The Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation after the Earthquake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: Disasters have many health consequences such as suicide ideation as one of the relatively common psychological consequences after natural disasters, especially earthquakes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of post-earthquake suicidal ideation in affected people.
Methods: Related keywords of this systematic review and meta-analysis in English and their Persian equivalents were searched in the data resources including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science from Jan 2014 to May 2019. The STROBE checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the articles. The I2 index was used to determine the heterogeneity and the random-effects model was used in meta-analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted in the STATA software version 14.
Results: Overall, 14347 subjects including 6662 males and 7715 females with the mean age of 23.88 ± 15.81yr old were assessed. The prevalence of post-earthquake suicidal ideation was 20.34% (95% CI: 13.60-27.08, P<0.001, I2=99.1). The prevalence of suicidal ideation showed a decreasing trend based on the year of the study and the duration of post-earthquake follow-up.
Conclusion: Although the prevalence of post-earthquake suicidal ideation showed a decreasing trend, the probability of incidence of these thoughts in the long-term is still noticeable. Therefore, implementing a surveillance system is recommended to monitor the mental health status of earthquakes survivors for the possibility of suicidal thoughts in the short and long term recovery phase.
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3. Thordardottir EB, Gudmundsdottir B, Petursdottir G, et al (2018). Psychosocial support after natural disasters in Iceland-implementation and utilization. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct, 27:642-8.
4. Tanaka E, Tsutsumi A, Kawakami N, et al (2016). Long-term psychological consequences among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China: a cross-sectional survey six years after the disaster. J Affect Disord, 204:255-61.
5. Begum N, Malik AA, Shahzad S (2014). Prevalence of psychological problems among survivors of the earthquake in northern areas of Pakistan. Asian Journal of Management Sciences & Education, 3:49-57.
6. Kar N (2009). Psychological impact of disasters on children: review of assessment and interventions. World J Pediatr, 5:5-11.
7. Pfefferbaum B, Jacobs AK, Griffin N, Houston JB (2015). Children’s disaster reactions: the influence of exposure and personal characteristics. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 17(7):56.
8. Stratta P, Capanna C, Carmassi C, et al (2014). The adolescent emotional coping after an earthquake: A risk factor for suicidal ideation. J Adolesc, 37(5):605-11.
9. Reifels L, Spittal MJ, Dückers ML, et al (2018). Suicidality risk and (repeat) disaster exposure: findings from a nationally representative population survey. Psychiatry, 81(2):158-172.
10. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7):e1000097.
11. Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, et al (2014). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Int J Surg, 12(12):1500-24.
12. Sahebi A, Jahangiri K, Sohrabizadeh S, Golitaleb M (2019). Prevalence of Workplace Violence Types against Personnel of Emergency Medical Services in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Psychiatry, 14(4):325-334.
13. Kazemzadeh M, Shafiei E, Jahangiri K, et al (2019). The Preparedness of Hospital Emergency Departments for Responding to Disasters in Iran; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med, 7(1):e58.
14. Kane JC, Luitel N, Jordans M, et al (2018). Mental health and psychosocial problems in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquakes: findings from a representative cluster sample survey. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 27(3):301-310.
15. Ran M-S, Zhang Z, Fan M, et al (2015). Risk factors of suicidal ideation among adolescents after Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asian J Psychiatr, 13:66-71.
16. Ying L, Chen C, Lin C, et al (2015). The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Suicide Ideation Among Child Survivors Following the W enchuan Earthquake. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 45(2):230-42.
17. Wang XL, Yip PS, Chan CL (2016). Suicide prevention for local public and volunteer relief workers in disaster-affected areas. J Public Health Manag Pract, 22(3):E39-46.
18. Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, et al (2017). Suicide risk among young children after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A follow-up study. Psychiatry Res, 253:318-324.
19. Guo J, He H, Fu M, et al (2017). Suicidality associated with PTSD, depression, and disaster recovery status among adult survivors 8 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychiatry Res, 253:383-390.
20. Tang W, Zhao J, Lu Y, et al (2018). Suicidality, posttraumatic stress, and depressive reactions after earthquake and maltreatment: a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 6132 Chinese children and adolescents. J Affect Disord, 232:363-369.
21. Yousefi K, Rezaie Z, Sahebi A (2019). Suicidal Ideation During a Year After the Earthquake: A Letter to Editor. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 13(2):e86667.
22. Ardalan A, Mazaheri M, Naieni KH, et al (2010). Older people's needs following major disasters: a qualitative study of Iranian elders' experiences of the Bam earthquake. Ageing and Society, 30:11-23.
23. Panagioti M, Gooding PA, Triantafyllou K, Tarrier N (2015). Suicidality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 50(4):525-37.
24. Rezaeian M (2013). The association between natural disasters and violence: A systematic review of the literature and a call for more epidemiological studies. J Res Med Sci, 18(12):1103-7.
25. Sepahvand H, Hashtjini MM, Salesi M, et al (2019). Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Iranian Population Following Disasters and Wars: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 13(1):e66124.
26. Du B, Ma X, Ou X, et al (2018). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress in adolescents eight years after the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychiatry Res, 262:262-269.
27. Franklin JC, Ribeiro JD, Fox KR, et al (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychol Bull, 143(2):187-232.
28. Mohamadian F, Cheraghi F, Narimani S, Direkvand-Moghadam A (2019). The Epidemiology of Suicide Death and Associated Factors, Ilam, Iran (2012-2016): A Longitudinal Study. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 13(2): e11460.
29. Yousefi K, Pirani D, Sahebi A (2018). Lessons learned from the 2017 Kermanshah earthquake response. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 20(12): e87109.
30. Sharififar S, Khoshvaghti A, Jahangiri K (2019). Management Challenges of Informal Volunteers: The Case of Kermanshah Earthquake in Iran (2017). Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 1-8. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2019.122.
31. Ariapooran S, Khezeli M (2018). Suicidal Ideation Among Divorced Women in Kermanshah, Iran: The Role of Social Support and Psychological Resilience. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 12(4):e3565.
32. Chen SL-S, Lee C-S, Yen AM-F, et al (2016). A 10-year follow-up study on suicidal mortality after 1999 Taiwan earthquake. J Psychiatr Res, 79:42-49.
33. Orui M, Suzuki Y, Maeda M, Yasumura S (2018). Suicide rates in evacuation areas after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Crisis, 39(5):353-363.
2. Bazyar J, Jahangiri K, Safarpour H, et al (2018). The Estimation of Survival and Associated Factors in Self-Immolation Attempters in Ilam Province of Iran (2011-2015). Open Access Maced J Med Sci, 6(11):2057-2061
3. Thordardottir EB, Gudmundsdottir B, Petursdottir G, et al (2018). Psychosocial support after natural disasters in Iceland-implementation and utilization. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct, 27:642-8.
4. Tanaka E, Tsutsumi A, Kawakami N, et al (2016). Long-term psychological consequences among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China: a cross-sectional survey six years after the disaster. J Affect Disord, 204:255-61.
5. Begum N, Malik AA, Shahzad S (2014). Prevalence of psychological problems among survivors of the earthquake in northern areas of Pakistan. Asian Journal of Management Sciences & Education, 3:49-57.
6. Kar N (2009). Psychological impact of disasters on children: review of assessment and interventions. World J Pediatr, 5:5-11.
7. Pfefferbaum B, Jacobs AK, Griffin N, Houston JB (2015). Children’s disaster reactions: the influence of exposure and personal characteristics. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 17(7):56.
8. Stratta P, Capanna C, Carmassi C, et al (2014). The adolescent emotional coping after an earthquake: A risk factor for suicidal ideation. J Adolesc, 37(5):605-11.
9. Reifels L, Spittal MJ, Dückers ML, et al (2018). Suicidality risk and (repeat) disaster exposure: findings from a nationally representative population survey. Psychiatry, 81(2):158-172.
10. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7):e1000097.
11. Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, et al (2014). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Int J Surg, 12(12):1500-24.
12. Sahebi A, Jahangiri K, Sohrabizadeh S, Golitaleb M (2019). Prevalence of Workplace Violence Types against Personnel of Emergency Medical Services in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Psychiatry, 14(4):325-334.
13. Kazemzadeh M, Shafiei E, Jahangiri K, et al (2019). The Preparedness of Hospital Emergency Departments for Responding to Disasters in Iran; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med, 7(1):e58.
14. Kane JC, Luitel N, Jordans M, et al (2018). Mental health and psychosocial problems in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquakes: findings from a representative cluster sample survey. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 27(3):301-310.
15. Ran M-S, Zhang Z, Fan M, et al (2015). Risk factors of suicidal ideation among adolescents after Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asian J Psychiatr, 13:66-71.
16. Ying L, Chen C, Lin C, et al (2015). The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Suicide Ideation Among Child Survivors Following the W enchuan Earthquake. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 45(2):230-42.
17. Wang XL, Yip PS, Chan CL (2016). Suicide prevention for local public and volunteer relief workers in disaster-affected areas. J Public Health Manag Pract, 22(3):E39-46.
18. Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, et al (2017). Suicide risk among young children after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A follow-up study. Psychiatry Res, 253:318-324.
19. Guo J, He H, Fu M, et al (2017). Suicidality associated with PTSD, depression, and disaster recovery status among adult survivors 8 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychiatry Res, 253:383-390.
20. Tang W, Zhao J, Lu Y, et al (2018). Suicidality, posttraumatic stress, and depressive reactions after earthquake and maltreatment: a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 6132 Chinese children and adolescents. J Affect Disord, 232:363-369.
21. Yousefi K, Rezaie Z, Sahebi A (2019). Suicidal Ideation During a Year After the Earthquake: A Letter to Editor. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 13(2):e86667.
22. Ardalan A, Mazaheri M, Naieni KH, et al (2010). Older people's needs following major disasters: a qualitative study of Iranian elders' experiences of the Bam earthquake. Ageing and Society, 30:11-23.
23. Panagioti M, Gooding PA, Triantafyllou K, Tarrier N (2015). Suicidality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 50(4):525-37.
24. Rezaeian M (2013). The association between natural disasters and violence: A systematic review of the literature and a call for more epidemiological studies. J Res Med Sci, 18(12):1103-7.
25. Sepahvand H, Hashtjini MM, Salesi M, et al (2019). Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Iranian Population Following Disasters and Wars: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 13(1):e66124.
26. Du B, Ma X, Ou X, et al (2018). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress in adolescents eight years after the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychiatry Res, 262:262-269.
27. Franklin JC, Ribeiro JD, Fox KR, et al (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychol Bull, 143(2):187-232.
28. Mohamadian F, Cheraghi F, Narimani S, Direkvand-Moghadam A (2019). The Epidemiology of Suicide Death and Associated Factors, Ilam, Iran (2012-2016): A Longitudinal Study. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 13(2): e11460.
29. Yousefi K, Pirani D, Sahebi A (2018). Lessons learned from the 2017 Kermanshah earthquake response. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 20(12): e87109.
30. Sharififar S, Khoshvaghti A, Jahangiri K (2019). Management Challenges of Informal Volunteers: The Case of Kermanshah Earthquake in Iran (2017). Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 1-8. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2019.122.
31. Ariapooran S, Khezeli M (2018). Suicidal Ideation Among Divorced Women in Kermanshah, Iran: The Role of Social Support and Psychological Resilience. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 12(4):e3565.
32. Chen SL-S, Lee C-S, Yen AM-F, et al (2016). A 10-year follow-up study on suicidal mortality after 1999 Taiwan earthquake. J Psychiatr Res, 79:42-49.
33. Orui M, Suzuki Y, Maeda M, Yasumura S (2018). Suicide rates in evacuation areas after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Crisis, 39(5):353-363.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 49 No 12 (2020) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i12.4815 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Suicidal ideation Suicidal thought Natural disasters Earthquakes Meta-analysis Systematic review | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
JAHANGIRI K, YOUSEFI K, MOZAFARI A, SAHEBI A. The Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation after the Earthquake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(12):2330-2338.
