Assessing the Relationship between Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia Mortality Rates and Human Development Index: A 26-Year Trend Analysis Using Location-Scale Mixed Effects Model
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Abstract
Background: Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) is one of the most prevalent types of leukemia, which is responsible for a remarkable mortality rate in the world. This study aimed to investigate the global trend of this cancer from 1990 to 2015 and to determine the relationship between trend of CLL mortality rate and Human Development Index (HDI) throughout the world.
Methods: The age-standardized mortality rate data of all countries of the world (per 100,000) were extracted from the GBD database. In addition, the HDI values for the studied countries in different years were obtained from the UNDP database. The statistical analysis was performed using the mixed-effects location-scale model in the SAS software, version 9.4.
Results: The findings of the statistical modeling showed a downward slope for CLL Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) for total world countries ( ). We also find a significant association between CLL ASMR and HDI. Countries with higher HDI had higher level of CLL ASMR in years 1990 to 2015 with a negative slope. Furthermore, countries with lower HDI had Lower level of CLL ASMR with rather fixed rates in this period.
Conclusion: These findings showed a decreasing trend of global CLL ASMR in the previous decades, although, the fixed trend of CLL ASMR in countries with low HDI is worrisome. The health policymakers should make more efforts to decrease the mortality due to this cancer in these countries.
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2. Varghese C, Carlos MC, Shin H (2014). Cancer Burden and Control in the Western Pacific Region : Challenges and Opportunities. Ann Glob Health, 80(5):358–69.
3. Are C, Chowdhury S, Ahmad H, et al (2016). Predictive global trends in the incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer based on geographic location, socio-economic status, and demographic shift. J Surg Oncol, 114(6):736–42.
4. Bray F, Ferlay J, Seorjomataram I, et al (2018). Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 68(6):394-424.
5. All cancers - Globocan - iarc. Available from: http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/39-All-cancers-fact-sheet.pdf.
6. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al (2015). Global Cancer Statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin, 65(2):87-108.
7. Are C, Rajaram S, Are M, Raj H, et al (2013). A review of global cancer burden: Trends, challenges, strategies, and a role for surgeons. J Surg Oncol, 107(2):221–6.
8. Doll R, Payne P, Waterhouse J (1996). Cancer incidence in five continents: A technical report.
9. Castillo JJ, Reagan JL, Ingham RR, et al (2012). Obesity but not overweight increases the incidence and mortality of leukemia in adults: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Leuk Res, 36(7):868–75.
10. Zand AM, Imani S, Saadati M, et al (2010). Effect of age, gender and blood group on blood cancer types. Kowsar Medical Journal, 5(2):111-114. (In Persian)
11. Strati P, Jain N, O’Brien S (2018). Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Diagnosis and Treatment. Mayo Clin Proc, 93(5):651–64.
12. Ferrara F, Schiff CA (2013). Acute myeloid leukaemia in adults. Lancet, 381(9865):484-95.
13. The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute Cancer fact sheets: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/clyl.html.
14. Kasim K, Johnson KC, Levallois P, et al (2009). Recreational physical activity and the risk of adult leukemia in Canada. Cancer Causes Control, 20(8):1377–86.
15. Ilhan G, Karakus S, Andic N (2006). Risk factors and primary prevention of acute leukemia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 7(4):515–7.
16. Mohammadian M, Pakzad R, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Salehiniya H (2018). A study on the Incidence and Mortality of Leukemia and Their Association With the Human Development Index (Hdi) Worldwide in 2012. World Cancer Res J, 5(2):e1080.
17. GBD Collaborators. Protocol for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). 2015;(March):1–29. http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/Projects/GBD/GBD_Protocol.pdf.
18. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD 2015 Geographies. 2015; http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/Projects/GBD/GBDRegions_countries.pdf.
19. Stanton EA. The Human Developmen t Index: A History. Glob Dev Environ Inst Tufts Univ 2007;https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=peri_workingpapers.
20. Harvey AC (1976). Estimating Regression Models with Multiplicative Heteroscedasticity. Econometrica, 44(3):461-465.
21. Renò R, Rizza R (2003). Is volatility lognormal? Evidence from Italian futures. Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl, 322:620–8.
22. Leonard T (1975). A bayesian approach to the linear model with unequal variances. Technometrics, 17(1):95–102.
23. Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ, Demirtas H (2008). An application of a mixed-effects location scale model for analysis of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data. Biometrics, 64(2):627–34.
24. Ruchlemer R, Polliack A (2013). Geography, ethnicity and “roots” in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma, 54(6):1142–50.
25. Wu SJ, Huang SY, Lin CT, et al (2010). The incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Taiwan, 1986-2005: A distinct increasing trend with birth-cohort effect. Blood, 116(22):4430–5.
26. Xie Y, Davies SM, Xiang Y, et al (2003). Trends in leukemia incidence and survival in the United States (1973-1998). Cancer, 97(9):2229–35.
27. Siegel R, Miller K, Jemal A (2015). Cancer statistics 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 65(1):5-29.
28. Divisi D, Di Tommaso S, Salvemini S (2006). Diet and cancer. Acta Biomed, 77(2):118–23.
29. Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (2011). 16.The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer, 105 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S77-81.
30. Groves FD, Linet MS, Devesa SS (1995). Patterns of occurrence of the leukaemias. Eur J Cancer, 31A(6):941–9.
31. Hoen E (2014). Access To Cancer Treatment A study of medicine pricing issues with recommendations for improving access to cancer medication. https://oi-files-d8-prod.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/file_attachments/rr-access-cancer-treatment-inequality-040215-en.pdf.
32. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF (2006). Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: Defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol, 24(14):2137–50.
33. Soheylizad M, Khazaei S, Khazaei S, Rezaeian S (2016). Relation between lung cancer incidence and mortality rates with human development index and its components: A global ecological study. Int J Cancer Manag, 9(5):e5310.
34. Hu Q Da, Zhang Q, Chen W, et al (2013). Human development index is associated with mortality-to-incidence ratios of gastrointestinal cancers. World J Gastroenterol,19(32):5261–70.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 50 No 3 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5603 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Chronic lymphoid leukemia Mortality rate Human development index Trend analysis | ||
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How to Cite
1.
REZANEJAD ASL P, ZAYERI F, MOGHISI A. Assessing the Relationship between Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia Mortality Rates and Human Development Index: A 26-Year Trend Analysis Using Location-Scale Mixed Effects Model. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(3):573-582.
