A Comprehensive, Epidemiological and Ecological Descriptive Study on Vitamin D Status in Iran (308005 People, from 2009-2018)
-
Dariush D. FARHUD
,
Atefeh MEHRABI
,
Abdolfattah SARAFNEJAD
,
Hamid Reza SADEGHIPOUR
,
Abbas RAHIMIFOROUSHANI
,
Mohammdad Bagher ROKNI
,
Keyvan MAJIDI
,
Ahad ALIZADEH
,
Marjan ZARIF-YEGANEH
,
Maryam JALALI
,
Mahmoud JALALI
,
Ali Akbar AMIR ZARGAR
,
Farideh KHOSRAVI
,
Amir MOMENI
,
Mohammad KHAZENI
,
Asadallah HENDIANI
,
Mehdi AHMADI
,
Alireza DEHSHIRI
,
Payam RASOOLI
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D is an essential substance for absorption of calcium and phosphorus from intestine so it is vital for muscles and skeletal development. Deficiency of this vitamin is pandemic. The vitamin D status depends on the different factors such as UV exposure, diet, and ecological features of living location, age and gender. The aim of this study was to describe the vitamin D level in different provinces of Iran and to investigate the association between vitamin D status and multiple variables.
Methods: We collected the serum 25(OH)D (Vitamin D) level data of 308,005 people referred to different laboratories from 30 provinces of Iran and organized them by each province, year, age, gender, precipitation, latitude and longitude, and humidity over 10 yr (2009-2018). Data were analyzed to find out the correlation between age, gender, longitude and latitude, humidity and sum of precipitation.
Results: West Azerbaijan had the highest level of vitamin D with a mean level of 33.24 and a standard deviation of 32.001, and North Khorasan had the lowest level with a mean level of 14.46 and a standard deviation of 8.980 among 30 provinces of Iran. The correlation between all studied variables (age, and gender, latitude and longitude, humidity, the sum of precipitation) was significant (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The average total vitamin D level in Iran is 25.41 ng/ml, which is within the area of deficiency. Vitamin D is associated with age, and gender, latitude and longitude, humidity, the sum of precipitation. So changes in any of these variables can lead to vitamin D alteration.
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25. Farhud DD (2014). Cultural Iran. Ethics and Cultural Heritage,11:19-27.
26. Palacios C, Gonzalez L (2014). Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 144:138-145.
27. Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Shafaei AR et al (2007). Vitamin D status in mothers and their newborns in Iran. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 7:1.
28. Olang B, Naghavi M, Bastani D et al (2011). Optimal vitamin A and suboptimal vitamin D status are common in Iranian infants. Acta Paediatr, 100:439-444.
29. Rabbani A, Alavian S-M, Motlagh ME et al (2009). Vitamin D insufficiency among children and adolescents living in Tehran, Iran. J Trop Pediatr, 55:189-191.
30. Hovsepian S, Amini M, Aminorroaya A, Amini P, Iraj B (2011). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult population of Isfahan City, Iran. J Health Popul Nutr, 29:149-55.
31. Maddah M, Sharami SH, Neyestani TR (2009). Vitamin D insufficiency among postmenopausal women in urban and rural areas in Guilan, Northern Iran. J Nutr Elder, 28:386-393.
32. Heshmat R, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh S et al (2008). Vitamin D deficiency in Iran: A multi-center study among different urban areas. Iran J Public Health, 37:72-8.
33. Khosravi-Boroujeni H, Sarrafzadegan N, Sadeghi M et al (2017). Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian adults: a longitudinal study from 2001-2013. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 63:284-290.
34. Tabrizi R, Moosazadeh M, Akbari M et al (2018). High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Med Sci, 43:125-139.
35. Rahnavard Z, Eybpoosh S, Homami MR et al (2010). Vitamin d deficiency in healthy male population: results of the Iranian multi- center osteoporosis study. Iran J Public Health, 39:45-52.
36. Buyukuslu N, Esin K, Hizli H et al (2014). Clothing preference affects vitamin D status of young women. Nutr Res, 34:688-693.
37. Rashedi J, Mahdavi Poor B, Asgharzadeh M (2016). Extreme Religious Perceptions and Vitamin D. Iran J Public Health, 45:1102.
38. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L et al (2000). Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Intern Med, 247:260-268.
2. Forrest KY, Stuhldreher WL (2011). Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res, 31:48-54.
3. Kimlin MG (2008). Geographic location and vitamin D synthesis. Mol Aspects Med, 29:453-461.
4. Aghajafari F, Field CJ, Kaplan BJ et al (2016). The current recommended vitamin D intake guideline for diet and supplements during pregnancy is not adequate to achieve vitamin D sufficiency for most pregnant women. PLoS One, 11(7):e0157262.
5. Spiro A, Buttriss J (2014). Vitamin D: An overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. Nutr Bull, 39:322-350.
6. Medrano M, Carrillo-Cruz E, Montero I, Perez-Simon J (2018). Vitamin D: effect on haematopoiesis and immune system and clinical applications. Int J Mol Sci, 19:2663.
7. Rai V, Agrawal DK (2017). Role of vitamin D in cardiovascular diseases. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 46:1039-1059.
8. Bahrami A, Sadeghnia HR, Tabatabaeizadeh SA et al (2018). Genetic and epigenetic factors influencing vitamin D status. J Cell Physiol, 233:4033-4043.
9. Bikle DD (2014). Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chem Biol, 21:319-329.
10. Cashman KD, Dowling KG, Škrabáková Z et al (2016). Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic? Am J Clin Nutr, 103:1033-1044.
11. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA et al (2011). The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96:53-58.
12. Habibesadat S, Ali K, Shabnam JM, Arash A (2014). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its related factors in children and adolescents living in North Khorasan, Iran. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 27:431-436.
13. Van Schoor N, Lips P (2017). Global overview of vitamin D status. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 46:845-870.
14. Van der Meer I, Middelkoop B, Boeke A, Lips P (2011). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Turkish, Moroccan, Indian and sub-Sahara African populations in Europe and their countries of origin: an overview. Osteoporos Int, 22:1009-1021.
15. Hafezi R, Hossein-Nezhad A, Mirsafa M et al (2008). Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Unexplained Musculoskeletal Pain. ed.
16. Tohidi M, Bozorgmanesh M, Mohebi R et al (2013). Non-linear association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of Type 2 diabetes: a community-based nested case–control study. Diabet Med, 30:934-8.
17. Rusińska A, Pludowski P, Walczak M et al (2018). Vitamin D supplementation guidelines for general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency in Poland–recommendations of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Expert Panel with participation of National Specialist Consultants and Representatives of Scientific Societies–2018 update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 9:246.
18. Soltani M, Laux P, Kunstmann H et al (2016). Assessment of climate variations in temperature and precipitation extreme events over Iran. Theor Appl Climatol, 126:775-795.
19. Tabari H, Talaee PH (2011). Temporal variability of precipitation over Iran: 1966–2005. J Hydrol, 396:313-320.
20. Tavakol S, Amin OM, Luus-Powell WJ, Halajian A (2015). The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list. Zootaxa, 4033:237-258.
21. Amiri M, Eslamian S (2010). Investigation of climate change in Iran. J Environ Sci Technol, 3:208-16.
22. Heidari S, Sharples S (2002). A comparative analysis of short-term and long-term thermal comfort surveys in Iran. Energ Buildings, 34:607-614.
23. Raziei T (2018). An analysis of daily and monthly precipitation seasonality and regimes in Iran and the associated changes in 1951–2014. Theor Appl Climatol, 134:913-934.
24. Vaghefi SA, Keykhai M, Jahanbakhshi F et al (2019). The future of extreme climate in Iran. Sci Rep, 9:1464.
25. Farhud DD (2014). Cultural Iran. Ethics and Cultural Heritage,11:19-27.
26. Palacios C, Gonzalez L (2014). Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 144:138-145.
27. Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Shafaei AR et al (2007). Vitamin D status in mothers and their newborns in Iran. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 7:1.
28. Olang B, Naghavi M, Bastani D et al (2011). Optimal vitamin A and suboptimal vitamin D status are common in Iranian infants. Acta Paediatr, 100:439-444.
29. Rabbani A, Alavian S-M, Motlagh ME et al (2009). Vitamin D insufficiency among children and adolescents living in Tehran, Iran. J Trop Pediatr, 55:189-191.
30. Hovsepian S, Amini M, Aminorroaya A, Amini P, Iraj B (2011). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult population of Isfahan City, Iran. J Health Popul Nutr, 29:149-55.
31. Maddah M, Sharami SH, Neyestani TR (2009). Vitamin D insufficiency among postmenopausal women in urban and rural areas in Guilan, Northern Iran. J Nutr Elder, 28:386-393.
32. Heshmat R, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh S et al (2008). Vitamin D deficiency in Iran: A multi-center study among different urban areas. Iran J Public Health, 37:72-8.
33. Khosravi-Boroujeni H, Sarrafzadegan N, Sadeghi M et al (2017). Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian adults: a longitudinal study from 2001-2013. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 63:284-290.
34. Tabrizi R, Moosazadeh M, Akbari M et al (2018). High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Med Sci, 43:125-139.
35. Rahnavard Z, Eybpoosh S, Homami MR et al (2010). Vitamin d deficiency in healthy male population: results of the Iranian multi- center osteoporosis study. Iran J Public Health, 39:45-52.
36. Buyukuslu N, Esin K, Hizli H et al (2014). Clothing preference affects vitamin D status of young women. Nutr Res, 34:688-693.
37. Rashedi J, Mahdavi Poor B, Asgharzadeh M (2016). Extreme Religious Perceptions and Vitamin D. Iran J Public Health, 45:1102.
38. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L et al (2000). Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Intern Med, 247:260-268.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 48 No 4 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i4.985 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Vitamin D deficiency Epidemiology Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
FARHUD DD, MEHRABI A, SARAFNEJAD A, SADEGHIPOUR HR, RAHIMIFOROUSHANI A, ROKNI MB, MAJIDI K, ALIZADEH A, ZARIF-YEGANEH M, JALALI M, JALALI M, AMIR ZARGAR AA, KHOSRAVI F, MOMENI A, KHAZENI M, HENDIANI A, AHMADI M, DEHSHIRI A, RASOOLI P. A Comprehensive, Epidemiological and Ecological Descriptive Study on Vitamin D Status in Iran (308005 People, from 2009-2018). Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(4):644-654.
