-cies in rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran. Acta Trop, 172: 164-172.
50. Arzamani K, Fazeli R, Shirzadi MR, et al (2014). Visceral Leishmaniasis in North Khorasan Province, Iran. J Zoonoses, 1(1): 47-53.
51. Shokri A, Fakhar M, Hosseini Teshnizi S (2017). Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop, 165: 76–89.
52. Vahabi A, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, et al (2016). Detection of Leishmania major DNA within wild caught Phlebotomus pa-patasi and species composition of sand flies in endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in western Iran. J Parasit Dis, 40(1): 69-74.
53. Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, et al (2017). Epidemiologi-cal Study on cutaneous leishmaniasis in an Endemic Area, of Qom Province, Central Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 11(3): 403-413.
54. Rassi Y, Abai MR, Javadian E, et al (2008). Molecular data on vectors and reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmania-sis in central Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 101(5): 425-8.
55. Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Azani SM, et al (2011). Molecular Detection of Leishma-nia Infection Due to Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica in the Vectors and Res-ervoir Host in Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 11(2): 145-150.
2. Inceboz T (2019). Epidemiology and Ecolo-gy of Leishmaniasis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86359
3. World Health Organization (WHO), (2019). Leishmaniasis. [Online] Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
4. Karimi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, et al ) 2014). Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-chodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta Trop, 132: 131–139.
5. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012). Phlebotom-ine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their Role on Leishmania Trans-mission. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 6(1): 1–17.
6. Mohebali M (2013). Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: Review of the Epidemiological and Clinical Features. Iran J Parasitol, 8(3): 348–358.
7. Mohebali M, Arzamani K, Zarei Z, et al (2016). Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Wild Canines (Fox, Jackal, and Wolf) in Northeastern Iran Using Parasitological, Serological, and Molecular Methods. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 10(4): 538–545.
8. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y (2018). Geographic distribution and spatial anal-ysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis, 55(3):173-183.
9. Seyedi Rashti MA, Sahabi Z (1995). Phleboto-mus (Larroussius) keshishiani, Shchurenkova, another vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Public Health, 24(1-2):25-30.
10. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, et al (2006). Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 100(1):63-8.
11. Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, et al (2008). First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus (Larroussiuss) major (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Iran. J Med Entomol, 45(4):726-31.
12. Sanei Dehkordi A, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, et al (2011). Molecular detection of Leishma-nia infantum in naturally infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar dis-trict, northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 5(1):20-7.
13. Rassi Y, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, et al (2012). First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus kandelaki using molecular methods in north-eastern Islamic Repub-lic of Iran. EMHJ, 18: 387-392.
14. Mesgarian F, Rahbarian N, Mahmoudi Rad M, et al (2010). Identification of Leishma-nia species isolated from human cutane-ous leishmaniasis in Gonbad-e-Qabus city using a PCR method during 2006-2007. Tehran Uni Med J, 68(4): 250-256.
15. Tohidi F, Borghaei A (2011). Cutaneous leishmaniasis parasite identification via PCR in the Infected Areas in Golestan Province. Knowledge and Health, 6(2): 26-31.
16. Tohidi F, Ghaseminejad P, Saedi E, Rostami M (2011). Determination species of cuta-neous leishmaniasis by its-PCR in the lo-cations of infection Golestan Province in Iran. Trop Med Int Health, 16(1): 234-235.
17. Pagheh AS, Fakhar M, Mesgarian F, et al (2012). Detection and Identification of Causative Agent of Cutaneous Leishman-iasis Using Specific PCR. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 21(1): 85-92.
18. Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam H, Ajdary S, Riazi-Rad F, et al (2012). Molecular epidemiol-ogy of cutaneous leishmaniasis and het-erogeneity of Leishmania major strains in Iran. Trop Med Int Health, 17(11): 1335-44.
19. Baghaei A. Parvizi P, Amirkhani A, et al (2012). Identification of Leishmania using microscopic and molecular methods in suspected patients of Cutaneous Leish-maniasis by targeting ITS-rDNA gene, Golestan Province, Iran (2009-10). J Gor-gan Uni Med Sci, 14(3): 72-81.
20. Pagheh AS, Fakhar M, Mesgarian F, et al (2013). Incidence Trend of Rural Cutane-ous Leishmaniasis in Gonbad-e-Qabus City (Golestan, Iran), during 2009-2012. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 23(104): 27-33.
21. Bordbar A, Parvizi P (2014). High infection frequency, low diversity of Leishmania ma-jor and first detection of Leishmania turani-ca in human in northern Iran. Acta Trop, 133: 69-72.
22. Bordbar A, Parvizi P (2014). High density of Leishmania major and rarity of other mammals' Leishmania in zoonotic cutane-ous leishmaniasis foci, Iran. Trop Med Int Health, 19(3): 355-363.
23. Hezari F, Niyyati M, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, et al (2016). Frequency of Cutaneous Leish-maniasis and Species Identification in Suspected Individuals from Golestan Province, Northern Iran in 2014. Iran J Public Health, 45(10): 1348-54.
24. Fakhar M, Asadi Kia A, Gohardehi S, et al (2014). Emergence of a new focus of vis-ceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infan-tum in Golestan Province, north-eastern of Iran. J Parasit Dis, 38(3): 255-259.
25. Asfaram S, Pagheh A, Fakhar M, et al (2017). Case Series of Visceral Leishman-iasis (kala-azar) in Mazandaran and Go-lestan Provinces, North of Iran. J Ma-zandaran Univ Med Sci, 26(144): 373-381.
26. Qorban M, Cheraghali F, Sofizadeh A, et al (2017). Kala-azar in Maraveh Tapeh County, Golestan Provice, Iran: Seven case reports. J Gorgan Uni Med Sci, 19(2): 98-103.
27. Parvizi P, Javadian E, Rassi Y, et al (1999). A Study on Vector and Reservoir Host of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Tur-kamansahra, Golestan Province, North-East of Iran. Pathobiol Rea, 3-4 (2): 125-130.
28. Mohebali M, Javadian E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, et al (2004). Characterization of Leishmania infection in rodents from en-demic areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 10(4-5):591-9.
29. Rassi Y, Sofizadeh A, Abai MR, et al (2008). Molecular Detection of Leishmania major in the Vectors and Reservoir Hosts of Cu-taneous Leishmaniasis in Kalaleh District, Golestan Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 2(2): 21-27.
30. Parvizi P, Hedayati M (2010). Leishmania in-fections in rodents, reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tur-kemen Sahara.J Guilan Uni Med Sci, 18(72): 30-8.
31. Mirzaei A, Rouhani S, Taherkhani H, et al (2011). Isolation and detection of Leish-mania species among naturally infected Rhombomis opimus, a reservoir host of zo-onotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turk-men Sahara, North East of Iran. Exp Parasitol, 129(4): 375-80.
32. Akhoundi M, Mohebali M, Asadi M, et al (2013). Molecular characterization of Leishmania spp. In reservoir hosts in endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Folia Parasitol (Praha), 60(3): 218-224.
33. Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Abai MR, et al (2013). Natural infection and phylogenetic classification of Leishmania spp. Infecting Rhombomys opimus, a primary reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northeast Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 107(9):550-7.
34. Rouhani S, Mirzaei A, Spotin A, et al (2014). Novel identification of Leishmania major in Hemiechinus auritus and molecular detection of this parasite in Meriones libycus from an important foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. J Infect Public Health, 7(3): 210-217.
35. Namroodi S, Saberi M (2013). Serological survey of Leishmania infantum in wild ro-dents of Turkemen Sahra, Golestan province, North-East Iran. Int J Molecul Clin Microbiol, 2: 300-302.
36. Namroodi S, Saberi M (2015). Seroepidemi-ology of Leishmania infantum in rural dogs in Golestan Province, Iran. Mljgoums, 9(2): 97-102.
37. Namroodi S (2015). Serological Survey of Leishmania infantum in Jackals in Golestan Province, Iran (2011-2013). J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 24(120): 25-9.
38. Namrodi S (2015). Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in road-killed carni-vores from North of Iran, Golestan Province. Int J Molecul Clin Microbiol, 5(2): 585-590.
39. Mirzaei A, Schweynoch C, Rouhani S, et al (2014). Diversity of Leishmania species and of strains of Leishmania major isolated from desert rodents in different foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 108(8): 502-12.
40. Seyedi Rahti MA, Agh-Atabay MD, Mohe-bali M (1994). Natural promastigote in-fection of Sergentomyia sintoni, its seasonal variation and reservoir hosts in Turke-men Sahara, Iran. Iran J Public Health, 23 (1-4): 41-50.
41. Roshanghalb M, Parvizi P (2012). Isolating and Determining Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica in Phlebotomus papatasi in Golestan Province. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci, 21(1): 74-83.
42. Parvizi P, Ready P (2008). Nested PCRs and sequencing of nuclear ITS‐rDNA frag-ments detect three Leishmania species of gerbils in sandflies from Iranian foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trop Med Int Health, 13(9): 1159-71.
43. Sharbatkhori M, Spotin A, Taherkhani H, et al (2014). Molecular variation in Leishmania parasites from sandflies species of a zo-onotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-east of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis, 51(1): 16-21.
44. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996). Epidemiological study of reservoir hosts in an endemic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Bull World Health Organ, 74(6): 587-90.
45. Sofizadeh A, Vatandoost H, Rassi Y, et al (2016). Spatial Analyses of the Relation between Rodent's Active Burrows and Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Northeastern of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 10(4): 569-576.
46. Sofizadeh A, Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA, et al (2018). Distribution and ecological as-pects of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) species in Northeastern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 11(9): 526-533.
47. Foroutan M, Dalvand S, Khademvatan Set al (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of Leishmania infection in blood donors. Transfus Apher Sci, 56(4): 544-551.
48. Assefa A (2018). Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence in animals and humans. Heli-yon, 4(8): e00723.
49. Foroutan M, Khademvatan S, Majidiani H, et al (2017). Prevalence of Leishmania spe-cies in rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran. Acta Trop, 172: 164-172.
50. Arzamani K, Fazeli R, Shirzadi MR, et al (2014). Visceral Leishmaniasis in North Khorasan Province, Iran. J Zoonoses, 1(1): 47-53.
51. Shokri A, Fakhar M, Hosseini Teshnizi S (2017). Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop, 165: 76–89.
52. Vahabi A, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, et al (2016). Detection of Leishmania major DNA within wild caught Phlebotomus pa-patasi and species composition of sand flies in endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in western Iran. J Parasit Dis, 40(1): 69-74.
53. Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, et al (2017). Epidemiologi-cal Study on cutaneous leishmaniasis in an Endemic Area, of Qom Province, Central Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 11(3): 403-413.
54. Rassi Y, Abai MR, Javadian E, et al (2008). Molecular data on vectors and reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmania-sis in central Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 101(5): 425-8.
55. Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Azani SM, et al (2011). Molecular Detection of Leishma-nia Infection Due to Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica in the Vectors and Res-ervoir Host in Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 11(2): 145-150.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 49 No 12 (2020) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i12.4813 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Leishmaniasis Reservoir host Sand fly Systematic review Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
MOZAFARI O, SOFIZADEH A, SHORAKA HR. Distribution of Leishmania Infection in Humans, Animal Reservoir Hosts and Sandflies in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(12):2308-2319.
