Epidemiological Characteristics of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Qingdao, 2009-2018
-
Jing Jia
,
Fei Kong
,
Xueling Xin
,
Jiwei Liang
,
Hualei Xin
,
Liyan Dong
,
Fachun Jiang
Abstract
Background: In China, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks have become an important issue recent years. We analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD outbreaks in Qingdao during 2009-2018, and provided evidences for prevention and control of the disease.
Methods: Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis and correlation analysis, and throat swabs were detected for enterovirus RNA using RT-PCR.
Results: Overall, 116 HFMD outbreaks were reported in Qingdao during 2009-2018, with the epidemic of the outbreaks exhibiting a decreasing tendency. The characteristics of outbreaks presented two patterns, including two-peak pattern and rural area to urban-rural fringe area to urban areas pattern. Male patients were predominant in these outbreaks. The location of the outbreaks changed from nursery to community. Non-EV71/CA16 enteroviruses were gradually becoming predominant enteroviruses serotypes. The durations of outbreaks were positively correlated with response times and the number of cases.
Conclusion: The epidemiological characteristics analysis of HFMD outbreaks could provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control the disease. Reporting and handling promptly are the keys to control epidemic outbreaks of HFMD.
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32. Mao LX, Wu B, Bao WX, et al (2010). Epi-demiology of hand, foot, and mouth dis-ease and genotype characterization of Enterovirus 71 in Jiangsu, China. Journal of Clinical Virology, 49(2): 100-104.
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34. Kar BR, Dwibedi B, Kar SK (2013). An out-break of hand, foot and mouth disease in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Indian Pediatr, 50(1): 139-42.
35. Li J, Zhu R, Huo D et al (2018). An out-break of Coxsackievirus A6-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in a kin-dergarten in Beijing in 2015. BMC Pediatr, 18(1): 277.
36. Wang G, Liu Y, Luo S et al (2010). Epide-miological investigation of an outbreak of hand foot and mouth disease in a kin-dergarten in Shenzhen, Guangdong. Chi-na Heal Mon, 29(2): 82-3. Chinese.
37. Anh NT, Nhu LNT, Van HMT, et al (2018). Emerging Coxsackievirus A6 causing hand, foot and mouth disease, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis, 24(4): 654-662.
2. Gopalkrishna V, Patil PR, Patil GP, et al (2012). Circulation of multiple enterovirus serotypes causing hand, foot and mouth disease in Indian. J Med Microbiol, 61(Pt 3):420-425.
3. Solomon T, Lewthwaite P, Perera D, et al (2010). Virology, epidemiology, patho-genesis, and control of enterovirus 71. Lancet Infect Dis, 10(11): 778-90.
4. Ooi MH, Wong SC, Lewthwaite P, et al (2010). Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71. Lancet Neurol, 9(11): 1097-105.
5. Sabanathan S, Tan le V, Thwaites L, et al (2014). Enterovirus 71 related severe hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks in South-East Asia: current situation and ongoing challenges. J Epidemiol Community Health, 68(6): 500-2.
6. Ooi, EE, Phoon, MC, Ishak B, et al (2002). Seroepidemiology of human enterovirus 71, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis, 8(9):995-997.
7. Duff MF (1968). Hand-foot-and-mouth synodrome in humans:coxackie A10 in-fections in New Zealand. Br Med J, 2(5606): 661-664.
8. Blomberg J, Lycke E, Ahlfors K, et al (1974). New enterovirus type associated with epidemic of aseptic meningitis and-or hand, foot, and mouth disease. Lancet, 2(7872): 112.
9. Tagaya I, Takayama R, Hagiware A (1981). A large-scale epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with enterovi-rus 71 infection in Japan in 1978. Jpn J Med Sci Biol, 34(3):191-6.
10. Samuda GM, Chang WK, Yeung CY, et al (1987). Monoplegia caused by Enterovi-rus 71: an outbreak in Hong Kong. Pedi-atr Infect Dis J, 6(2): 206-8.
11. Ma E, Lam T, Chan KC, et al (2010). Changing Epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in Hong Kong, 2001-2009.Jpn J Infect Dis, 63(6):422-6.
12. Hosoya M, Kawasaki Y, Sato M, et al (2006). Genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 asso-ciated with hand, foot and mouth disease epidemic in Japan from 1983 to 2003. Pe-diatr Infect Dis J, 25(8): 691-4.
13. Xing W, Liao Q, Viboud C, et al (2014). Hand, foot, and mouth disease in China, 2008-12: an epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis, 14(4): 308-319.
14. Fujimoto T, Chikahira M, Yoshida S, et al (2002). Outbreak of central nervous sys-tem disease associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Japan during the summer of 2000: detection and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71. Microbiol Immunol, 46(9), 621-7.
15. Van TP, Thao NTT, Perera D, et al (2007). Epidemiologic and virologic investigation of hand, foot, and mouth disease, south-ern Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis, 13(11): 1733–1741.
16. Wu Y, Yeo A, Poon MC, et al (2010). The largest outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore in 2008: the role of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A strains. Int J Infect Dis, 14(12): e1076-81.
17. Zhang Y, Tan XJ, Wang HY, et al (2009). An outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with subgenotype C4 of human enterovirus 71 in Shandong , China. J Clin Virol, 44(4):262-7.
18. Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Yang W, et al (2010). An emerging recombinant human enterovi-rus 71 responsible for the 2008 outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Fuyang city of China. Virol J, 7: 94.
19. Chinese Center For Disease Control And Prevention. The health topics. Infectious diseases. Hand, foot, and mouth dis-ease(HFMD). Available at http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/crb/bl/szkb/jszl_2275/
20. Li Z, Xu HR, Cheng HQ, et al (2013). Epi-demiological analysis of hand-foot-mouth disease clustering among Jinan kindergartens in 2012. Chin J Sch Health, 34(7): 851-3. Chinese.
21. Zhou JH, Zhang Y, Qiu S, et al (2017). Epi-demiological and etiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease in Jiax-ing, 2011-2015. Chin Rural Health Service Administration, 37(8): 938-41. Chinese.
22. Dai WJ, Yi QH, Luo F, et al (2016). Epide-miological and etiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease in Tai-zhou, 2011-2014. Modern Prevent Med, 43(9): 15502. Chinese.
23. Zhao SL, Luo KW, Hu SX, et al (2016). Ep-idemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Hunan Province, 2008-2015. Chin Tropical Med, 16(9): 890-1. Chinese.
24. Guo C, Yang J, Guo Y, et al (2016). Short-term effects of meteorological factors on pediatric hand, foot, and mouth disease in Guangdong, China: a multi-city time-series analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16(1): 524.
25. Zhang Z, Xie X, Chen X, et al (2016). Short-term effects of meteorological fac-tors on hand, foot and mouth disease among children in Shenzhen, China: Non-linearity, threshold and interaction. Sci Total Environ, 539: 576-582.
26. Li M, Zhao Y, Duan K, et al (2012). Epide-miological characteristics of clustering cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in child care settings in Licheng, Jinan, 2011. Disease Surveillance, 27(7): 524-526.
27. Jiang YC, Wei L, Xia Y, et al (2017). Epide-miology and etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Changning, 2011-2015. Dis Surveillance, 32(7): 568-70. Chinese.
28. Wang J, Hu T, Sun D, et al (2017). Epidemi-ological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shandong, China, 2009-2016. Sci Rep, 7(1): 8900.
29. Wang J, Cao Z, Zeng DD, et al (2014). Epi-demiological analysis, detection, and comparison of space-time patterns of Beijing hand-foot-mouth disease (2008-2012). PLoS One, 9(3): e92745.
30. Wang XF, Lu J, Liu XX, et al (2018). Epi-demiological features of hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks among Chinese Preschool Children: a Meta-analysis. Iran J Pubic Health, 47(9): 1234–1243.
31. Chen KT, Chang HL, Wang ST, et al (2007). Epidemiologic features of hand-foot-mouth disease and herpangina caused by enterovirus 71 in Taiwan, 1998-2005. Pe-diatrics, 120(2): e244-52.
32. Mao LX, Wu B, Bao WX, et al (2010). Epi-demiology of hand, foot, and mouth dis-ease and genotype characterization of Enterovirus 71 in Jiangsu, China. Journal of Clinical Virology, 49(2): 100-104.
33. Mao LX, Fu XM, Wu J et al (2018). The dy-namics of the hand, foot and mouth dis-ease epidemic from 2008 to 2016 in Zhenjiang city, China. Future Microbiol, 13:1029-1040.
34. Kar BR, Dwibedi B, Kar SK (2013). An out-break of hand, foot and mouth disease in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Indian Pediatr, 50(1): 139-42.
35. Li J, Zhu R, Huo D et al (2018). An out-break of Coxsackievirus A6-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in a kin-dergarten in Beijing in 2015. BMC Pediatr, 18(1): 277.
36. Wang G, Liu Y, Luo S et al (2010). Epide-miological investigation of an outbreak of hand foot and mouth disease in a kin-dergarten in Shenzhen, Guangdong. Chi-na Heal Mon, 29(2): 82-3. Chinese.
37. Anh NT, Nhu LNT, Van HMT, et al (2018). Emerging Coxsackievirus A6 causing hand, foot and mouth disease, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis, 24(4): 654-662.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 5 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i5.6117 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Hand Foot Mouth disease Outbreak Epidemiology | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Jia J, Kong F, Xin X, Liang J, Xin H, Dong L, Jiang F. Epidemiological Characteristics of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Qingdao, 2009-2018. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(5):999-1008.
