Dietary Habits and Physical Activity of 18-Year-Old Adolescents in Relation to Overweight and Obesity
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Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the nutritional status, nutritional habits, and physical activity in the representative population of 18-year-old students.
Methods: A total of 1,631 participants aged 18 years, originating from secondary schools/senior high schools in the city of Bialystok, Szpitalna, Bialystok, Poland were enrolled. Participants completed anonymous questionnaires, and their body mass index was assessed. Data were analyzed using standard statistical procedures with Statistical PL 12.0.
Results: The analysis showed that consumption of only one to two or three meals was associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity—in case of one or two meals among girls, OR=1.78 (P<0.05), in case of one or two meals among boys, OR=2.325 (P<0.01), and in case of three meals, OR=1.771 (P<0.05). First breakfast was consumed by 82.1% of boys with normal BMI and 73.1% overweight and obesity (OR=0.593; P<0.05). 24.5% of the eutrophic compared to only 20.3% of adolescents with elevated BMI reported attending all PE classes. Physical activity undertaken after school was associated with a 35.9% decrease risk of overweight and obesity among girls and 57.7% among boys.
Conclusion: A specific pattern of nutritional habits, that is, decreased meal frequency in adolescents, skipping meals, appear the most frequent nutritional mistakes associated with overweight and obesity. Insufficient physical activity and exposure to sedentary behaviors among adolescents are disturbing. The obesity problem requires monitoring, prevention and the change of nutritional habits and physical activity early in childhood.
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2. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M et al (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 384(9945): 766–781.
3. Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, et al (2015). Childhood obesity: causes and consequences. J Family Med Prim Care, 4(2): 187–192.
4. Han JC, Lawlor DA, Kimm SY (2010). Childhood obesity. Lancet, 375(9727):1737-1748.
5. Spruijt-Metz D (2011). Etiology, Treatment, and Pre-vention of Obesity in Childhood and Adoles-cence: A Decade in Review. J Res Adolesc, 21(1):129-152.
6. Cecchini M, Sassi F, Lauer JA et al (2010). Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness. Lancet, 376(9754):1775-84.
7. Kaisari P, Yannakoulia M, Panagiotakos DB (2013). Eating Frequency and Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis. Pediat-rics, 131(5):958-67.
8. Bachman JL, Phelan S, Wing RR, Raynor HA (2011). Eating frequency is higher in weight loss main-tainers and normal-weight individuals than in overweight individuals. J Am Diet Assoc, 111(11):1730-4.
9. Koletzko B, Toschke AM (2010). Meal patterns and frequencies: do they affect body weight in children and adolescents? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 50(2):100-105.
10. Vik FN, Øverby NC, Lien N, Bere E (2010). Num-ber of meals eaten in relation to weight status among Norwegian adolescents. Scand J Public Health, 38(5 Suppl):13-8.
11. del Mar Bibiloni M, Martinez E, Llull R et al (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in Balearic Islands adolescents. Br J Nutr, 103: 99–106.
12. Kapantais E, Chala E, Kaklamanou D et al (2011). Breakfast skipping and its relation to BMI and health-compromising behaviours among Greek adolescents. Public Health Nutr, 14(1):101-108.
13. Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M (2010). Systematic re-view demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 50(2):113-119.
14. Ostachowska-Gasior A, Piwowar M, Kwiatkowski J et al (2016). Breakfast and Other Meal Consump-tion in Adolescents from Southern Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(5): E453.
15. Haire-Joshu D, Schwarz C, Budd EL et al (2011). Postpartum Teens’ Breakfast Consumption is Associated with Snack and Beverage Intake and Body Mass Index. J Am Diet Assoc, 111(1): 124–130.
16. Giovannini M, Agostoni C, Shamir R (2010). Sym-posium overview: Do we all eat breakfast and is it important? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 50 (2): 97-99.
17. Sandercock GRH, Voss C, Dye L (2010). Associa-tion between habitual school-day breakfast con-sumption, body mass index, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in English schoolchil-dren. Eur J Clin Nutr, 64(10): 1086-1092.
18. Deshmukh-Taskar PR, Nicklas TA, O'Neil CE et al (2010). The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumption with nutrient in-take and weight status in children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. J Am Diet Assoc, 110: 869–878.
19. Smith KJ, Gall SL, McNaughton SA et al (2010). Skipping breakfast: longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the Childhood De-terminants of Adult Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 92:1316–1325.
20. Corder K, van Sluijs EM, Ridgway CL et al (2014). Breakfast consumption and physical activity in adolescents: daily associations and hourly patterns. Am J Clin Nutr, 99 (2):361-368.
21. Cheung PC, Ip PL, Lam ST, Bibby H (2007). A study on body weight perception and weight control behaviours among adolescents in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J, 13: 16–21.
22. Nurul-Fadhilah A, Teo PS, Huybrechts I, Foo LH (2013). Infrequent Breakfast Consumption Is As-sociated with Higher Body Adiposity and Ab-dominal Obesity in Malaysian School-Aged Ado-lescents. PLoS One, 8(3): e59297.
23. Pedersen TP, Holstein BE, Flachs EM, Rasmussen M (2013). Meal frequencies in early adolescence predict meal frequencies in late adolescence and early adulthood. BMC Public Health, 13:445.
24. Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin SL et al (2014). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2013. MMWR Suppl, 63(4):1–168.
25. Piernas C, Popkin BM (2010). Trends in snacking among U.S. children. Health Aff (Millwood), 29(3):398–404.
26. World Health Organization (2012). Social determi-nants of health and well-being among young people, Health Behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) Study, International Report From the 2009/2010 Survey.
27. Kirby J, Levin KA, Inchley J (2012). Associations be-tween the school environment and adolescent girls’ physical activity. Health Educ Res, 27(1): 101-114.
28. Bergier B, Bergier J, Paprzycki P (2014). Level and de-terminants of physical activity among school ado-lescents in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med, 21(1):75-8.
29. Dumith SC, Gigante DP, Domingues MR, Kohl HW (2011). Physical activity change during adoles-cence: a systematic review and a pooled analysis. Int J Epidemiol, 40(3):685-98.
30. Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC et al (2012). Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet, 380 (9838): 247–257.
31. Collings PJ, Wijndaele K, Corder K et al (2014). Lev-els and patterns of objectively-measured physical activity volume and intensity distribution in UK adolescents: the ROOTS study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 11: 23.
32. Chung AE, Skinner AC, Steiner MJ, Perrin EM (2012). Physical activity and BMI in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 51(2):122-129.
33. Jodkowska M, Oblacińska A, Tabak I (2006). Otyłość u polskich nastolatków w okresie dojrzewania oraz ich uczestnictwo w lekcjach wychowania fizycznegoi pozalekcyjnych zajęciach ruchowych. Med Sportiva, 10 (Suppl. 4): S449-S460.
34. Allender S, Kremer P, de Silva-Sanigorski A et al (2011). Associations between activity-related be-haviours and standardized BMI among Australi-an adolescents. J Sci Med Sport,14(6):512-521.
35. Sigmundova D, El Ansari W, Sigmund E, Fromel K (2011). Secular trends: a ten-year comparison of the amount and type of physical activity and inac-tivity of random samples of adolescents in the Czech Republic. BMC Public Health, 11: 731.
36. te Velde SJ, van Nassau F, Uijtdewilligen L et al (2012). Energy balance-related behaviours associ-ated with overweight and obesity in preschool children: a systematic review of prospective stud-ies. Obes Rev, 13 Suppl 1:56-74.
37. Santos MS, Hino AA, Reis RS, Rodriguez-Añez CR (2010). Prevalence of barriers for physical activity in adolescents. Rev Bras Epidemiol, 13 (1): 94-104.
38. Currie C, Zanotti C, Morgan A et al (2012). Social de-terminants of health and well-being among young people. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. Copenhagen: World Health Organization.
39. Garcia-Continente X, Pérez-Giménez A, Espelt A, Nebot Adell M (2014). Factors associated with media use among adolescents: a multilevel ap-proach. Eur J Public Health, 24(1):5-10.
40. Mamun AA, O'Callaghan MJ, Williams G, Najman JM (2013). Television watching from adolescence to adulthood and its association with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and obesity: a longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr, 16(1):54-64.
41. Vik FN, Bjørnarå HB, Overby NC et al (2013). As-sociations between eating meals, watching TV while eating meals and weight status among chil-dren, ages 10-12 years in eight European coun-tries: the ENERGY cross-sectional study. Int J Be-hav Nutr Phys Act, 10:58.
42. Mitchell JA, Rodriguez D, Schmitz KH, Audrain-McGovern J (2013). Greater screen time is associ-ated with adolescent obesity: a longitudinal study of the BMI distribution from Ages 14 to 18. Obesi-ty (Silver Spring), 21(3):572-575.
43. Moreno LA, Gottrand F, Huybrechts I et al (2014). Nutrition and lifestyle in european adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutri-tion in Adolescence) study. Adv Nutr,5(5):615S-623S.
44. Ramos E, Costa A, Araújo J, Severo M, Lopes C (2013). Effect of television viewing on food and nutrient intake among adolescents. Nutrition, 29(11-12):1362-7.
45. Salvy SJ, de la Haye K, Bowker JC, Hermans RC (2012). Influence of Peers and Friends on Chil-dren’s and Adolescents’ Eating and Activity Be-haviors. Physiol Behav, 106(3):369-78.
2. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M et al (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 384(9945): 766–781.
3. Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, et al (2015). Childhood obesity: causes and consequences. J Family Med Prim Care, 4(2): 187–192.
4. Han JC, Lawlor DA, Kimm SY (2010). Childhood obesity. Lancet, 375(9727):1737-1748.
5. Spruijt-Metz D (2011). Etiology, Treatment, and Pre-vention of Obesity in Childhood and Adoles-cence: A Decade in Review. J Res Adolesc, 21(1):129-152.
6. Cecchini M, Sassi F, Lauer JA et al (2010). Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness. Lancet, 376(9754):1775-84.
7. Kaisari P, Yannakoulia M, Panagiotakos DB (2013). Eating Frequency and Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis. Pediat-rics, 131(5):958-67.
8. Bachman JL, Phelan S, Wing RR, Raynor HA (2011). Eating frequency is higher in weight loss main-tainers and normal-weight individuals than in overweight individuals. J Am Diet Assoc, 111(11):1730-4.
9. Koletzko B, Toschke AM (2010). Meal patterns and frequencies: do they affect body weight in children and adolescents? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 50(2):100-105.
10. Vik FN, Øverby NC, Lien N, Bere E (2010). Num-ber of meals eaten in relation to weight status among Norwegian adolescents. Scand J Public Health, 38(5 Suppl):13-8.
11. del Mar Bibiloni M, Martinez E, Llull R et al (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in Balearic Islands adolescents. Br J Nutr, 103: 99–106.
12. Kapantais E, Chala E, Kaklamanou D et al (2011). Breakfast skipping and its relation to BMI and health-compromising behaviours among Greek adolescents. Public Health Nutr, 14(1):101-108.
13. Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M (2010). Systematic re-view demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 50(2):113-119.
14. Ostachowska-Gasior A, Piwowar M, Kwiatkowski J et al (2016). Breakfast and Other Meal Consump-tion in Adolescents from Southern Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(5): E453.
15. Haire-Joshu D, Schwarz C, Budd EL et al (2011). Postpartum Teens’ Breakfast Consumption is Associated with Snack and Beverage Intake and Body Mass Index. J Am Diet Assoc, 111(1): 124–130.
16. Giovannini M, Agostoni C, Shamir R (2010). Sym-posium overview: Do we all eat breakfast and is it important? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 50 (2): 97-99.
17. Sandercock GRH, Voss C, Dye L (2010). Associa-tion between habitual school-day breakfast con-sumption, body mass index, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in English schoolchil-dren. Eur J Clin Nutr, 64(10): 1086-1092.
18. Deshmukh-Taskar PR, Nicklas TA, O'Neil CE et al (2010). The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumption with nutrient in-take and weight status in children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. J Am Diet Assoc, 110: 869–878.
19. Smith KJ, Gall SL, McNaughton SA et al (2010). Skipping breakfast: longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the Childhood De-terminants of Adult Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 92:1316–1325.
20. Corder K, van Sluijs EM, Ridgway CL et al (2014). Breakfast consumption and physical activity in adolescents: daily associations and hourly patterns. Am J Clin Nutr, 99 (2):361-368.
21. Cheung PC, Ip PL, Lam ST, Bibby H (2007). A study on body weight perception and weight control behaviours among adolescents in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J, 13: 16–21.
22. Nurul-Fadhilah A, Teo PS, Huybrechts I, Foo LH (2013). Infrequent Breakfast Consumption Is As-sociated with Higher Body Adiposity and Ab-dominal Obesity in Malaysian School-Aged Ado-lescents. PLoS One, 8(3): e59297.
23. Pedersen TP, Holstein BE, Flachs EM, Rasmussen M (2013). Meal frequencies in early adolescence predict meal frequencies in late adolescence and early adulthood. BMC Public Health, 13:445.
24. Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin SL et al (2014). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2013. MMWR Suppl, 63(4):1–168.
25. Piernas C, Popkin BM (2010). Trends in snacking among U.S. children. Health Aff (Millwood), 29(3):398–404.
26. World Health Organization (2012). Social determi-nants of health and well-being among young people, Health Behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) Study, International Report From the 2009/2010 Survey.
27. Kirby J, Levin KA, Inchley J (2012). Associations be-tween the school environment and adolescent girls’ physical activity. Health Educ Res, 27(1): 101-114.
28. Bergier B, Bergier J, Paprzycki P (2014). Level and de-terminants of physical activity among school ado-lescents in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med, 21(1):75-8.
29. Dumith SC, Gigante DP, Domingues MR, Kohl HW (2011). Physical activity change during adoles-cence: a systematic review and a pooled analysis. Int J Epidemiol, 40(3):685-98.
30. Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC et al (2012). Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet, 380 (9838): 247–257.
31. Collings PJ, Wijndaele K, Corder K et al (2014). Lev-els and patterns of objectively-measured physical activity volume and intensity distribution in UK adolescents: the ROOTS study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 11: 23.
32. Chung AE, Skinner AC, Steiner MJ, Perrin EM (2012). Physical activity and BMI in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 51(2):122-129.
33. Jodkowska M, Oblacińska A, Tabak I (2006). Otyłość u polskich nastolatków w okresie dojrzewania oraz ich uczestnictwo w lekcjach wychowania fizycznegoi pozalekcyjnych zajęciach ruchowych. Med Sportiva, 10 (Suppl. 4): S449-S460.
34. Allender S, Kremer P, de Silva-Sanigorski A et al (2011). Associations between activity-related be-haviours and standardized BMI among Australi-an adolescents. J Sci Med Sport,14(6):512-521.
35. Sigmundova D, El Ansari W, Sigmund E, Fromel K (2011). Secular trends: a ten-year comparison of the amount and type of physical activity and inac-tivity of random samples of adolescents in the Czech Republic. BMC Public Health, 11: 731.
36. te Velde SJ, van Nassau F, Uijtdewilligen L et al (2012). Energy balance-related behaviours associ-ated with overweight and obesity in preschool children: a systematic review of prospective stud-ies. Obes Rev, 13 Suppl 1:56-74.
37. Santos MS, Hino AA, Reis RS, Rodriguez-Añez CR (2010). Prevalence of barriers for physical activity in adolescents. Rev Bras Epidemiol, 13 (1): 94-104.
38. Currie C, Zanotti C, Morgan A et al (2012). Social de-terminants of health and well-being among young people. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. Copenhagen: World Health Organization.
39. Garcia-Continente X, Pérez-Giménez A, Espelt A, Nebot Adell M (2014). Factors associated with media use among adolescents: a multilevel ap-proach. Eur J Public Health, 24(1):5-10.
40. Mamun AA, O'Callaghan MJ, Williams G, Najman JM (2013). Television watching from adolescence to adulthood and its association with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and obesity: a longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr, 16(1):54-64.
41. Vik FN, Bjørnarå HB, Overby NC et al (2013). As-sociations between eating meals, watching TV while eating meals and weight status among chil-dren, ages 10-12 years in eight European coun-tries: the ENERGY cross-sectional study. Int J Be-hav Nutr Phys Act, 10:58.
42. Mitchell JA, Rodriguez D, Schmitz KH, Audrain-McGovern J (2013). Greater screen time is associ-ated with adolescent obesity: a longitudinal study of the BMI distribution from Ages 14 to 18. Obesi-ty (Silver Spring), 21(3):572-575.
43. Moreno LA, Gottrand F, Huybrechts I et al (2014). Nutrition and lifestyle in european adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutri-tion in Adolescence) study. Adv Nutr,5(5):615S-623S.
44. Ramos E, Costa A, Araújo J, Severo M, Lopes C (2013). Effect of television viewing on food and nutrient intake among adolescents. Nutrition, 29(11-12):1362-7.
45. Salvy SJ, de la Haye K, Bowker JC, Hermans RC (2012). Influence of Peers and Friends on Chil-dren’s and Adolescents’ Eating and Activity Be-haviors. Physiol Behav, 106(3):369-78.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 48 No 5 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i5.1803 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Adolescents Nutrition status Diet Physical activity Sedentary behaviors | ||
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How to Cite
1.
ZALEWSKA M, MACIORKOWSKA E. Dietary Habits and Physical Activity of 18-Year-Old Adolescents in Relation to Overweight and Obesity. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(5):864-872.
