Determinants of Intentions toward Smoking Hookah in Iranian Adolescents Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior
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Abstract
Background: Smoking hookah is considered a health problem among the adolescents, which currently has a high prevalence. The present study aimed to determine the reasons for tendency toward smoking hookah.
Methods: Participants of this qualitative study were 24 adolescents from Tehran selected using purposeful sampling method in 2017. Data gathered through individual semi-structured interviews and two focus groups. Using directed content analysis approach 423 primary codes were categorized into 28 subcategories and 9 categories.
Results: Most of the participants were 16 to 18 yr old (64%), male (58%) and had high school degree (58%) and 75% of them were student. In Theory of Planned Behavior, attitude toward smoking hookah contained categories of replacement for cigarette, the pleasurableness of hookah, easy access and spending the leisure times. Subjective norms contained the categories of family, friends and society. The construct of behavioral control contained the categories of personal and social factors.
Conclusion: Our Results could be helpful in policy-making and planning toward improving the awareness and changing the attitude and performance of the adolescents toward smoking hookah.
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2. Organization World Health. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2015: raising taxes on tobacco: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2015/en/
3. RezaKhani mogaddam H, Shojaezadah D, Sadeghi R, Pahlevanzadah B, Shakouri moghaddam R (2013). Survey of Prevalence and Causes of the Trend of Hookah Smoking in Tehran University Students of Medical Sciences 2010-2011. Tolooebehdasht, 11 (4): 103-13.
4. Fielder RL, Carey KB, Carey MP (2013). Hookah, cigarette, and marijuana use: a prospective study of smoking behaviors among first-year college women. Addict Behav, 38 (11): 2729-35.
5. Huang L-L, Sutfin EL, Kowitt S, Patel T, Ranney L, Goldstein AO (2017). Trends and Correlates of Hookah Use Among High School Students in North Carolina. N C Med J, 78 (3): 149-155.
6. Heinz AJ, Giedgowd GE, Crane NA, Veilleux JC, Conrad M, Braun AR et al (2013). A comprehensive examination of hookah smoking in college students: use patterns and contexts, social norms and attitudes, harm perception, psychological correlates and co-occurring substance use. Addict Behav, 38 (11): 2751-60.
7. Jordan HM, Delnevo CD (2010). Emerging tobacco products: hookah use among New Jersey youth. Prev Med, 51 (5): 394-6.
8. McKelvey K, Attonito J, Madhivanan P et al (2014). Determinants of waterpipe smoking initiation among school children in Irbid, Jordan: a 4-year longitudinal analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend, 142: 307-13.
9. Primack BA, Fertman CI, Rice KR ET AL (2010). Waterpipe and cigarette smoking among college athletes in the United States. J Adolesc Health, 46 (1): 45-51.
10. Rabiei M, Rahbar Taramsar M, Sadegh Kanjani M et al (2014). Comparison of Salivary Cotinine Concentration in Cigarette Smokers, Water Pipe Smokers and Non –Smokers. JIDA, 26(1): 39-45
11. Maziak W, Taleb ZB, Bahelah R et al (2015). The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking. Tob Control, 1:i3-i12.
12. Abdollahifard G, Vakili V, Danaei M, Askarian M, Romito L, Palenik CJ (2013). Are the predictors of hookah smoking differ from those of cigarette smoking? Report of a population-based study in Shiraz, Iran, 2010. Int J Prev Med, 4 (4): 459-66.
13. Baheiraei A, Mirghafourvand M, Nedjat S, Mohammadi E, Charandabi SM-A (2012). Prevalence of water pipe use and its correlates in Iranian women of reproductive age in Tehran: a population-based study. Med Princ Pract, 21 (4): 340-4.
14. Danaei M, Jabbarinejad-Kermani A, Mohebbi E, Momeni M (2017). Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Prevalence and Associated Factors in the Southeast of Iran. Addict Health, 9 (2): 72-80.
15. Afifi R, Khalil J, Fouad F et al (2013). Social norms and attitudes linked to waterpipe use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Soc Sci Med, 98: 125-34.
16. Baheiraei A, Shahbazi Sighaldeh S et al (2015). The Role of Family on Hookah Smoking Initiation in Women: A Qualitative Study. Glob J Health Sci, 7 (5): 1-10.
17. Bashirian S, Haidarnia A, Allahverdipour H, Hajizadeh E (2012). Application of theory of planned behavior in predicting factors of substance abuse in adolescents. J Res Health Sci, 12 (1): 54-60.
18. Becker SJ, Curry JF (2008). Outpatient interventions for adolescent substance abuse: a quality of evidence review. J Consult Clin Psychol, 76 (4): 531-43.
19. Becker SJ, Curry JF, Yang C (2011). Factors that influence trajectories of change in frequency of substance use and quality of life among adolescents receiving a brief intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat, 41 (3): 294-304.
20. Colémont A, Van den Broucke S (2008). Measuring determinants of occupational health related behavior in Flemish farmers: an application of the theory of planned behavior. J Safety Res, 39 (1): 55-64.
21. Najafi M, Ardalan A, Akbarisari A, Noorbala AA, Elmi H (2017). The Theory of Planned BehaviorandDisasterPreparedness.PLoSCurr,9.
22. Davis AK, Rosenberg H (2016). Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict implementation of harm reduction strategies among MDMA/ecstasy users. Psychol Addict Behav, 30 (4): 500-8.
23. Ajzen I (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 50 (2): 179-211.
24. Elo S, Kyngäs H (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. J Adv Nurs, 62 (1): 107-15.
25. Bengtsson M (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2: 8-14.
26. Holloway I, Galvin K (2016). Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, United States, PP: 55.
27. Polit DF, Beck CT (2012). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. 9th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, United States, PP: 487.
28. Taraghijah S, Hamdiyeh M, Yaghoobi N (2010). Predictive factors of cigarette and hookah smoking among students of state universities in iran. Pajouhesh Dar Pezeshki, 34 (4): 249-256.
29. Khalil J, Heath RL, Nakkash RT, Afifi RA (2009). The tobacco health nexus? Health messages in narghile advertisements. Tob Control, 18 (5): 420-1.
30. Combrink A, Irwin N, Laudin G, Naidoo K, Plagerson S, Mathee A (2010). High prevalence of hookah smoking among secondary school students in a disadvantaged community in Johannesburg. S Afr Med J, 100(5): 297-9.
31. Almerie MQ, Matar HE, Salam M et al (2008). Cigarettes and waterpipe smoking among medical students in Syria: a cross-sectional study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 12 (9): 1085-91.
32. Maziak W (2011). The global epidemic of waterpipe smoking. Addict Behav, 36 (1-2): 1-5.
33. Roskin J, Aveyard P (2009). Canadian and English students' beliefs about waterpipe smoking: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9: 10.
34. Dehdari T, Jafari A, Joveyni H (2012). Students’ perspectives in Tehran University of Medical Sciences about factors affecting smoking hookah. RJMS, 19 (95): 17-24.
35. Maziak W, Ward K, Eissenberg T (2004). Factors related to frequency of narghile (waterpipe) use: the first insights on tobacco dependence in narghile users. Drug Alcohol Depend, 76 (1): 101-6.
36. Amin TT, Amr MAM, Zaza BO, Kaliyadan F (2012). Predictors of waterpipe smoking among secondary school adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Int J Behav Med, 19 (3): 324-35.
37. Jahanpour F, Vahedparast H, Ravanipour M, Azodi P (2015). The Trend of Hookah Use among Adolescents and Youth: A Qualitative Study. J Qual Res Health Sci, 3 (4): 340-8.
38. Khor PY, Harun N, Ishak F et al (2012). Contributory factors to the smoking of shisha among teenagers in the Perak City of Ipoh: A preliminary qualitative survey. International Journal of Public Health Research,2(1): 80-4.
39. Anjum Q, Ahmed F, Ashfaq T (2008). Knowledge, attitude and perception of water pipe smoking (Shisha) among adolescents aged 14-19 years. J Pak Med Assoc, 58 (6): 312-7.
40. Ghafouri N, Hirsch JD, Heydari G, Morello CM, Kuo GM, Singh RF (2011). Waterpipe smoking among health sciences university students in Iran: perceptions, practices and patterns of use. BMC Res Notes, 4: 496.
41. Kelishadi R, Mokhtari Mr, Tavasoli AA et al (2007). Determinants of tobacco use among youths in Isfahan, Iran. Int J Public Health, 52 (3): 173-9.
42. Momenan A, Sarbandi ZF, Etemadi A, Azizi F (2007). Pattern of waterpipe (ghalyan) use among intermediate and high school students: a cross-sectional study in Tehran, Iran. Payesh, 6 (2): 135-144.
2. Organization World Health. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2015: raising taxes on tobacco: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2015/en/
3. RezaKhani mogaddam H, Shojaezadah D, Sadeghi R, Pahlevanzadah B, Shakouri moghaddam R (2013). Survey of Prevalence and Causes of the Trend of Hookah Smoking in Tehran University Students of Medical Sciences 2010-2011. Tolooebehdasht, 11 (4): 103-13.
4. Fielder RL, Carey KB, Carey MP (2013). Hookah, cigarette, and marijuana use: a prospective study of smoking behaviors among first-year college women. Addict Behav, 38 (11): 2729-35.
5. Huang L-L, Sutfin EL, Kowitt S, Patel T, Ranney L, Goldstein AO (2017). Trends and Correlates of Hookah Use Among High School Students in North Carolina. N C Med J, 78 (3): 149-155.
6. Heinz AJ, Giedgowd GE, Crane NA, Veilleux JC, Conrad M, Braun AR et al (2013). A comprehensive examination of hookah smoking in college students: use patterns and contexts, social norms and attitudes, harm perception, psychological correlates and co-occurring substance use. Addict Behav, 38 (11): 2751-60.
7. Jordan HM, Delnevo CD (2010). Emerging tobacco products: hookah use among New Jersey youth. Prev Med, 51 (5): 394-6.
8. McKelvey K, Attonito J, Madhivanan P et al (2014). Determinants of waterpipe smoking initiation among school children in Irbid, Jordan: a 4-year longitudinal analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend, 142: 307-13.
9. Primack BA, Fertman CI, Rice KR ET AL (2010). Waterpipe and cigarette smoking among college athletes in the United States. J Adolesc Health, 46 (1): 45-51.
10. Rabiei M, Rahbar Taramsar M, Sadegh Kanjani M et al (2014). Comparison of Salivary Cotinine Concentration in Cigarette Smokers, Water Pipe Smokers and Non –Smokers. JIDA, 26(1): 39-45
11. Maziak W, Taleb ZB, Bahelah R et al (2015). The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking. Tob Control, 1:i3-i12.
12. Abdollahifard G, Vakili V, Danaei M, Askarian M, Romito L, Palenik CJ (2013). Are the predictors of hookah smoking differ from those of cigarette smoking? Report of a population-based study in Shiraz, Iran, 2010. Int J Prev Med, 4 (4): 459-66.
13. Baheiraei A, Mirghafourvand M, Nedjat S, Mohammadi E, Charandabi SM-A (2012). Prevalence of water pipe use and its correlates in Iranian women of reproductive age in Tehran: a population-based study. Med Princ Pract, 21 (4): 340-4.
14. Danaei M, Jabbarinejad-Kermani A, Mohebbi E, Momeni M (2017). Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Prevalence and Associated Factors in the Southeast of Iran. Addict Health, 9 (2): 72-80.
15. Afifi R, Khalil J, Fouad F et al (2013). Social norms and attitudes linked to waterpipe use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Soc Sci Med, 98: 125-34.
16. Baheiraei A, Shahbazi Sighaldeh S et al (2015). The Role of Family on Hookah Smoking Initiation in Women: A Qualitative Study. Glob J Health Sci, 7 (5): 1-10.
17. Bashirian S, Haidarnia A, Allahverdipour H, Hajizadeh E (2012). Application of theory of planned behavior in predicting factors of substance abuse in adolescents. J Res Health Sci, 12 (1): 54-60.
18. Becker SJ, Curry JF (2008). Outpatient interventions for adolescent substance abuse: a quality of evidence review. J Consult Clin Psychol, 76 (4): 531-43.
19. Becker SJ, Curry JF, Yang C (2011). Factors that influence trajectories of change in frequency of substance use and quality of life among adolescents receiving a brief intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat, 41 (3): 294-304.
20. Colémont A, Van den Broucke S (2008). Measuring determinants of occupational health related behavior in Flemish farmers: an application of the theory of planned behavior. J Safety Res, 39 (1): 55-64.
21. Najafi M, Ardalan A, Akbarisari A, Noorbala AA, Elmi H (2017). The Theory of Planned BehaviorandDisasterPreparedness.PLoSCurr,9.
22. Davis AK, Rosenberg H (2016). Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict implementation of harm reduction strategies among MDMA/ecstasy users. Psychol Addict Behav, 30 (4): 500-8.
23. Ajzen I (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 50 (2): 179-211.
24. Elo S, Kyngäs H (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. J Adv Nurs, 62 (1): 107-15.
25. Bengtsson M (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2: 8-14.
26. Holloway I, Galvin K (2016). Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, United States, PP: 55.
27. Polit DF, Beck CT (2012). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. 9th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, United States, PP: 487.
28. Taraghijah S, Hamdiyeh M, Yaghoobi N (2010). Predictive factors of cigarette and hookah smoking among students of state universities in iran. Pajouhesh Dar Pezeshki, 34 (4): 249-256.
29. Khalil J, Heath RL, Nakkash RT, Afifi RA (2009). The tobacco health nexus? Health messages in narghile advertisements. Tob Control, 18 (5): 420-1.
30. Combrink A, Irwin N, Laudin G, Naidoo K, Plagerson S, Mathee A (2010). High prevalence of hookah smoking among secondary school students in a disadvantaged community in Johannesburg. S Afr Med J, 100(5): 297-9.
31. Almerie MQ, Matar HE, Salam M et al (2008). Cigarettes and waterpipe smoking among medical students in Syria: a cross-sectional study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 12 (9): 1085-91.
32. Maziak W (2011). The global epidemic of waterpipe smoking. Addict Behav, 36 (1-2): 1-5.
33. Roskin J, Aveyard P (2009). Canadian and English students' beliefs about waterpipe smoking: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9: 10.
34. Dehdari T, Jafari A, Joveyni H (2012). Students’ perspectives in Tehran University of Medical Sciences about factors affecting smoking hookah. RJMS, 19 (95): 17-24.
35. Maziak W, Ward K, Eissenberg T (2004). Factors related to frequency of narghile (waterpipe) use: the first insights on tobacco dependence in narghile users. Drug Alcohol Depend, 76 (1): 101-6.
36. Amin TT, Amr MAM, Zaza BO, Kaliyadan F (2012). Predictors of waterpipe smoking among secondary school adolescents in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Int J Behav Med, 19 (3): 324-35.
37. Jahanpour F, Vahedparast H, Ravanipour M, Azodi P (2015). The Trend of Hookah Use among Adolescents and Youth: A Qualitative Study. J Qual Res Health Sci, 3 (4): 340-8.
38. Khor PY, Harun N, Ishak F et al (2012). Contributory factors to the smoking of shisha among teenagers in the Perak City of Ipoh: A preliminary qualitative survey. International Journal of Public Health Research,2(1): 80-4.
39. Anjum Q, Ahmed F, Ashfaq T (2008). Knowledge, attitude and perception of water pipe smoking (Shisha) among adolescents aged 14-19 years. J Pak Med Assoc, 58 (6): 312-7.
40. Ghafouri N, Hirsch JD, Heydari G, Morello CM, Kuo GM, Singh RF (2011). Waterpipe smoking among health sciences university students in Iran: perceptions, practices and patterns of use. BMC Res Notes, 4: 496.
41. Kelishadi R, Mokhtari Mr, Tavasoli AA et al (2007). Determinants of tobacco use among youths in Isfahan, Iran. Int J Public Health, 52 (3): 173-9.
42. Momenan A, Sarbandi ZF, Etemadi A, Azizi F (2007). Pattern of waterpipe (ghalyan) use among intermediate and high school students: a cross-sectional study in Tehran, Iran. Payesh, 6 (2): 135-144.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 48 No 7 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i7.2960 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Smoking water pipe Adolescent Theory of planned behavior | ||
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How to Cite
1.
PASHAEYPOOR S, NEGARANDEH R, NIKPEYMA N, AMROLLAH MAJD ABADI Z. Determinants of Intentions toward Smoking Hookah in Iranian Adolescents Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(7):1317-1325.
