Estimation and Validation of Dietary Nitrate and Nitrite Intake in Iranian Population
-
Zahra BAHADORAN
,
Asghar GHASEMI
,
Parvin MIRMIRAN
,
Yadollah MEHRABI
,
Fereidoun AZIZI
,
Farzad HADAEGH
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was calibration of a nitrate (NO3)/nitrite (NO2) database for estimated its dietary intakes.
Methods: Overall, 250 healthy Tehranian adults were assessed in 2015 for dietary intakes of NO3 and NO2 and its serum and urine concentration. Food composition values for NO3 and NO2 were derived from a recent survey conducted on frequently consumed food items among Iranians. The correlation of dietary intakes of NO3/NO2 and its urinary and serum values was evaluated.
Results: Mean (±SD) intakes of dietary NO3 and NO2 were 505±160 and 7.7±2.2 mg/d, respectively. The correlation coefficient of intake and urinary NO3 was 0.83 (95% CI=0.56-0.91) and 0.57 (95% CI=0.49-0.67) in men and women, respectively. A moderate agreement was also observed between NO2 intake and its urinary levels (r=0.27, 95% CI=0.13-0.37, and 0.29, 95% CI=0.17-0.41, in men and women, respectively).
Conclusion: Using a national database of NO3 and NO2 content of food items along with a valid food frequency questionnaire could provide a valid estimation of dietary intakes of NO3 in the target population.
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2. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A et al (2017). Vitamin C intake modify the impact of dietary nitrite on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A 6-year follow-up in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nitric Oxide, 62:24-31.
3. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A et al (2015). Is dietary nitrate/nitrite exposure a risk factor for development of thyroid abnormality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide, 47:65-76.
4. Fewtrell L (2004). Drinking-water nitrate, methemoglobinemia, and global burden of disease: a discussion. Environ Health Perspect, 112(14): 1371-1374.
5. Gilchrist M, Winyard PG, Benjamin N (2010). Dietary nitrate--good or bad? Nitric Oxide, 22(2):104-9.
6. Lundberg JO (2009). Cardiovascular prevention by dietary nitrate and nitrite. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 296(5):H1221-3.
7. Lundberg JO, Carlstrom M, Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E (2011). Roles of dietary inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health and disease. Cardiovasc Res, 89(3):525-32.
8. Lundberg JO, Gladwin MT, Ahluwalia A et al (2009). Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics. Nat Chem Biol, 5(12):865-9.
9. Bryan NS, Ivy JL (2015). Inorganic nitrite and nitrate: evidence to support consideration as dietary nutrients. Nutr Res, 35(8):643-54.
10. Milkowski A, Garg HK, Coughlin JR, Bryan NS (2010). Nutritional epidemiology in the context of nitric oxide biology: a risk-benefit evaluation for dietary nitrite and nitrate. Nitric Oxide, 22(2):110-9.
11. Sindelar JJ, Milkowski AL (2012). Human safety controversies surrounding nitrate and nitrite in the diet. Nitric Oxide, 26(4):259-66.
12. Habermeyer M, Roth A, Guth S et al (2015). Nitrate and nitrite in the diet: how to assess their benefit and risk for human health. Mol Nutr Food Res, 59(1):106-28.
13. Kocher A, Loscalzo J (2011). Nitrite and nitrate in human health and disease: Springer Science & Business Media, pp.:36-42.
14. Ayaz A, Topcu A, Yurttagul M (2007). Survey of nitrate and nitrite levels of fresh vegetables in Turkey. J Food Technol, 5(2):177-9.
15. Chung SW, Tran JC, Tong KS et al (2011). Nitrate and nitrite levels in commonly consumed vegetables in Hong Kong. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill, 4(1):34-41.
16. Chung S, Kim J, Kim M et al (2003). Survey of nitrate and nitrite contents of vegetables grown in Korea. Food Addit Contam, 20(7):621-8.
17. Suh J, jin Paek O, Kang Y et al (2013). Risk Assessment on Nitrate and Nitrite in Vegetables Available in Korean Diet. J Appl Biol Chem, 56(4):205-11.
18. Santamaria P, Elia A, Serio F, Todaro E (1999). A survey of nitrate and oxalate content in fresh vegetables. J Sci Food Agric, 79(13):1882-8.
19. Keeton J, Osburn W, Hardin M, Longnecker M, Bryan N (2009). A national survey of the nitrite/nitrate concentrations in cured meat products and non-meat foods available at retail. https://www.pork.org/research/a-national-survey-of-the-nitritenitrate-concentrations-in-cured-meat-products-and-non-meat-foods-available-at-retail/
20. Sušin J, Kmecl V, Gregorčič A (2006). A survey of nitrate and nitrite content of fruit and vegetables grown in Slovenia during 1996–2002. Food Addit Contam, 23(4):385-90.
21. Razgallah N, Chikh-Rouhou H, Boughattas I, M’hamdi M (2016). Nitrate contents in some vegetables in Tunisia. Arch Agron Soil Sci, 62(4):473-83.
22. Van den Brandt PA, Willett WC, Tannenbaum SR (1989). Assessment of dietary nitrate intake by a self-administered questionnaire and by overnight urinary measurement. Int J Epidemiol, 18(4):852-7.
23. Pannala AS, Mani AR, Spencer JP et al (2003). The effect of dietary nitrate on salivary, plasma, and urinary nitrate metabolism in humans. Free Radic Biol Med, 34(5):576-84.
24. Bondonno CP, Liu AH, Croft KD et al (2015). Short-term effects of a high nitrate diet on nitrate metabolism in healthy individuals. Nutrients, 7(3):1906-15.
25. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Jeddi S et al (2016). Nitrate and nitrite content of vegetables, fruits, grains, legumes, dairy products, meats and processed meats. J Food Compost Anal, 51:93-105.
26. Azizi F, Rahmani M, Emami H et al (2002). Cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian urban population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (phase 1). Soz Praventivmed, 47(6):408-26.
27. Azizi F, Ghanbarian A, Momenan AA et al (2009). Prevention of non-communicable disease in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study phase II. Trials, 10:5.
28. Tohidi M, Hasheminia M, Mohebi R et al (2012). Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Risk Factors, Results of Over 10 Year Follow Up in an Iranian Cohort. PLoS One, 7(9):e45304.
29. Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA (2001). A Rapid, Simple Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite. Nitric Oxide, 5(1):62-71.
30. Ghasemi A, HedayatiI M, Biabani H (2007). Protein precipitation methods evaluated for determination of serum nitric oxide end products by the Griess assay. JMSR, 2:29-32.
31. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S (2012). Preanalytical and analytical considerations for measuring nitric oxide metabolites in serum or plasma using the Griess method. Clin Lab, 58(7-8):615-24.
32. Beaton GH, Milner J, McGuire V et al (1983). Source of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation. Carbohydrate sources, vitamins, and minerals. Am J Clin Nutr, 37(6):986-95.
33. Hosseini-Esfahani F, Jessri M, Mirmiran P et al (2010). Adherence to dietary recommendations and risk of metabolic syndrome: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Metabolism, 59(12):1833-42.
34. Mirmiran P, Esfahani FH, Mehrabi Y et al (2010). Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public Health Nutr, 13(5):654-62.
35. García-Robledo E, Corzo A, Papaspyrou S (2014). A fast and direct spectrophotometric method for the sequential determination of nitrate and nitrite at low concentrations in small volumes. Mar Chem, 162:30-6.
36. Yilmaz B, Sahin K, Bilen H et al (2015). Carotenoids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 4(3):161-71.
37. Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Shu X-O, Gao Y-T et al (2013). Thyroid cancer risk and dietary nitrate and nitrite intake in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. Int J Cancer, 132(4):897-904.
38. Inoue-Choi M, Virk-Baker MK, Aschebrook-Kilfoy B et al (2016). Development and calibration of a dietary nitrate and nitrite database in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Public Health Nutr, 19(11):1934-43.
39. Bahreynian M, Esmaillzadeh A (2012). Quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake in Iran: a target for nutritional intervention. Arch Iran Med, 15(10):648-9.
40. Chilvers C, Inskip H, Caygill C et al (1984). A survey of dietary nitrate in well-water users. Int J Epidemiol, 13(3):324-31.
41. Pennington JAT (1998). Dietary exposure models for nitrates and nitrites. Food Control, 9(6):385-95.
42. Wang Y, Townsend MK, Eliassen AH, Wu T (2013). Stability and Reproducibility of the Measurement of Plasma Nitrate in Large Epidemiologic Studies. N Am J Med Sci (Boston), 6(2):82-6.
43. Bryan NS, Loscalzo J (2011). Nitrite and nitrate in human health and disease: Springer Science & Business Media, pp.:132-146.
44. van Maanen JM, Pachen DM, Dallinga JW, Kleinjans JC (1998). Formation of nitrosamines during consumption of nitrate- and amine-rich foods, and the influence of the use of mouthwashes. Cancer Detect Prev, 22(3):204-12.
45. Yoon Y, Song J, Hong SH, Kim JQ (2000). Plasma nitric oxide concentrations and nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in coronary artery disease. Clin Chem, 46(10):1626-30.
2. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A et al (2017). Vitamin C intake modify the impact of dietary nitrite on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A 6-year follow-up in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nitric Oxide, 62:24-31.
3. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A et al (2015). Is dietary nitrate/nitrite exposure a risk factor for development of thyroid abnormality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide, 47:65-76.
4. Fewtrell L (2004). Drinking-water nitrate, methemoglobinemia, and global burden of disease: a discussion. Environ Health Perspect, 112(14): 1371-1374.
5. Gilchrist M, Winyard PG, Benjamin N (2010). Dietary nitrate--good or bad? Nitric Oxide, 22(2):104-9.
6. Lundberg JO (2009). Cardiovascular prevention by dietary nitrate and nitrite. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 296(5):H1221-3.
7. Lundberg JO, Carlstrom M, Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E (2011). Roles of dietary inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health and disease. Cardiovasc Res, 89(3):525-32.
8. Lundberg JO, Gladwin MT, Ahluwalia A et al (2009). Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics. Nat Chem Biol, 5(12):865-9.
9. Bryan NS, Ivy JL (2015). Inorganic nitrite and nitrate: evidence to support consideration as dietary nutrients. Nutr Res, 35(8):643-54.
10. Milkowski A, Garg HK, Coughlin JR, Bryan NS (2010). Nutritional epidemiology in the context of nitric oxide biology: a risk-benefit evaluation for dietary nitrite and nitrate. Nitric Oxide, 22(2):110-9.
11. Sindelar JJ, Milkowski AL (2012). Human safety controversies surrounding nitrate and nitrite in the diet. Nitric Oxide, 26(4):259-66.
12. Habermeyer M, Roth A, Guth S et al (2015). Nitrate and nitrite in the diet: how to assess their benefit and risk for human health. Mol Nutr Food Res, 59(1):106-28.
13. Kocher A, Loscalzo J (2011). Nitrite and nitrate in human health and disease: Springer Science & Business Media, pp.:36-42.
14. Ayaz A, Topcu A, Yurttagul M (2007). Survey of nitrate and nitrite levels of fresh vegetables in Turkey. J Food Technol, 5(2):177-9.
15. Chung SW, Tran JC, Tong KS et al (2011). Nitrate and nitrite levels in commonly consumed vegetables in Hong Kong. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill, 4(1):34-41.
16. Chung S, Kim J, Kim M et al (2003). Survey of nitrate and nitrite contents of vegetables grown in Korea. Food Addit Contam, 20(7):621-8.
17. Suh J, jin Paek O, Kang Y et al (2013). Risk Assessment on Nitrate and Nitrite in Vegetables Available in Korean Diet. J Appl Biol Chem, 56(4):205-11.
18. Santamaria P, Elia A, Serio F, Todaro E (1999). A survey of nitrate and oxalate content in fresh vegetables. J Sci Food Agric, 79(13):1882-8.
19. Keeton J, Osburn W, Hardin M, Longnecker M, Bryan N (2009). A national survey of the nitrite/nitrate concentrations in cured meat products and non-meat foods available at retail. https://www.pork.org/research/a-national-survey-of-the-nitritenitrate-concentrations-in-cured-meat-products-and-non-meat-foods-available-at-retail/
20. Sušin J, Kmecl V, Gregorčič A (2006). A survey of nitrate and nitrite content of fruit and vegetables grown in Slovenia during 1996–2002. Food Addit Contam, 23(4):385-90.
21. Razgallah N, Chikh-Rouhou H, Boughattas I, M’hamdi M (2016). Nitrate contents in some vegetables in Tunisia. Arch Agron Soil Sci, 62(4):473-83.
22. Van den Brandt PA, Willett WC, Tannenbaum SR (1989). Assessment of dietary nitrate intake by a self-administered questionnaire and by overnight urinary measurement. Int J Epidemiol, 18(4):852-7.
23. Pannala AS, Mani AR, Spencer JP et al (2003). The effect of dietary nitrate on salivary, plasma, and urinary nitrate metabolism in humans. Free Radic Biol Med, 34(5):576-84.
24. Bondonno CP, Liu AH, Croft KD et al (2015). Short-term effects of a high nitrate diet on nitrate metabolism in healthy individuals. Nutrients, 7(3):1906-15.
25. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Jeddi S et al (2016). Nitrate and nitrite content of vegetables, fruits, grains, legumes, dairy products, meats and processed meats. J Food Compost Anal, 51:93-105.
26. Azizi F, Rahmani M, Emami H et al (2002). Cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian urban population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (phase 1). Soz Praventivmed, 47(6):408-26.
27. Azizi F, Ghanbarian A, Momenan AA et al (2009). Prevention of non-communicable disease in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study phase II. Trials, 10:5.
28. Tohidi M, Hasheminia M, Mohebi R et al (2012). Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Risk Factors, Results of Over 10 Year Follow Up in an Iranian Cohort. PLoS One, 7(9):e45304.
29. Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA (2001). A Rapid, Simple Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite. Nitric Oxide, 5(1):62-71.
30. Ghasemi A, HedayatiI M, Biabani H (2007). Protein precipitation methods evaluated for determination of serum nitric oxide end products by the Griess assay. JMSR, 2:29-32.
31. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S (2012). Preanalytical and analytical considerations for measuring nitric oxide metabolites in serum or plasma using the Griess method. Clin Lab, 58(7-8):615-24.
32. Beaton GH, Milner J, McGuire V et al (1983). Source of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation. Carbohydrate sources, vitamins, and minerals. Am J Clin Nutr, 37(6):986-95.
33. Hosseini-Esfahani F, Jessri M, Mirmiran P et al (2010). Adherence to dietary recommendations and risk of metabolic syndrome: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Metabolism, 59(12):1833-42.
34. Mirmiran P, Esfahani FH, Mehrabi Y et al (2010). Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public Health Nutr, 13(5):654-62.
35. García-Robledo E, Corzo A, Papaspyrou S (2014). A fast and direct spectrophotometric method for the sequential determination of nitrate and nitrite at low concentrations in small volumes. Mar Chem, 162:30-6.
36. Yilmaz B, Sahin K, Bilen H et al (2015). Carotenoids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 4(3):161-71.
37. Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Shu X-O, Gao Y-T et al (2013). Thyroid cancer risk and dietary nitrate and nitrite intake in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. Int J Cancer, 132(4):897-904.
38. Inoue-Choi M, Virk-Baker MK, Aschebrook-Kilfoy B et al (2016). Development and calibration of a dietary nitrate and nitrite database in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Public Health Nutr, 19(11):1934-43.
39. Bahreynian M, Esmaillzadeh A (2012). Quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake in Iran: a target for nutritional intervention. Arch Iran Med, 15(10):648-9.
40. Chilvers C, Inskip H, Caygill C et al (1984). A survey of dietary nitrate in well-water users. Int J Epidemiol, 13(3):324-31.
41. Pennington JAT (1998). Dietary exposure models for nitrates and nitrites. Food Control, 9(6):385-95.
42. Wang Y, Townsend MK, Eliassen AH, Wu T (2013). Stability and Reproducibility of the Measurement of Plasma Nitrate in Large Epidemiologic Studies. N Am J Med Sci (Boston), 6(2):82-6.
43. Bryan NS, Loscalzo J (2011). Nitrite and nitrate in human health and disease: Springer Science & Business Media, pp.:132-146.
44. van Maanen JM, Pachen DM, Dallinga JW, Kleinjans JC (1998). Formation of nitrosamines during consumption of nitrate- and amine-rich foods, and the influence of the use of mouthwashes. Cancer Detect Prev, 22(3):204-12.
45. Yoon Y, Song J, Hong SH, Kim JQ (2000). Plasma nitric oxide concentrations and nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in coronary artery disease. Clin Chem, 46(10):1626-30.
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| Issue | Vol 48 No 1 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i1.805 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Nitrate Nitrite Diet Food frequency questionnaire | ||
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How to Cite
1.
BAHADORAN Z, GHASEMI A, MIRMIRAN P, MEHRABI Y, AZIZI F, HADAEGH F. Estimation and Validation of Dietary Nitrate and Nitrite Intake in Iranian Population. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(1):162-170.
