Cultured Epidermal Melanocyte Transplantation in Vitiligo: A Review Article
-
Shaghayegh ZOKAEI
,
Dariush D. FARHUD
,
Mohammad KEYKHAEI
,
Marjan ZARIF YEGANEH
,
Hoda RAHIMI
,
Hamideh MORAVVEJ
Abstract
Background: The color of the skin is highly heritable but can be influenced by the environments and endocrine factors. Many other factors, sometimes destructive, are also involved in the formation of skin color, which sometimes affects pigmentation patterns. Vitiligo is an autoimmune hypopigmentation painless disorder with appearance of white patches and psychological effects on patients. It is a disease in which melanocytes of the skin are destroyed in certain areas; therefore depigmentation appears.
Methods: We studied more than 60 articles. Several therapeutic methods have been used to return the color of skin in vitiligo. These methods include non-invasive treatment and surgical techniques. Among all these therapies, cell transplantation is an advanced procedure in regenerative medicine. Extraction of melanocytes from normal skin and then their cultivation in the laboratory provides a large number of these cells, the transplanting of which to depigmentation areas stimulates the site to irreversibly produce melanin.
Results: The transplantation methods of these cells have been evolved over many years and the methods of producing blister have been changed to the injection of these cells to the target sites.
Conclusion: In this review, autologous cultured melanocyte transplantation has been considered to be the most viable, safe, and effective method in the history of vitiligo treatments.
1. Kanitakis J (2002). Anatomy, histology and immunohistochemistry of normal human skin. Eur J Dermatol, 12(4): 390-9.
2. Menon GK (2002). New insights into skin structure: scratching the surface. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 54 Suppl 1:S3-17.
3. Wong R, Geyer S, Weninger W et al (2016).The dynamic anatomy and patterning of skin. Exp Dermatol, 25(2): 92-98.
4. Lee JS, Kim DH, Choi DK et al (2013). Comparison of gene expression profiles between keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. Ann Dermatol, 25(1): 36-45.
5. Clark RA, Ghosh K, Tonnesen MG (2007). Tissue engineering for cutaneous wounds. J Invest Dermatol, 127(5): 1018-1029.
6. Lin JY, Fisher DE (2007). Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation. Nature,445(7130): 843-850.
7. Park J, Boo YC (2013). Isolation of resveratrol from vitis viniferae caulis and its potent inhibition of human tyrosinase. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013: 645257.
8. Costin GE, Hearing VJ (2007). Human skin pigmentation: melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress. FASEB J, 21(4): 976-994.
9. Park HY, Gilchrest BA (1999). Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 45(7): 919-930.
10. Gendreau I, Angers L, Jean J, Pouliot R (2013). Pigmented skin models: Understand the mechanisms of melanocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 762-785.
11. Godwin LS, Castle JT, Kohli JS et al (2014). Isolation, Culture, and Transfection of Melanocytes. Curr Protoc Cell Biol, 63:1.8.1-20.
12. Hu F, Staricco RJ, PINKUS H, et al (1957). Human Melanocytes in Tissue Culture. J Invest Dermatol, 28(1):15-32.
13. Marks MS, Seabra MC (2001).The melanosome: membrane dynamics in black and white. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2(10):738-48.
14. Scott G, Leopardi S, Printup S, Madden BC (2002). Filopodia are conduits for melanosome transfer to keratinocytes. J Cell Sci, 115(Pt 7):1441-1451.
15. Wasmeier C, Hume AN, Bolasco G, Seabra MC (2008). Melanosomes at a glance. J Cell Sci,121(Pt 24): 3995-9.
16. Long WNg, Yeong WY, Naing MW (2015). Cellular approaches to tissue-engineering of skin: a review. J Tissue Sci Eng, 6:150.
17. Marchese C, Rubin J, Ron D, et al (1990). Human keratinocyte growth factor activity on proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes: Differentiation response distinguishes KGF from EGF family. J Cell Physiol,144(2): 326-332.
18. Abercrombie M (1978). Fibroblasts. J Clin Pathol Suppl (R Coll Pathol), 12: 1-6.
19. Ishiwata T, Friess H, Büchler MW, et al (1998). Characterization of keratinocyte growth factor and receptor expression in human pancreatic cancer. Am J Pathol,153(1): 213-222.
20. Nordlund JJ (2011). Vitiligo: A review of some facts lesser known about depigmentation. Indian J Dermatol, 56(2):180-189.
21. Strömberg S, Björklund MG, Asplund A, et al (2008). Transcriptional profiling of melanocytes from patients with vitiligo vulgaris. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 21(2):162-171.
22. Hong WS, Hu DN, Qian GP et al (2011). Ratio of size of recipient and donor areas in treatment of vitiligo by autologous cultured melanocyte transplantation. Br J Dermatol, 165(3):520-525.
23. Mirnezami M, Rahimi H (2018). Serum Zinc Level in Vitiligo: A Case-control Study. Indian J Dermatol, 63(3):227-230.
24. Lin SJ, Jee SH, Hsiao WC, et al (2006). Enhanced cell survival of melanocyte spheroids in serum starvation condition. Biomaterials, 27(8):1462-1469.
25. Kaufmann R, Greiner D, Kippenberger S, et al (1998). Grafting of in vitro cultured melanocytes onto laser-ablated lesions in vitiligo. Acta Derm Venereol, 78(2): 136-138.
26. Van Geel N, Goh BK, Wallaeys E, et al (2011). A review of non-cultured epidermal cellular grafting in vitiligo. J Cutan Aesthet Surg, 4(1):17-22.
27. Birlea SA, Costin GE2, Roop DR, et al (2017). Trends in regenerative medicine: repigmentation in vitiligo through melanocyte stem cell mobilization. Med Res Rev, 37(4):907-935.
28. Gan EY, van Geel N, Goh BK (2012). Repigmentation of leucotrichia in vitiligo with noncultured cellular grafting. Br J Dermatol, 166(1):196-199.
29. Wu KJ, Tang LY, Li J, et al (2017). Modified Technique of Cultured Epithelial Cells Transplantation on Facial Segmental Vitiligo. J Craniofac Surg, 28(6): 1462-1467.
30. Kadam D (2016). Novel expansion techniques for skin grafts. Indian J Plast Surg, 49(1):5-15.
31. Löntz W, Olsson MJ, Moellmann G, et al (1994). Pigment cell transplantation for treatment of vitiligo: a progress report. J Am Acad Dermatol,30(4):591-597.
32. Mutalik S, Ginzburg A (2000). Surgical management of stable vitiligo: a review with personal experience. Dermatol Surg, 26(3):248-254.
33. Pandya V, Parmar KS, Shah BJ et al (2005). A study of autologous melanocyte transfer in treatment of stable vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 71(6):393-397.
34. Mutalik S (1993). Transplantation of melanocytes by epidermal grafting. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 19(3):231-234.
35. Czajkowski R (2011). BRAF, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS and CDKN2A genes analysis in cultured melanocytes used for vitiligo treatment. Int J Dermatol, 50(2):180-183.
36. Cruickshank CN, Cooper JR, Hooper C (1960). The cultivation of cells from adult epidermis. J Invest Dermatol, 34:339-342.
37. Hentzer B, Kobayasi T (1978). Enzymatic liberation of viable cells of human skin. Acta Derm Venereol, 58(3):197-202.
38. Nielsen HI, Don P (1984). Culture of normal adult human melanocytes. Br J Dermatol, 110(5):569-580
39. Stenn KS, Link R, Moellmann G, et al (1989). Dispase, a neutral protease from Bacillus polymyxa, is a powerful fibronectinase and type IV collagenase. J Invest Dermatol,93(2):287-290.
40. Wilkins LM, Szabo G (1981). The establishment of pure mammalian epidermal melanocyte cultures through growth in high levels of mycostatin. Arch Dermatol Res, 270(4):483-486.
41. Eisinger M, Marko O (1982). Selective proliferation of normal human melanocytes in vitro in the presence of phorbol ester and cholera toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 79(6):2018-2022.
42. Eisinger M, Marko O, Weinstein IB (1983). Stimulation of growth of human melanocytes by tumor promoters. Carcinogenesis, 4(6):779-781.
43. Brysk MM, Newton RC, Rajaraman S, et al (1989). Repigmentation of vitiliginous skin by cultured cells. Pigment Cell Res, 2(3):202-207.
44. Plott RT, Brysk MM, Newton RC, et al (1989). A Surgical Treatment for Vitiligo: Autologous Cultured‐Epithelial Grafts. J Dermatol Surg Oncol,15(11):1161-1166.
45. Falabella R, Escobar C, Borrero I (1992). Treatment of refractory and stable vitiligo by transplantation of in vitro cultured epidermal autografts bearing melanocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol, 26(2 Pt 1):230-236.
46. Lahav R, Ziller C, Dupin E et al (1996). Endothelin 3 promotes neural crest cell proliferation and mediates a vast increase in melanocyte number in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93(9):3892-3897.
47. Donatien P, Surlève-Bazeille JE, Thody AJ, Taïeb A (1993). Growth and differentiation of normal human melanocytes in a TPA-free, cholera toxin-free, low-serum medium and influence of keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res, 285(7):385-392.
48. Swope VB, Medrano EE, Smalara D et al (1995). Long-term proliferation of human melanocytes is supported by the physiologic mitogens α-melanotropin, endothelin-1, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Exp Cell Res, 217(2):453-459.
49. Szabad G, Kormos B, Pivarcsi A et al (2007). Human adult epidermal melanocytes cultured without chemical mitogens express the EGF receptor and respond to EGF. Arch Dermatol Res, 299(4):191-200.
50. Kim JY, Park CD, Lee JH et al (2012). Co-culture of melanocytes with adipose-derived stem cells as a potential substitute for co-culture with keratinocytes. Acta Derm Venereol, 92(1):16-23.
51. Verma R, Grewal RS, Chatterjee M et al (2014). A comparative study of efficacy of cultured versus non cultured melanocyte transfer in the management of stable vitiligo. Med J Armed Forces India,70(1):26-31.
52. Falabella R, Escobar C, Borrero I (1989). Transplantation of in vitro—cultured epidermis bearing melanocytes for repigmenting vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol, 21(2 Pt 1):257-264.
53. Chen YF, Yang PY, Hu DN et al (2004). Treatment of vitiligo by transplantation of cultured pure melanocyte suspension: analysis of 120 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol, 51(1):68-74.
54. Redondo P, Giménez de Azcarate A, Marqués L, et al (2011). Amniotic membrane as a scaffold for melanocyte transplantation in patients with stable vitiligo. Dermatol Res Pract, 2011: 532139.
55. Orouji Z, Bajouri A, Ghasemi M et al (2018). A single-arm open-label clinical trial of autologous epidermal cell transplantation for stable vitiligo: A 30-month follow-up. J Dermatol Sci, 89(1): 52-59.
56. Khodadadi L, Shafieyan S, Sotoudeh M et al (2010). Intraepidermal injection of dissociated epidermal cell suspension improves vitiligo. Arch Dermatol Res, 302(8): 593-599.
57. Olsson MJ, Moellmann G, Lerner AB et al (1994). Vitiligo: repigmentation with cultured melanocytes after cryostorage. Acta Derm Venereol,74(3):226-228.
58. Hong WS, Hu DN, Qian GP et al (2011). Treatment of vitiligo in children and adolescents by autologous cultured pure melanocytes transplantation with comparison of efficacy to results in adults. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 25(5):538-543.
59. Lerner AB, Halaban R, Klaus SN, Moellmann GE (1987). Transplantation of human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol, 89(3):219-224.
60. Rao A, Gupta S, Dinda AK et al (2012). Study of clinical, biochemical and immunological factors determining stability of disease in patients with generalized vitiligo undergoing melanocyte transplantation. Br J Dermatol, 166(6):1230-1236.
61. Olsson MJ, Juhlin L (2002). Long‐term follow‐up of leucoderma patients treated with transplants of autologous cultured melanocytes, ultrathin epidermal sheets and basal cell layer suspension. Br J Dermatol,147(5):893-904.
62. Zhu MC, Ma HY, Zhi Zhan et al (2017). Detection of auto antibodies and transplantation of cultured autologous melanocytes for the treatment of vitiligo. Exp Ther Med, 13(1):23-28.
63. Verma G, Varkhande SR, Kar HK et al (2015). Evaluation of repigmentation with cultured melanocyte transplantation (CMT) compared with non-cultured epidermal cell transplantation in vitiligo at 12th week reveals better repigmentation with CMT. J Invest Dermatol,135(10):2533-2535.
2. Menon GK (2002). New insights into skin structure: scratching the surface. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 54 Suppl 1:S3-17.
3. Wong R, Geyer S, Weninger W et al (2016).The dynamic anatomy and patterning of skin. Exp Dermatol, 25(2): 92-98.
4. Lee JS, Kim DH, Choi DK et al (2013). Comparison of gene expression profiles between keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. Ann Dermatol, 25(1): 36-45.
5. Clark RA, Ghosh K, Tonnesen MG (2007). Tissue engineering for cutaneous wounds. J Invest Dermatol, 127(5): 1018-1029.
6. Lin JY, Fisher DE (2007). Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation. Nature,445(7130): 843-850.
7. Park J, Boo YC (2013). Isolation of resveratrol from vitis viniferae caulis and its potent inhibition of human tyrosinase. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013: 645257.
8. Costin GE, Hearing VJ (2007). Human skin pigmentation: melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress. FASEB J, 21(4): 976-994.
9. Park HY, Gilchrest BA (1999). Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 45(7): 919-930.
10. Gendreau I, Angers L, Jean J, Pouliot R (2013). Pigmented skin models: Understand the mechanisms of melanocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 762-785.
11. Godwin LS, Castle JT, Kohli JS et al (2014). Isolation, Culture, and Transfection of Melanocytes. Curr Protoc Cell Biol, 63:1.8.1-20.
12. Hu F, Staricco RJ, PINKUS H, et al (1957). Human Melanocytes in Tissue Culture. J Invest Dermatol, 28(1):15-32.
13. Marks MS, Seabra MC (2001).The melanosome: membrane dynamics in black and white. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2(10):738-48.
14. Scott G, Leopardi S, Printup S, Madden BC (2002). Filopodia are conduits for melanosome transfer to keratinocytes. J Cell Sci, 115(Pt 7):1441-1451.
15. Wasmeier C, Hume AN, Bolasco G, Seabra MC (2008). Melanosomes at a glance. J Cell Sci,121(Pt 24): 3995-9.
16. Long WNg, Yeong WY, Naing MW (2015). Cellular approaches to tissue-engineering of skin: a review. J Tissue Sci Eng, 6:150.
17. Marchese C, Rubin J, Ron D, et al (1990). Human keratinocyte growth factor activity on proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes: Differentiation response distinguishes KGF from EGF family. J Cell Physiol,144(2): 326-332.
18. Abercrombie M (1978). Fibroblasts. J Clin Pathol Suppl (R Coll Pathol), 12: 1-6.
19. Ishiwata T, Friess H, Büchler MW, et al (1998). Characterization of keratinocyte growth factor and receptor expression in human pancreatic cancer. Am J Pathol,153(1): 213-222.
20. Nordlund JJ (2011). Vitiligo: A review of some facts lesser known about depigmentation. Indian J Dermatol, 56(2):180-189.
21. Strömberg S, Björklund MG, Asplund A, et al (2008). Transcriptional profiling of melanocytes from patients with vitiligo vulgaris. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 21(2):162-171.
22. Hong WS, Hu DN, Qian GP et al (2011). Ratio of size of recipient and donor areas in treatment of vitiligo by autologous cultured melanocyte transplantation. Br J Dermatol, 165(3):520-525.
23. Mirnezami M, Rahimi H (2018). Serum Zinc Level in Vitiligo: A Case-control Study. Indian J Dermatol, 63(3):227-230.
24. Lin SJ, Jee SH, Hsiao WC, et al (2006). Enhanced cell survival of melanocyte spheroids in serum starvation condition. Biomaterials, 27(8):1462-1469.
25. Kaufmann R, Greiner D, Kippenberger S, et al (1998). Grafting of in vitro cultured melanocytes onto laser-ablated lesions in vitiligo. Acta Derm Venereol, 78(2): 136-138.
26. Van Geel N, Goh BK, Wallaeys E, et al (2011). A review of non-cultured epidermal cellular grafting in vitiligo. J Cutan Aesthet Surg, 4(1):17-22.
27. Birlea SA, Costin GE2, Roop DR, et al (2017). Trends in regenerative medicine: repigmentation in vitiligo through melanocyte stem cell mobilization. Med Res Rev, 37(4):907-935.
28. Gan EY, van Geel N, Goh BK (2012). Repigmentation of leucotrichia in vitiligo with noncultured cellular grafting. Br J Dermatol, 166(1):196-199.
29. Wu KJ, Tang LY, Li J, et al (2017). Modified Technique of Cultured Epithelial Cells Transplantation on Facial Segmental Vitiligo. J Craniofac Surg, 28(6): 1462-1467.
30. Kadam D (2016). Novel expansion techniques for skin grafts. Indian J Plast Surg, 49(1):5-15.
31. Löntz W, Olsson MJ, Moellmann G, et al (1994). Pigment cell transplantation for treatment of vitiligo: a progress report. J Am Acad Dermatol,30(4):591-597.
32. Mutalik S, Ginzburg A (2000). Surgical management of stable vitiligo: a review with personal experience. Dermatol Surg, 26(3):248-254.
33. Pandya V, Parmar KS, Shah BJ et al (2005). A study of autologous melanocyte transfer in treatment of stable vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 71(6):393-397.
34. Mutalik S (1993). Transplantation of melanocytes by epidermal grafting. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 19(3):231-234.
35. Czajkowski R (2011). BRAF, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS and CDKN2A genes analysis in cultured melanocytes used for vitiligo treatment. Int J Dermatol, 50(2):180-183.
36. Cruickshank CN, Cooper JR, Hooper C (1960). The cultivation of cells from adult epidermis. J Invest Dermatol, 34:339-342.
37. Hentzer B, Kobayasi T (1978). Enzymatic liberation of viable cells of human skin. Acta Derm Venereol, 58(3):197-202.
38. Nielsen HI, Don P (1984). Culture of normal adult human melanocytes. Br J Dermatol, 110(5):569-580
39. Stenn KS, Link R, Moellmann G, et al (1989). Dispase, a neutral protease from Bacillus polymyxa, is a powerful fibronectinase and type IV collagenase. J Invest Dermatol,93(2):287-290.
40. Wilkins LM, Szabo G (1981). The establishment of pure mammalian epidermal melanocyte cultures through growth in high levels of mycostatin. Arch Dermatol Res, 270(4):483-486.
41. Eisinger M, Marko O (1982). Selective proliferation of normal human melanocytes in vitro in the presence of phorbol ester and cholera toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 79(6):2018-2022.
42. Eisinger M, Marko O, Weinstein IB (1983). Stimulation of growth of human melanocytes by tumor promoters. Carcinogenesis, 4(6):779-781.
43. Brysk MM, Newton RC, Rajaraman S, et al (1989). Repigmentation of vitiliginous skin by cultured cells. Pigment Cell Res, 2(3):202-207.
44. Plott RT, Brysk MM, Newton RC, et al (1989). A Surgical Treatment for Vitiligo: Autologous Cultured‐Epithelial Grafts. J Dermatol Surg Oncol,15(11):1161-1166.
45. Falabella R, Escobar C, Borrero I (1992). Treatment of refractory and stable vitiligo by transplantation of in vitro cultured epidermal autografts bearing melanocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol, 26(2 Pt 1):230-236.
46. Lahav R, Ziller C, Dupin E et al (1996). Endothelin 3 promotes neural crest cell proliferation and mediates a vast increase in melanocyte number in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93(9):3892-3897.
47. Donatien P, Surlève-Bazeille JE, Thody AJ, Taïeb A (1993). Growth and differentiation of normal human melanocytes in a TPA-free, cholera toxin-free, low-serum medium and influence of keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res, 285(7):385-392.
48. Swope VB, Medrano EE, Smalara D et al (1995). Long-term proliferation of human melanocytes is supported by the physiologic mitogens α-melanotropin, endothelin-1, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Exp Cell Res, 217(2):453-459.
49. Szabad G, Kormos B, Pivarcsi A et al (2007). Human adult epidermal melanocytes cultured without chemical mitogens express the EGF receptor and respond to EGF. Arch Dermatol Res, 299(4):191-200.
50. Kim JY, Park CD, Lee JH et al (2012). Co-culture of melanocytes with adipose-derived stem cells as a potential substitute for co-culture with keratinocytes. Acta Derm Venereol, 92(1):16-23.
51. Verma R, Grewal RS, Chatterjee M et al (2014). A comparative study of efficacy of cultured versus non cultured melanocyte transfer in the management of stable vitiligo. Med J Armed Forces India,70(1):26-31.
52. Falabella R, Escobar C, Borrero I (1989). Transplantation of in vitro—cultured epidermis bearing melanocytes for repigmenting vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol, 21(2 Pt 1):257-264.
53. Chen YF, Yang PY, Hu DN et al (2004). Treatment of vitiligo by transplantation of cultured pure melanocyte suspension: analysis of 120 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol, 51(1):68-74.
54. Redondo P, Giménez de Azcarate A, Marqués L, et al (2011). Amniotic membrane as a scaffold for melanocyte transplantation in patients with stable vitiligo. Dermatol Res Pract, 2011: 532139.
55. Orouji Z, Bajouri A, Ghasemi M et al (2018). A single-arm open-label clinical trial of autologous epidermal cell transplantation for stable vitiligo: A 30-month follow-up. J Dermatol Sci, 89(1): 52-59.
56. Khodadadi L, Shafieyan S, Sotoudeh M et al (2010). Intraepidermal injection of dissociated epidermal cell suspension improves vitiligo. Arch Dermatol Res, 302(8): 593-599.
57. Olsson MJ, Moellmann G, Lerner AB et al (1994). Vitiligo: repigmentation with cultured melanocytes after cryostorage. Acta Derm Venereol,74(3):226-228.
58. Hong WS, Hu DN, Qian GP et al (2011). Treatment of vitiligo in children and adolescents by autologous cultured pure melanocytes transplantation with comparison of efficacy to results in adults. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 25(5):538-543.
59. Lerner AB, Halaban R, Klaus SN, Moellmann GE (1987). Transplantation of human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol, 89(3):219-224.
60. Rao A, Gupta S, Dinda AK et al (2012). Study of clinical, biochemical and immunological factors determining stability of disease in patients with generalized vitiligo undergoing melanocyte transplantation. Br J Dermatol, 166(6):1230-1236.
61. Olsson MJ, Juhlin L (2002). Long‐term follow‐up of leucoderma patients treated with transplants of autologous cultured melanocytes, ultrathin epidermal sheets and basal cell layer suspension. Br J Dermatol,147(5):893-904.
62. Zhu MC, Ma HY, Zhi Zhan et al (2017). Detection of auto antibodies and transplantation of cultured autologous melanocytes for the treatment of vitiligo. Exp Ther Med, 13(1):23-28.
63. Verma G, Varkhande SR, Kar HK et al (2015). Evaluation of repigmentation with cultured melanocyte transplantation (CMT) compared with non-cultured epidermal cell transplantation in vitiligo at 12th week reveals better repigmentation with CMT. J Invest Dermatol,135(10):2533-2535.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 48 No 3 (2019) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i3.881 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Vitiligo Melanocyte Repigmentation Melanocyte transplantation Autologous cultured melanocytes | ||
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How to Cite
1.
ZOKAEI S, FARHUD DD, KEYKHAEI M, ZARIF YEGANEH M, RAHIMI H, MORAVVEJ H. Cultured Epidermal Melanocyte Transplantation in Vitiligo: A Review Article. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(3):388-399.
