Incidence, Mortality, and Burden of Hepatitis B and C and Geographical Distribution in Iran during 2008-2015
-
Ghobad MORADI
,
Bakhtiar PIROOZI
,
Cyrus ALINIA
,
Hossein SAFARI
,
Parvin MOHAMADI
,
Fatemeh AZIMIAN ZAVAREH
,
Rashid RAMEZANI
,
Mohammad Mehdi GOUYA
,
Mahmood NABAVI
Abstract
Background: This study aimed at estimating the incidence, mortality, and burden of Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) viruses and their trends from 2008 to 2015.
Methods: The Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALYs) index was applied to calculate the burden of the diseases by age, sex, time, and locations. The incidence and demographic data were obtained from HBV and HCV surveillance system, and the data on natural history was extracted from the cohort studies; moreover, the data on the standard life expectancy was obtained from the Iranian life table 2016. The two values of 0.03 and 21.5 yr were set as the discount rate and mean standard duration of the disease for both types of hepatitis.
Results: The burden of HBV decreased from 13735 to 78277.6 yr, but there was an increase in the burden of HCV from 5174 to 14395 yr over the studied period. The burden of both types of hepatitis was higher among males than females. The incidence of HBV increased from 46611 to 22996 cases, and the incidence of HCV increased from 1210 to 3939 cases. The HBV decreased from 1925 to 1394 cases; however, the number of deaths caused by HCV increased from 197 to 583 cases over the studied period. The share of YLLs raised from 5% to 10% for HBV whereas it changed from 23% to 62% for HCV over the studied years. Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, and Golestan had the highest and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kurdistan, and Kermanshah had the lowest adjusted burden of HBV per 1000 population.
Conclusion: Although the incidence, mortality, and burden of HBV declined over the eight studied years, these values increased dramatically for HCV.
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2. World Health Organization. (2017). Global hep-atitis report 2017. World Health Organiza-tion.
3. Hanafiah KM, Groeger J, Flaxman AD, et al (2013). Global epidemiology of hepatitis C vi-rus infection: new estimates of age‐specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence. Hepatology, 57(4), 1333-42.
4. Ott J, Stevens G, Groeger J, et al (2012). Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg sero-prevalence and endemicity. Vaccine, 30(12):2212-9.
5. Schweitzer A, Horn J, Mikolajczyk RT, et al (2015). Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a sys-tematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet, 386(10003):1546-55.
6. Drochioi AS, Iorga M, Petrariu FD, et al (2017). Psychological aspects in pediatric patients af-ter one year of treatment for hepatitis C. Med-Surg J, 121(2):258-63.
7. Dabsu R, Ejeta E (2018). Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Selected Health Facilities in East Wollega Zone, West Oromia, Ethiopia. Biomed Res Int, 2018: 4792584.
8. Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F (2015). Epidemi-ology of hepatitis C virus in Iran. World J Gas-troenterol, 21(38):10790-810.
9. Farzadegan H, Shamszad M, Noori-Arya K (1980). Epidemiology of viral hepatitis among Iranian population--a viral marker study. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 9(2):144-8.
10. Salehi-Vaziri M, Sadeghi F, Hashiani AA , et al (2016). Hepatitis B virus infection in the gen-eral population of Iran: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepat Mon, 16(4):e35577.
11. Alavian SM, Fallahian F, Lankarani KB (2007). The changing epidemiology of viral hepatitis B in Iran. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 16(4):403-6.
12. Alavian SM, Gooya MM, Hajarizadeh B, et al (2009). Mass vaccination campaign against hepatitis B in adolescents in Iran: estimating coverage using administrative data. Hepat Mon, 9(3):189-95.
13. World Health Organization (2016). Draft global health sector strategyon viral hepatitis, 2016–2021. https://www.who.int/hepatitis/strategy2016-2021/ghss-hep/en/
14. Amiri FB, Mostafavi E, Mirzazadeh A (2016). HIV, HBV and HCV coinfection prevalence in Iran-a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 11(3):e0151946.
15. Mirminachi B, Mohammadi Z, Merat S, et al (2017). Update on the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among Iranian general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepat Mon, 17(2):e42291.
16. Mohammadi Z, Keshtkar A, Eghtesad S, et al (2016). Epidemiological profile of hepatitis B virus infection in Iran in the past 25 years; a systematic review and meta-analysis of general population studies. Middle East J Dig Dis, 8(1):5-18.
17. Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators (2017). Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a mod-elling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2(3):161-76.
18. Khodabandehloo M, Roshani D (2014). Preva-lence of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Iranian patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepat Mon, 14(12): e22915.
19. Murray CJ (1994). Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years. Bull World Health Organ, 72(3):429-45.
20. Homedes N (1996). The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) definition, measurement and potential use: World Bank.
21. Reggiardo MV, Fay F, Tanno M, et al (2012). Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in a cohort of asymptomatic post-transfused subjects. Ann Hepatol, 11(5):658-66.
22. Ock M, Lee JY, Oh IH, et al (2016). Disability Weights Measurement for 228 Causes of Dis-ease in the Korean Burden of Disease Study 2012. J Korean Med Sci, 31(Suppl 2):S129-S38.
23. Life tables by country Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2013). World Health Organization; 2013. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/?theme=main&vid=60760
24. Merat S, Rezvan H, Nouraie M, et al (2010). Se-roprevalence of hepatitis C virus: the first population-based study from Iran. Int J Infect Dis, 14 Suppl 3:e113-6.
25. Rezvan H, Ahmadi J, Farhadi M, et al (1994) . A preliminary study of prevalence of HCV in-fection in healthy Iranian blood donors. Vox Sang, 67(Suppl 2):149
26. Tazhibi M, Hajivandi A, Tafti AD, et al (2014). The efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Educ Health Promot, 3:53.
27. Alfaleh FZ, Nugrahini N, Matičič M, et al (2015). Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus infec-tion disease burden–volume 3. J Viral Hepat, 22 Suppl 4:42-65.
28. Alavian SM, Sharafi H (2017). Update on Rec-ommendations for the Clinical Management of Hepatitis C in Iran 2017. Hepat Mon, 17(11):e63956.
29. Attaullah S, ur Rehman S, Khan S, et al (2011). Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus genotypes in HBsAg positive individuals of Afghanistan. Virol J, 8:281.
30. Plaß D, Mangen MJ, Kraemer A, et al (2014). The disease burden of hepatitis B, influenza, measles and salmonellosis in Germany: first results of the burden of communicable diseases in Europe study. Epidemiol Infect, 142(10):2024-35.
31. García‐Fulgueiras A, García‐Pina R, Morant C. et al (2011). Burden of disease related to hepatitis C and hepatitis B in Spain: a meth-odological challenge of an unfolding health problem. J Viral Hepat, 18(10):e453-e460.
32. Marcon CE, Schneider IJ, Schuelter-Trevisol F, et al (2015). Trends in the burden of hepatitis B in a southern Brazilian state. Hepat Mon, 15(11): e31906.
33. Xiao J, Lin H, Liu T, et al (2015). Disease burden from hepatitis B Virus infection in guangdong province, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 12(11):14055-67.
34. Qi WT, Sun JD, Xu AQ, et al (2009). Estimation on disease burden related to hepatitis B virus infection in Shandong province of China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 30(7):679-83.
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| Issue | Vol 48 No Supple 1 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Incidence Mortality Disability-adjusted life years Hepatitis Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
MORADI G, PIROOZI B, ALINIA C, SAFARI H, MOHAMADI P, AZIMIAN ZAVAREH F, RAMEZANI R, GOUYA MM, NABAVI M. Incidence, Mortality, and Burden of Hepatitis B and C and Geographical Distribution in Iran during 2008-2015. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(Supple 1):10-19.
