A Nationwide Study on the Seroprevalence of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in Iranian Children and Adolescents
-
Zary Nokhodian
,
Behrooz Ataei
,
Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
,
Shervin Ghafari Hosseini
,
Majid Yaran
,
Marjan Mansourian
,
Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh
,
Ramin Heshmat
,
Seyed Mohsen Zahraei
,
Roya Kelishadi
Abstract
Background: Assessing the prevalence of infections, which are preventable by vaccination, is crucial to monitor the vaccination program efficacy, and it can demonstrate the gaps in population immunity. The current study attempted to assess the specific Immunoglobulin (IgG) antibody against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) in Iranian children and adolescents, years after their vaccination.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran. Serum samples of 2100 students, aged 7-18 years, included in a national health survey, were tested for MMR antibodies by ELISA assay. Multistage random cluster sampling was used to select subjects from 30 provinces in Iran.
Results: Overall, 1871, 1718, and 1678 serums were tested for measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies, respectively. The prevalence of positive test was 1231 (65.8%) for measles, 1327 (77.2%) for mumps and 1344 (80.1%) for rubella.
Conclusion: Despite high vaccination coverage in Iran, IgG antibody against measles, mumps, and rubella was not detected in a considerable proportion of children and adolescents aged 7-18 years. In case of contacts with residents of other countries, where measles or rubella have not yet been eliminated, it may create problems for Iranian children.
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2. World Health Organization (2019). Measles. Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2009). Mumps outbreak-New York, New Jersey, Quebec, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 58(45):1270-4.
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5. Fine PE, Clarkson JA (1982). Measles in England and Wales—I: an analysis of factors underlying seasonal patterns. Int J Epidemiol, 11(1):5-14.
6. Galbraith N, Pusey J, Young SJ, Crombie D, Sparks J (1984). Mumps surveillance in England and Wales 1962-81. Lancet, 1(8368):91-4.
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8. Esteghamati A, Gouya M, Zahraei S, Dadras M, Rashidi A, Mahoney F (2007). Pro-gress in measles and rubella elimination in Iran. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 26(12):1137-41.
9. Zahraei SM, Gouya MM, Azad TM, et al (2011). Successful control and impending elimination of measles in the Islamic Re-public of Iran. J Infect Dis, 204 (Suppl 1): S305-11.
10. Izadi S, Mokhtari-Azad T, Zahraei SM (2015). Measles vaccination coverage and seroprevalence of anti-measles antibody in southeast Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 21(6):396-402.
11. Liu Y, Lu P, Hu Y, et al (2013). Cross-sectional surveys of measles antibodies in the Jiangsu Province of China from 2008 to 2010: the effect of high coverage with two doses of measles vaccine among children. PLoS One, 8(6): e66771.
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13. Zahraei SM, Izadi S, Mokhtari-Azad T (2016). Factors affecting the seroconver-sion rate of 12-month-old babies after the first injection of measles vaccine in the southeast of Iran. Hum Vaccine Immu-nother,12(12):3118-24.
14. Rafiei Tabatabaei S, Esteghamati AR, Shiva F, et al (2013). Detection of serum anti-bodies against measles, mumps and ru-bella after primary measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination in children. Arch Iran Med, 16(1):38-41.
15. Saffar MJ, Fathpour GR, Parsaei MR, et al (2011). Measles-mumps-rubella revaccina-tion; 18 months vs. 4-6 years of age: po-tential impacts of schedule changes. J Trop Pediatr, 57(5):347-51.
16. Khazaei M (2016). Systemic or chronic low-grade inflammation in clinical conditions. J Inj Inflamm, 1(1): e01.
17. Sarvghad SM (2003). The serologic evalua-tion of measles IgG antibody in vaccinat-ed persons 2000 in Mashhad. The Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Scienc-es, 46(81):33-8.
18. Karimi A, Arjomandi A, Al Borzi A, et al (2004). Prevalence of measles antibody in children of different ages in Shiraz, Is-lamic Republic of Iran. Mediterr Health J, 10(4-5):468-73
19. Moradi A, Mokhtari–Azad T (2000). Im-mune states against Rubella virus among high-school girl pupils in Gorgan. J Gor-gan Univ Med Sci, 2(1):19-25.
20. Qorbani M, Mahdavi-Gorabi A, Ejtahed HS, et al (2021). Percentile values for se-rum levels of vitamins A and D in Irani-an children and adolescents: The CAS-PIAN-V study. Nutrition, 90:111307.
21. Zamani A, Daneshjou K (2006). Seroepide-miology of measles in primary school students in Tehran, Iran. Trends Medical Res, 1:39-48.
22. Avijgan M, Habibian R, Kheiri S (2009). Se-roprevalence of mumps before inclusion of mumps vaccination in the Iranian Ex-panded Programme on Immunization. East Mediterr Health J, 15(2):295-301.
23. Motlagh ME, Ziaodini H, Qorbani M, et al (2017). Methodology and Early Findings of the Fifth Survey of Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Noncommunicable Disease: The CASPIAN-V Study. Int J Prev Med, 8:4.
24. Salimi H, Mokhtari T, tabatabei H, et al (2007). Seroepidemiology Rubella in age group 5-25 years before and after vac-cination MR in Iran. J Clin Infect Dis, 38:39-42.
25. Karami M, Zahraei SM, Sabouri A, et al (2017). Documentation of Measles Elim-ination in Iran: Evidences from 2012 to 2014. J Res Health Sci, 17(3): e00387.
26. Antona D, Levy-Bruhl D, Baudon C, et al (2013). Measles elimination efforts and 2008-2011 outbreak, France. Emerg Infect Dis, 19(3):357-64.
27. Channa RA, Hussain S, Kanher NA, et al (2012). Sero-surveillance of measles amongst vaccinated and non-vaccinated children: An age stratified population-based survey in Pakistan. Afr J Pharmacy Pharmacol, 6(24):1713-8.
28. Arafa RS, Abdelmotaleb GS, Shaker RHM, et al (2016). Seroprevalence of measles, rubella, mumps and varicella specific an-tibodies in primary school children. Mid-dle East J Fam Med, 14:21-33.
29. Al-Mazrou YY, Khalil MK, Tischer A, et al (2005). Serosurvey of measles, mumps and rubella antibodies in Saudi children. Saudi Med J, 26(10):1551-4.
30. Poethko-Muller C, Mankertz A (2012). Se-roprevalence of measles, mumps- and rubella-specific IgG antibodies in Ger-man children and adolescents and pre-dictors for seronegativity. PLoS One, 7(8): e42867.
2. World Health Organization (2019). Measles. Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2009). Mumps outbreak-New York, New Jersey, Quebec, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 58(45):1270-4.
4. White SJ, Boldt KL, Holditch SJ, Poland GA, Jacobson RM (2012). Measles, mumps, and rubella. Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 55(2):550-9.
5. Fine PE, Clarkson JA (1982). Measles in England and Wales—I: an analysis of factors underlying seasonal patterns. Int J Epidemiol, 11(1):5-14.
6. Galbraith N, Pusey J, Young SJ, Crombie D, Sparks J (1984). Mumps surveillance in England and Wales 1962-81. Lancet, 1(8368):91-4.
7. Wang Z, Yan R, He H, et al (2014). Difficul-ties in eliminating measles and controlling rubella and mumps: a cross-sectional study of a first measles and rubella vac-cination and a second measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. PLoS One, 9(2): e89361.
8. Esteghamati A, Gouya M, Zahraei S, Dadras M, Rashidi A, Mahoney F (2007). Pro-gress in measles and rubella elimination in Iran. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 26(12):1137-41.
9. Zahraei SM, Gouya MM, Azad TM, et al (2011). Successful control and impending elimination of measles in the Islamic Re-public of Iran. J Infect Dis, 204 (Suppl 1): S305-11.
10. Izadi S, Mokhtari-Azad T, Zahraei SM (2015). Measles vaccination coverage and seroprevalence of anti-measles antibody in southeast Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 21(6):396-402.
11. Liu Y, Lu P, Hu Y, et al (2013). Cross-sectional surveys of measles antibodies in the Jiangsu Province of China from 2008 to 2010: the effect of high coverage with two doses of measles vaccine among children. PLoS One, 8(6): e66771.
12. Yasri S, Wiwanitkit V (2018). Influenza vac-cine; single-dose prefilled syringe vaccine versus multiple-dose vaccine alternatives, which is better in medical economics view – a report from Thailand. J Prev Epi-demiol, 3(2): e16.
13. Zahraei SM, Izadi S, Mokhtari-Azad T (2016). Factors affecting the seroconver-sion rate of 12-month-old babies after the first injection of measles vaccine in the southeast of Iran. Hum Vaccine Immu-nother,12(12):3118-24.
14. Rafiei Tabatabaei S, Esteghamati AR, Shiva F, et al (2013). Detection of serum anti-bodies against measles, mumps and ru-bella after primary measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination in children. Arch Iran Med, 16(1):38-41.
15. Saffar MJ, Fathpour GR, Parsaei MR, et al (2011). Measles-mumps-rubella revaccina-tion; 18 months vs. 4-6 years of age: po-tential impacts of schedule changes. J Trop Pediatr, 57(5):347-51.
16. Khazaei M (2016). Systemic or chronic low-grade inflammation in clinical conditions. J Inj Inflamm, 1(1): e01.
17. Sarvghad SM (2003). The serologic evalua-tion of measles IgG antibody in vaccinat-ed persons 2000 in Mashhad. The Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Scienc-es, 46(81):33-8.
18. Karimi A, Arjomandi A, Al Borzi A, et al (2004). Prevalence of measles antibody in children of different ages in Shiraz, Is-lamic Republic of Iran. Mediterr Health J, 10(4-5):468-73
19. Moradi A, Mokhtari–Azad T (2000). Im-mune states against Rubella virus among high-school girl pupils in Gorgan. J Gor-gan Univ Med Sci, 2(1):19-25.
20. Qorbani M, Mahdavi-Gorabi A, Ejtahed HS, et al (2021). Percentile values for se-rum levels of vitamins A and D in Irani-an children and adolescents: The CAS-PIAN-V study. Nutrition, 90:111307.
21. Zamani A, Daneshjou K (2006). Seroepide-miology of measles in primary school students in Tehran, Iran. Trends Medical Res, 1:39-48.
22. Avijgan M, Habibian R, Kheiri S (2009). Se-roprevalence of mumps before inclusion of mumps vaccination in the Iranian Ex-panded Programme on Immunization. East Mediterr Health J, 15(2):295-301.
23. Motlagh ME, Ziaodini H, Qorbani M, et al (2017). Methodology and Early Findings of the Fifth Survey of Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Noncommunicable Disease: The CASPIAN-V Study. Int J Prev Med, 8:4.
24. Salimi H, Mokhtari T, tabatabei H, et al (2007). Seroepidemiology Rubella in age group 5-25 years before and after vac-cination MR in Iran. J Clin Infect Dis, 38:39-42.
25. Karami M, Zahraei SM, Sabouri A, et al (2017). Documentation of Measles Elim-ination in Iran: Evidences from 2012 to 2014. J Res Health Sci, 17(3): e00387.
26. Antona D, Levy-Bruhl D, Baudon C, et al (2013). Measles elimination efforts and 2008-2011 outbreak, France. Emerg Infect Dis, 19(3):357-64.
27. Channa RA, Hussain S, Kanher NA, et al (2012). Sero-surveillance of measles amongst vaccinated and non-vaccinated children: An age stratified population-based survey in Pakistan. Afr J Pharmacy Pharmacol, 6(24):1713-8.
28. Arafa RS, Abdelmotaleb GS, Shaker RHM, et al (2016). Seroprevalence of measles, rubella, mumps and varicella specific an-tibodies in primary school children. Mid-dle East J Fam Med, 14:21-33.
29. Al-Mazrou YY, Khalil MK, Tischer A, et al (2005). Serosurvey of measles, mumps and rubella antibodies in Saudi children. Saudi Med J, 26(10):1551-4.
30. Poethko-Muller C, Mankertz A (2012). Se-roprevalence of measles, mumps- and rubella-specific IgG antibodies in Ger-man children and adolescents and pre-dictors for seronegativity. PLoS One, 7(8): e42867.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 51 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i2.8694 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Measles Mumps Rubella Children Adolescents Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Nokhodian Z, Ataei B, Gouya MM, Ghafari Hosseini S, Yaran M, Mansourian M, Motlagh ME, Heshmat R, Zahraei SM, Kelishadi R. A Nationwide Study on the Seroprevalence of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in Iranian Children and Adolescents. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(2):409-415.
