Tissue and Serum Trace Elements Concentration among Colorectal Patients: A Systematic Review of Case-Control Studies
Abstract
Background: Trace elements play a pivotal role in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) inhibition and development process. This systematic review provides the basic comparison of case-control studies focusing on concentration of trace elements between those with CRC and controls
Methods: The systematic review searched through two databases of Medline and Cochrane up to 24th June 2017. The search strategy focused on Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO). We searched the role of trace elements in cancer and focusing on case-control studies in CRC to obtain an insight into the differences in trace element concentrations between those with and without cancer.
Results: The serum concentrations of Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Se, Si, and Zn were lower in CRC patients but for Co and S the levels were higher in CRC patients. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn were increased in patients with metastasis, but not in Se. As for colon tissue specimens, inconsistent levels were reported between studies, notably in Cu, Se, and Zn. No changes were reported for B and Ca levels. Most of the trace elements in the tissue specimens showed higher concentrations of Cr, Fe, K, Mg, P, Rb, S, and Si compared to Br.
Conclusion: With the growing interest to understand the link between trace elements in carcinogenesis and the possible interactions, multi assessment analysis of a larger cohort of samples is necessary.
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2. Parkin DM (2004). International variation. Oncogene, 23(38):6329–40.
3. Pourhoseingholi MA (2012). Increased burden of colorectal cancer in Asia. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 4(4):68-70.
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10. Lee J, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci E et al (2015). Association between body mass index and prognosis of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120706.
11. Wolin KY, Yan Y, Colditz GA et al (2009). Physical activity and colon cancer prevention: A meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 100(4):611–6.
12. Armaghany T, Wilson JD, Chu Q et al (2012). Genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Cancer Res, 5(1):19–27.
13. Chen K, Qiu JL, Zhang Y et al ( 2003). Meta analysis of risk factors for colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol, 9(7):1598–600.
14. Bhattacharya PT, Misra SR, Hussain M (2016). Nutritional Aspects of Essential Trace Elements in Oral Health and Disease : An Extensive Review. Scientifica (Cairo), 2016:5464373.
15. Lingamaneni Prashanth KKK, Chitturi RT, Baddam VRRet al ( 2015). A review on role of essential trace elements in health and disease. J NTR Univ Health Sci, 4:75-85.
16. Wada O (2004). What are Trace Elements ? Their deficiency and excess states. Japan Med Assoc J, 47(8):351–358.
17. Fukuda H, Ebara M, Yamada H et al ( 2004). Trace Elements and Cancer. Japan Med Assoc J, 47(8):391–5.
18. Majewska U, Banaś D, Braziewicz J et al (2007). Trace element concentration distributions in breast, lung and colon tissues. Phys Med Biol, 52(13):3895-911.
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20. Mulware SJ (2013). Trace elements and carcinogenicity: a subject in review. 3 Biotech, 3(2):85–96.
21. OECD (2006). Detailed review paper on cell transformation assays for detection of chemical carcinogens.
22. Rundhaug JE, Fischer SM (2010). Molecular mechanisms of mouse skin tumor promotion. Cancers (Basel), 2(2):436–82.
23. Newbold RR (2011). Developmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals programs for reproductive tract alterations and obesity later in life. Am J Clin Nutr, 94(6 Suppl):1939S–42S.
24. Fujiki H, Watanabe T, Suganuma M (2014). Cell-surface nucleolin acts as a central mediator for carcinogenic, anti-carcinogenic, and disease-related ligands. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 140(5):689–99.
25. Miyauchi-Hashimoto H, Kuwamoto K, Urade Y et al (2001). Carcinogen-induced inflammation and immunosuppression are enhanced in xeroderma pigmentosum group A model mice associated with hyperproduction of prostaglandin E2. J Immunol,166(9):5782–91.
26. Tatemichi M, Hata H, Nakadate T (2014). Induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase by a not-directly mutagenic carcinogen: A novel potential molecular mechanism. Environ Health Prev Med, 19(3):238–44.
27. Prasad AS (2014). Zinc is an Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agent: Its Role in Human Health. Front Nutr, 1:14.
28. Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ (2013). The influence of selenium on immune responses. Mol Nutr Food Res,52(11):1273–80.
29. Kehl-Fie TE, Skaar EP (2010). Nutritional immunity beyond iron: a role for manganese and zinc. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 14(2):218–24.
30. Mahmood NA (2010). Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Colorectal Cancer and Healthy Subject. Iraqi J Cancer Med Gen, 3(1):1–6.
31. Tovey D (2012). Standards for the reporting of new Cochrane Intervention Reviews.
32. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC et al (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA, 283(15):2008–12.
33. Dijkers M (2013). Introducing GRADE: a systematic approach to rating evidence in systematic reviews and to guideline development. Center Knowledge Transl Disabil Rehabil Res, 1(5):1–9.
34. Wolf RE (2013). What is ICP-MS? And more importantly, what can it do? U.S. Geological Survey, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center.
35. Borella P, Bargellini A, Caselgrandi E et al (1997). Observations on the use of plasma, hair and tissue to evaluate trace element status in cancer. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 11(3):162–5.
36. Cobanoglu U, Demir H, Sayir F et al (2010). Some mineral, trace element and heavy metal concentrations in lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11(5):1383–8.
37. Balter V, Nogueira da Costa A, Bondanese VP et al (2015). Natural variations of copper and sulfur stable isotopes in blood of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112(4):982–5.
38. Demerdash HM (2015). Obesity and Trace Elements. Obes Res Open J, 2(3):98–100.
39. Skrovanek S, DiGuilio K, Bailey R et al (2014). Zinc and gastrointestinal disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol, 5(4):496–513.
40. Pan YS, Zhou J, Gibbons L et al (2011). Antioxidants and breast cancer risk- a population-based case-control study in Canada. BMC Cancer, 11:372.
41. Dhawan DK, Chadha VD (2010). Zinc: A promising agent in dietary chemoprevention of cancer. Indian J Med Res,132:676–82.
42. Hughes DJ, Fedirko V, Jenab M et al (2015). Selenium status is associated with colorectal cancer risk in the European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition cohort. Int J Cancer, 136(5):1149-61.
43. Allen NE, Travis RC, Appleby PN et al (2016). Selenium and prostate cancer: Analysis of individual participant data from fifteen prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst, 108(11).
44. Jaworska K, Gupta S, Durda K et al (2013). A Low Selenium Level Is Associated with Lung and Laryngeal Cancers. PLoS One, 8(3): e59051.
45. Mark SD, Qiao Y-L, Dawsey SM, et al (2000). Prospective study of serum selenium levels and incident esophageal and gastric cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 92(21):1753–63.
46. Krehl S, Loewinger M, Florian S et al (2012). Glutathione peroxidase-2 and selenium decreased inflammation and tumors in a mouse model of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis whereas sulforaphane effects differed with selenium supply. Carcinogenesis, 33(3):620–8.
47. Pericleous M, Mandair D, Caplin ME (2013). Diet and supplements and their impact on colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol, 4(4):409–23.
48. Fukai T, Ushio-fukai M (2011). Superoxide Dismutases : Role in redox signaling, vascular function and diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal, 15(6):1583-606.
49. Mileo AM, Miccadei S (2016). Polyphenols as Modulator of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Disease : New Therapeutic Strategies. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2016: 6475624.
50. Theophanides T, Anastassopoulou J (2002). Copper and carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 42(1):57–64.
51. Lanocha N, Kalisinska E, Kosik-bogacka DI et al (2013). The effect of environmental factors on concentration of trace elements in hip joint bones of patients after hip replacement surgery. Ann Agric Environ Med, 20(3):487–93.
52. Scorei RI, Popa R (2010). Boron-containing compounds as preventive and chemotherapeutic agents for cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 10(4):346-51.
53. Gaur A, Collins H, Wulaningsih W et al (2013). Iron metabolism and risk of cancer in the Swedish AMORIS study. Cancer Causes Control, 24(7):1393–402.
54. Castiglioni S, Maier JA (2011). Magnesium and cancer: A dangerous liason. Magnes Res, 24(3):S92–100.
55. Sun Y, Selvaraj S, Varma A et al ( 2013). Increase in serum Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio promotes proliferation of prostate cancer cells by activating TRPM7 channels. J Biol Chem, 288(1):255–63.
56. Wen CP, Lee JH, Tai YP et al (2014). High serum iron is associated with increased cancer risk. Cancer Res, 74(22):6589-97.
57. Kell DB, Pretorius E (2014). Disease marker, as it is mainly a leakage product. Metallomics, 6:748–73.
58. Santamaria AB (2008). Manganese exposure, essentiality & toxicity. Indian J Med Res, 128(4):484–500.
59. Aguirre JD, Culotta VC (2012). Battles with iron: Manganese in oxidative stress protection. J Biol Chem, 287(17):13541–8.
60. Shen F, Cai W, Li J et al (2015). The association between deficient manganese levels and breast cancer : a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med, 8(3):3671–80.
61. Piotrowska H, Kucinska M (2013). Expression of CYP1A1 , CYP1B1 and MnSOD in a panel of human cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem, 383(1-2):95–102.
62. Behrend L, Mohr A, Dick T et al (2005). Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Induces p53-Dependent Senescence in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Biol, 25(17):7758–69.
63. Flora SJS, Mittal M, Mehta A (2008). Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & its possible reversal by chelation therapy. Indian J Med Res, 128(4):501-23.
64. Huff J, Lunn RM, Waalkes MP et al (2007). Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans. Int J Occup Environ Health, 13(2):202–12.
65. Waalkes MP (2003). Cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutat Res, 533(1-2):107-20.
66. Budnik LT, Kloth S, Velasco-Garrido M et al (2012). Prostate cancer and toxicity from critical use exemptions of methyl bromide: environmental protection helps protect against human health risks. Environ Health, 11:5.
67. Nickens KP, Patierno SR, Ceryak S (2010). Chrominium genotoxity: a double-edged sword. Chem Biol Interact, 188(2):276-88.
68. Zaitseva IP, Skalny AA, Tinkov AA et al (2015). Blood Essential Trace Elements and Vitamins in Students with Different Physical Activity. Pakistan J Nutr, 14(10):721–6.
69. Dambal SS, Kumari S (2011). Relationship of Obesity with Micronutrient status. Int J Appl Biol Pharm, 2:280–4.
70. Saad Elewi A (2012). The Effect of Smoking on the Some Trace Elements and Cortisol Hormone Concentration in Serum. AJPS, 11(1):32–46.
71. Stanley, Okeke, Ukoli (2007). Trace Elements Profile among Alcohol Abusers in a Nigerian Community. J Appl Sci Environ Manage, 11(1):45–6.
72. Li P, Xu J, Shi Y et al (2014). Association between zinc intake and risk of digestive tract cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr, 33(3):415–20.
73. Ma E, Sasazuki S, Inoue M et al (2010). High dietary intake of magnesium may decrease risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese men. J Nutr, 140(4):779–85.
74. Mumtaz M, Siddique A, Mukhtar N et al ( 1999). Status of Trace Elements Level in Blood Samples of Different Age Population of Karachi (Pakistan). Tr J Med Sci, 29:697–9.
75. Farzin L, Moassesi ME, Sajadi F et al (2009). Serum levels of antioxidants (Zn, Cu, Se) in healthy volunteers living in Tehran. Biol Trace Elem Res, 129(1–3):36–45.
76. Flores CR, Puga MP, Wrobel K et al (2011). Trace elements status in diabetes mellitus type 2: Possible role of the interaction between molybdenum and copper in the progress of typical complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 91(3):333–41.
2. Parkin DM (2004). International variation. Oncogene, 23(38):6329–40.
3. Pourhoseingholi MA (2012). Increased burden of colorectal cancer in Asia. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 4(4):68-70.
4. Center MM, Jemal A, Ward E (2009). International Trends in Colorectal Cancer Incidence Rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,18(6):1688–94.
5. Health Promotion Board (2014). Singapore Cancer Registry Annual Registry Report Trends in Cancer Incidence in Singapore. National Registry of Diseases Office (NRD), 61.
6. Hassan MRA, Khazin WKW, Othman Z et al ( 2014). The Second Annual Report of the National cancer Patient Registry-Colorectal Cancer 2008-2013. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
7. Feng YL, Shu L, Zheng PF et al (2017). Dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk. Eur J Cancer Prev, 26(3):201-211.
8. Wang Y, Duan H, Yang H et al (2015). A pooled analysis of alcohol intake and colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Med, 8(5):6878–89.
9. Tsoi KKF, Pau CYY, Wu WKK et al (2009).Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,7(6):682–688.
10. Lee J, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci E et al (2015). Association between body mass index and prognosis of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120706.
11. Wolin KY, Yan Y, Colditz GA et al (2009). Physical activity and colon cancer prevention: A meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 100(4):611–6.
12. Armaghany T, Wilson JD, Chu Q et al (2012). Genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Cancer Res, 5(1):19–27.
13. Chen K, Qiu JL, Zhang Y et al ( 2003). Meta analysis of risk factors for colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol, 9(7):1598–600.
14. Bhattacharya PT, Misra SR, Hussain M (2016). Nutritional Aspects of Essential Trace Elements in Oral Health and Disease : An Extensive Review. Scientifica (Cairo), 2016:5464373.
15. Lingamaneni Prashanth KKK, Chitturi RT, Baddam VRRet al ( 2015). A review on role of essential trace elements in health and disease. J NTR Univ Health Sci, 4:75-85.
16. Wada O (2004). What are Trace Elements ? Their deficiency and excess states. Japan Med Assoc J, 47(8):351–358.
17. Fukuda H, Ebara M, Yamada H et al ( 2004). Trace Elements and Cancer. Japan Med Assoc J, 47(8):391–5.
18. Majewska U, Banaś D, Braziewicz J et al (2007). Trace element concentration distributions in breast, lung and colon tissues. Phys Med Biol, 52(13):3895-911.
19. Lin JH, Giovannucci E (2014). Environmental exposure and tumor heterogeneity in colorectal cancer risk and outcomes. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep,10(1):94–104.
20. Mulware SJ (2013). Trace elements and carcinogenicity: a subject in review. 3 Biotech, 3(2):85–96.
21. OECD (2006). Detailed review paper on cell transformation assays for detection of chemical carcinogens.
22. Rundhaug JE, Fischer SM (2010). Molecular mechanisms of mouse skin tumor promotion. Cancers (Basel), 2(2):436–82.
23. Newbold RR (2011). Developmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals programs for reproductive tract alterations and obesity later in life. Am J Clin Nutr, 94(6 Suppl):1939S–42S.
24. Fujiki H, Watanabe T, Suganuma M (2014). Cell-surface nucleolin acts as a central mediator for carcinogenic, anti-carcinogenic, and disease-related ligands. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 140(5):689–99.
25. Miyauchi-Hashimoto H, Kuwamoto K, Urade Y et al (2001). Carcinogen-induced inflammation and immunosuppression are enhanced in xeroderma pigmentosum group A model mice associated with hyperproduction of prostaglandin E2. J Immunol,166(9):5782–91.
26. Tatemichi M, Hata H, Nakadate T (2014). Induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase by a not-directly mutagenic carcinogen: A novel potential molecular mechanism. Environ Health Prev Med, 19(3):238–44.
27. Prasad AS (2014). Zinc is an Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agent: Its Role in Human Health. Front Nutr, 1:14.
28. Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ (2013). The influence of selenium on immune responses. Mol Nutr Food Res,52(11):1273–80.
29. Kehl-Fie TE, Skaar EP (2010). Nutritional immunity beyond iron: a role for manganese and zinc. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 14(2):218–24.
30. Mahmood NA (2010). Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Colorectal Cancer and Healthy Subject. Iraqi J Cancer Med Gen, 3(1):1–6.
31. Tovey D (2012). Standards for the reporting of new Cochrane Intervention Reviews.
32. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC et al (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA, 283(15):2008–12.
33. Dijkers M (2013). Introducing GRADE: a systematic approach to rating evidence in systematic reviews and to guideline development. Center Knowledge Transl Disabil Rehabil Res, 1(5):1–9.
34. Wolf RE (2013). What is ICP-MS? And more importantly, what can it do? U.S. Geological Survey, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center.
35. Borella P, Bargellini A, Caselgrandi E et al (1997). Observations on the use of plasma, hair and tissue to evaluate trace element status in cancer. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 11(3):162–5.
36. Cobanoglu U, Demir H, Sayir F et al (2010). Some mineral, trace element and heavy metal concentrations in lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11(5):1383–8.
37. Balter V, Nogueira da Costa A, Bondanese VP et al (2015). Natural variations of copper and sulfur stable isotopes in blood of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112(4):982–5.
38. Demerdash HM (2015). Obesity and Trace Elements. Obes Res Open J, 2(3):98–100.
39. Skrovanek S, DiGuilio K, Bailey R et al (2014). Zinc and gastrointestinal disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol, 5(4):496–513.
40. Pan YS, Zhou J, Gibbons L et al (2011). Antioxidants and breast cancer risk- a population-based case-control study in Canada. BMC Cancer, 11:372.
41. Dhawan DK, Chadha VD (2010). Zinc: A promising agent in dietary chemoprevention of cancer. Indian J Med Res,132:676–82.
42. Hughes DJ, Fedirko V, Jenab M et al (2015). Selenium status is associated with colorectal cancer risk in the European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition cohort. Int J Cancer, 136(5):1149-61.
43. Allen NE, Travis RC, Appleby PN et al (2016). Selenium and prostate cancer: Analysis of individual participant data from fifteen prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst, 108(11).
44. Jaworska K, Gupta S, Durda K et al (2013). A Low Selenium Level Is Associated with Lung and Laryngeal Cancers. PLoS One, 8(3): e59051.
45. Mark SD, Qiao Y-L, Dawsey SM, et al (2000). Prospective study of serum selenium levels and incident esophageal and gastric cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 92(21):1753–63.
46. Krehl S, Loewinger M, Florian S et al (2012). Glutathione peroxidase-2 and selenium decreased inflammation and tumors in a mouse model of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis whereas sulforaphane effects differed with selenium supply. Carcinogenesis, 33(3):620–8.
47. Pericleous M, Mandair D, Caplin ME (2013). Diet and supplements and their impact on colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol, 4(4):409–23.
48. Fukai T, Ushio-fukai M (2011). Superoxide Dismutases : Role in redox signaling, vascular function and diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal, 15(6):1583-606.
49. Mileo AM, Miccadei S (2016). Polyphenols as Modulator of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Disease : New Therapeutic Strategies. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2016: 6475624.
50. Theophanides T, Anastassopoulou J (2002). Copper and carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 42(1):57–64.
51. Lanocha N, Kalisinska E, Kosik-bogacka DI et al (2013). The effect of environmental factors on concentration of trace elements in hip joint bones of patients after hip replacement surgery. Ann Agric Environ Med, 20(3):487–93.
52. Scorei RI, Popa R (2010). Boron-containing compounds as preventive and chemotherapeutic agents for cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 10(4):346-51.
53. Gaur A, Collins H, Wulaningsih W et al (2013). Iron metabolism and risk of cancer in the Swedish AMORIS study. Cancer Causes Control, 24(7):1393–402.
54. Castiglioni S, Maier JA (2011). Magnesium and cancer: A dangerous liason. Magnes Res, 24(3):S92–100.
55. Sun Y, Selvaraj S, Varma A et al ( 2013). Increase in serum Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio promotes proliferation of prostate cancer cells by activating TRPM7 channels. J Biol Chem, 288(1):255–63.
56. Wen CP, Lee JH, Tai YP et al (2014). High serum iron is associated with increased cancer risk. Cancer Res, 74(22):6589-97.
57. Kell DB, Pretorius E (2014). Disease marker, as it is mainly a leakage product. Metallomics, 6:748–73.
58. Santamaria AB (2008). Manganese exposure, essentiality & toxicity. Indian J Med Res, 128(4):484–500.
59. Aguirre JD, Culotta VC (2012). Battles with iron: Manganese in oxidative stress protection. J Biol Chem, 287(17):13541–8.
60. Shen F, Cai W, Li J et al (2015). The association between deficient manganese levels and breast cancer : a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med, 8(3):3671–80.
61. Piotrowska H, Kucinska M (2013). Expression of CYP1A1 , CYP1B1 and MnSOD in a panel of human cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem, 383(1-2):95–102.
62. Behrend L, Mohr A, Dick T et al (2005). Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Induces p53-Dependent Senescence in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Biol, 25(17):7758–69.
63. Flora SJS, Mittal M, Mehta A (2008). Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & its possible reversal by chelation therapy. Indian J Med Res, 128(4):501-23.
64. Huff J, Lunn RM, Waalkes MP et al (2007). Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans. Int J Occup Environ Health, 13(2):202–12.
65. Waalkes MP (2003). Cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutat Res, 533(1-2):107-20.
66. Budnik LT, Kloth S, Velasco-Garrido M et al (2012). Prostate cancer and toxicity from critical use exemptions of methyl bromide: environmental protection helps protect against human health risks. Environ Health, 11:5.
67. Nickens KP, Patierno SR, Ceryak S (2010). Chrominium genotoxity: a double-edged sword. Chem Biol Interact, 188(2):276-88.
68. Zaitseva IP, Skalny AA, Tinkov AA et al (2015). Blood Essential Trace Elements and Vitamins in Students with Different Physical Activity. Pakistan J Nutr, 14(10):721–6.
69. Dambal SS, Kumari S (2011). Relationship of Obesity with Micronutrient status. Int J Appl Biol Pharm, 2:280–4.
70. Saad Elewi A (2012). The Effect of Smoking on the Some Trace Elements and Cortisol Hormone Concentration in Serum. AJPS, 11(1):32–46.
71. Stanley, Okeke, Ukoli (2007). Trace Elements Profile among Alcohol Abusers in a Nigerian Community. J Appl Sci Environ Manage, 11(1):45–6.
72. Li P, Xu J, Shi Y et al (2014). Association between zinc intake and risk of digestive tract cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr, 33(3):415–20.
73. Ma E, Sasazuki S, Inoue M et al (2010). High dietary intake of magnesium may decrease risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese men. J Nutr, 140(4):779–85.
74. Mumtaz M, Siddique A, Mukhtar N et al ( 1999). Status of Trace Elements Level in Blood Samples of Different Age Population of Karachi (Pakistan). Tr J Med Sci, 29:697–9.
75. Farzin L, Moassesi ME, Sajadi F et al (2009). Serum levels of antioxidants (Zn, Cu, Se) in healthy volunteers living in Tehran. Biol Trace Elem Res, 129(1–3):36–45.
76. Flores CR, Puga MP, Wrobel K et al (2011). Trace elements status in diabetes mellitus type 2: Possible role of the interaction between molybdenum and copper in the progress of typical complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 91(3):333–41.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 48 No 4 (2019) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i4.984 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Systematic Review Trace element Colorectal cancer (CRC) Case-control | ||
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How to Cite
1.
NAWI AM, CHIN S-F, AZHAR SHAH S, JAMAL R. Tissue and Serum Trace Elements Concentration among Colorectal Patients: A Systematic Review of Case-Control Studies. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(4):632-643.
