The Safety of Schools Based on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Classrooms’ Dust: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
-
Mozhgan MOGHTADERI
,
Saeed HOSSEINI TESHNIZI
,
Tahereh MOGHTADERI
,
Mohammad Ali ASHRAF
,
Habibollah FARAJI
Abstract
Background: Classroom is where children spend much of their time in; this study aimed to identify the concentration of heavy metals in the classroom dust based on the results of various studies in the world using the published data up to years 2018.
Methods: Fifteen studies were selected for the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean concentration of 11 heavy metals including arsenic, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc was extracted.
Results: The highest mean concentration of heavy metal (mg/kg) in classroom dust was related to iron (3904.7, 95%CI: 3657.1-8154.3), zinc (429.9, 95%CI: 182.8-677.1) and barium (419.2, 95%CI: 274.7-253.7), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed the maximum concentration (mg/kg) of iron in Iran (16945.5), zinc in Hong Kong (2293.5), barium in China (979.8), manganese in Iran (288.9), lead in Iran (258.8), chromium in Ghana (381.3), copper in Hong Kong (274.4), nickel in Iran (50.1), cobalt in China(43.4), arsenic in China(13.7) and cadmium in Hong Kong(8.7).
Conclusion: Even safe and healthy classrooms can threaten children’s health by heavy metals. These metals are important since they are naturally found throughout the earth’s crust, accumulate in the food chain and contaminate drinking water as well as alloys in school equipment.
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22. Nkansah MA, Fianko JR, Mensah S, et al (2015). Determination of heavy metals in dust from selected nursery and kinder-garten classrooms within the Kumasi me-tropolis of Ghana. Cogent Chemistry, 1(1): 1-9.
23. Olujimi O, Steiner O, Goessler W (2015). Pollution indexing and health risk as-sessments of trace elements in indoor dusts from classrooms, living rooms and offices in Ogun State, Nigeria. J Afr Earth Sci, 101:396–404.
24. Olowoyo O, Mugivhisa LL, Magoloi ZG (2016). Composition of Trace Metals in Dust Samples Collected from Selected High Schools in Pretoria, South Africa. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 16: 1-9.
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27. Bouchard MF, Sauvé S, Barbeau B, et al (2011). Intellectual impairment in school-age children exposed to manganese from drinking water. Environ Health Perspect, 119(1):138–43.
28. Pi X, Jin L, Li Z, et al (2019). Association between concentrations of barium and aluminum in placental tissues and risk for orofacial clefts. Sci Total Environ, 20:652:406-412.
29. Aquino M, Mucci T, Chong M, et al (2013). Mobile Phones: Potential Sources of Nickel and Cobalt Exposure for Metal Allergic Patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol, 26(4):181-186.
30. Murray MP, Sharmin R (2015). Groundwa-ter arsenic and education attainment in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr, 33(20):1-10.
31. Thornton A, Lee P (2000). Publication bias in meta-analysis: its causes and conse-quences. J Clin Epidemiol, 53(2): 207-16.
2. Moghtaderi M, Ashraf MA, Moghtaderi T, et al (2020). Heavy metal concentration in classroom dust samples and its relation-ship with childhood asthma: a study from Islamic Republic of Iran. East Medi-terr Health J, 26(5):594-601.
3. United States of Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Integrated risk infor-mation system. Washington, DC: US EPA. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/iris
4. Li Z, Ma Z; van der Kuijp TJ, et al (2014). A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ, 15;468-469:843-53.
5. Minguillón MC, Rivas I, Moreno T, et al (2015). Road traffic and sandy play-ground influence on ambient pollutants in schools. Atmospheric Environ, 94-102.
6. Järup L (2003). Hazards of heavy metal con-tamination. Br Med Bull, 68(1):167-82.
7. Moghtaderi T, Shakeri A, Mahmoodi Sh (2018). Heavy metals contamination and human health risk assessment in soils of an industrial area, Bandar Abbas - South Central Iran. Human and Ecological Risk As-sessment, 24(4): 1058-1073.
8. Singh R, Gautam N, Mishra A, et al (2011). Heavy metals and living systems: An overview. Indian J Pharmacol, 43(3):246-53.
9. Zeng X, Xu X, Boezen HM, et al (2016). Children with health impairments by heavy metals in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere, 148:408-15.
10. Tan SY, Praveena SM, Abidin EZ, et al (2018). Heavy metal quantification of classroom dust in school environment and its impacts on children health from Rawang (Malaysia). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 25(34):34623-34635.
11. Tong TY, Lam KC (2000). Home sweet home? A case study of household dust contamination in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ, 256(2-3):115-23.
12. Meza-Figueroa D, De La O M, De La Parra ML (2007). Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary schools in Hermo-sillo, Sonora, México. Atmospheric Environ, 41(2):276-288.
13. Tahir N, Poh SC, Jaafar M (2007). Determi-nation of heavy metals content in soils and indoor dusts from nurseries in Dungun, Terengganu. Malaysian J Anal Sci, 11:280–286.
14. Yap CK, Krishnan T, Chew W (2011). Heavy metal concentration in ceiling fans dusts sampled at schools around Serdang area. Sains Malaysiana, 40(6):569-575.
15. Darus FM, Nasir RA, Sumari SM, et al (2012). Heavy metals composition of in-door dust in nursery schools building. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 38:169–175.
16. Popoola OE, Bamgbose O, Okonkwo OJ, et al (2012). Heavy metals content in classroom dust of some public primary schools in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria. Res J Environ Earth Sci, 4(4):460-465.
17. Lu XW, Zhang XL, Li LY, et al (2014). As-sessment of metals pollution and health risk in dust from nursery schools in Xi;an, China. Environ Res, 128:27–34.
18. Chen H, Lu X, Chang Y, et al (2014). Heavy metal contamination in dust from kin-dergartens and elementary schools in Xi’an, China. Environ Earth Sci, 71:2701–9.
19. Latif MT, Saw MY, Saad A, et al (2014). Composition of heavy metals in indoor dust and their possible exposure: a case study of preschool children in Malaysia. Air Qual Atmos Health, 7:181–193.
20. Praveena SM, Abdul Mutalib NS, Aris AZ (2015). Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from primary school (Sri Serdang, Malaysia): Estimation of the health risks. Environ Forensics, 16:257–263.
21. Li R, Cai G, Wang j, et al (2014). Contents and chemical forms of heavy metals in school and roadside top soils and road-surface dust of Beijing. J Soil Sediment, 14(11):1806-1817.
22. Nkansah MA, Fianko JR, Mensah S, et al (2015). Determination of heavy metals in dust from selected nursery and kinder-garten classrooms within the Kumasi me-tropolis of Ghana. Cogent Chemistry, 1(1): 1-9.
23. Olujimi O, Steiner O, Goessler W (2015). Pollution indexing and health risk as-sessments of trace elements in indoor dusts from classrooms, living rooms and offices in Ogun State, Nigeria. J Afr Earth Sci, 101:396–404.
24. Olowoyo O, Mugivhisa LL, Magoloi ZG (2016). Composition of Trace Metals in Dust Samples Collected from Selected High Schools in Pretoria, South Africa. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 16: 1-9.
25. Wuana RA., Okieimen FE (2011). Heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review of sources, chemistry, risks and best availa-ble strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecol-ogy, 1-20.
26. Schreinemachers DM, Ghio AJ (2016). Ef-fects of environmental pollutants on cel-lular iron homeostasis and ultimate links to human disease. Environ Health Insights, 7 (10):35-43.
27. Bouchard MF, Sauvé S, Barbeau B, et al (2011). Intellectual impairment in school-age children exposed to manganese from drinking water. Environ Health Perspect, 119(1):138–43.
28. Pi X, Jin L, Li Z, et al (2019). Association between concentrations of barium and aluminum in placental tissues and risk for orofacial clefts. Sci Total Environ, 20:652:406-412.
29. Aquino M, Mucci T, Chong M, et al (2013). Mobile Phones: Potential Sources of Nickel and Cobalt Exposure for Metal Allergic Patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol, 26(4):181-186.
30. Murray MP, Sharmin R (2015). Groundwa-ter arsenic and education attainment in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr, 33(20):1-10.
31. Thornton A, Lee P (2000). Publication bias in meta-analysis: its causes and conse-quences. J Clin Epidemiol, 53(2): 207-16.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 49 No 12 (2020) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i12.4809 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Heavy metals Dust Schools | ||
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How to Cite
1.
MOGHTADERI M, HOSSEINI TESHNIZI S, MOGHTADERI T, ASHRAF MA, FARAJI H. The Safety of Schools Based on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Classrooms’ Dust: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(12):2287-2294.
