Outdoor Air Pollution and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: During the past 20 years, the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased by ∼10%-100% in several race/ethnicity groups. There is an association between ambient air pollution (AAP) and GDM. This study aimed to summarize the evidence about the association between AAP and GDM.
Methods: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched from inception till Oct 2017. Studies about the association between ambient air pollutants levels and GDM were included. Pooled effect estimates and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using R.
Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The odds of developing GDM upon exposure to CO (per 1 ppm), NO (per 1 ppb), NO2 (per 10 µg/m3), NOx (per 1 ppb), O3 (per 10 ppb), SO2 (per 10 ppb), PM10 (per 10 µg/m3) and PM2.5 (per 10 µg/m3) were 1.47 (95% CI 0.88-2.06), 1.04 (95% CI 1.03-1.06), 1 (95% CI 0.93-1.08), 1.02 (95% CI 1-1.04), 1.05 (95% CI 0.94-1.16), 1.39 (95% CI 1.04-1.73), 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.99) and 1.12 (95% CI 0.93-1.31), respectively.
Conclusion: The current literature showed evidence for an association between AAP and GDM. However, further well-designed studies are needed.
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6. Chen L, Mayo R, Chatry A, et al (2016). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Its Epide-miology and Implication beyond Preg-nancy. Curr Epidemiol Rep, 3(1):1–11.
7. Bellamy L, Casas J-P, Hingorani AD, et al (2009). Type 2 diabetes mellitus after ges-tational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 373(9677):1773–9.
8. Hopmans T-EJP, van Houten CB, Kasius A, et al (2015). [Increased risk of type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular dis-ease after gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 159:A8043.
9. Shostrom DCV, Sun Y, Oleson JJ, et al (2017). History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in US Women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 8:144.
10. Shah BR, Retnakaran R, Booth GL (2008). Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Young Women Following Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 31(8):1668–9.
11. Gilmartin A “Bird” H, Ural SH, Repke JT (2008). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Rev Obstet Gynecol, 1(3):129-34.
12. Inocêncio G, Braga A, Lima T, et al (2015). Which Factors Influence the Type of De-livery and Cesarean Section Rate in Women with Gestational Diabetes? J Re-prod Med, 60(11–12):529–34.
13. Morgan K, Rahman M, Atkinson M, et al (2013). Association of diabetes in preg-nancy with child weight at birth, age 12 months and 5 years--a population-based electronic cohort study. PLoS One, 8(11):e79803.
14. Retnakaran R, Ye C, Hanley AJG, et al (2012). Effect of maternal weight, adi-pokines, glucose intolerance and lipids on infant birth weight among women with-out gestational diabetes mellitus. CMAJ, 184(12):1353–60.
15. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, Metzger BE, Lowe LP, et al (2008). Hy-perglycemia and adverse pregnancy out-comes. N Engl J Med, 358(19):1991–2002.
16. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group (2009). Hyperglycemia and Adverse Preg-nancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: associa-tions with neonatal anthropometrics. Di-abetes, 58(2):453–9.
17. Young BC, Ecker JL (2013). Fetal macro-somia and shoulder dystocia in women with gestational diabetes: risks amenable to treatment? Curr Diab Rep, 13(1):12–8.
18. Metzger BE, Persson B, Lowe LP, et al (2010). Hyperglycemia and adverse preg-nancy outcome study: neonatal glycemia. Pediatrics, 126(6):e1545-1552.
19. Balsells M, García-Patterson A, Gich I et al. (2012). Major congenital malformations in women with gestational diabetes melli-tus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 28(3):252–7.
20. Zhao E, Zhang Y, Zeng X, et al (2015). As-sociation between maternal diabetes mellitus and the risk of congenital mal-formations: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Drug Discov Ther, 9(4):274–81.
21. Mitanchez D, Yzydorczyk C, Simeoni U (2015). What neonatal complications should the pediatrician be aware of in case of maternal gestational diabetes? World J Diabetes, 6(5):734–43.
22. WHO (2018). Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health [Internet]. WHO.
23. Taj T, Malmqvist E, Stroh E, et al (2017). Short-Term Associations between Air Pollution Concentrations and Respiratory Health-Comparing Primary Health Care Visits, Hospital Admissions, and Emer-gency Department Visits in a Multi-Municipality Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14(6): E587.
24. Brunekreef B, Beelen R, Hoek G, et al (2009). Effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Neth-erlands: the NLCS-AIR study. Res Rep Health Eff Inst, (139):5-71; discussion 73-89.
25. Meo SA, Memon AN, Sheikh SA, et al (2015). Effect of environmental air pollu-tion on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 19(1):123–8.
26. Brook RD, Cakmak S, Turner MC, et al (2013). Long-Term Fine Particulate Mat-ter Exposure and Mortality from Diabe-tes in Canada. Diabetes Care, 36(10):3313–20.
27. Li C, Fang D, Xu D, et al (2014). Mecha-nisms in endocrinology: main air pollu-tants and diabetes-associated mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol, 171(5):R183–90.
28. SOHN D, OH H (2017). Gender-dependent Differences in the Relation-ship between Diabetes Mellitus and Am-bient Air Pollution among Adults in South Korean Cities. Iran J Public Health, 46(3):293–300.
29. Coogan PF, White LF, Jerrett M, et al (2012). Air pollution and incidence of hyperten-sion and diabetes mellitus in black wom-en living in Los Angeles. Circulation, 125(6):767–72.
30. Brook RD, Jerrett M, Brook JR, et al (2008). The relationship between diabetes melli-tus and traffic-related air pollution. J Occup Environ Med, 50(1):32–8.
31. Choi Y-H, Kim JH, Hong Y-C (2015). Sex-dependent and body weight-dependent associations between environmental PAHs exposure and insulin resistance: Korean urban elderly panel. J Epidemiol Community Health, 69(7):625–31.
32. Rao X, Patel P, Puett R, et al (2015). Air Pol-lution as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabe-tes. Toxicol Sci, 143(2):231–41.
33. Kodavanti UP (2015). Air Pollution and In-sulin Resistance: Do All Roads Lead to Rome? Diabetes, 64(3):712–4.
34. Farah H, Nawaz M, Sabra R (2016). Expo-sure to air pollution and risk of gestation-al diabetes mellitus (GDM). http://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/35550
35. Manchikanti L, Datta S, Smith HS, et al (2009). Evidence-based medicine, sys-tematic reviews, and guidelines in inter-ventional pain management: part 6. Sys-tematic reviews and meta-analyses of ob-servational studies. Pain Physician, 12(5):819–50.
36. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute [Inter-net]. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
37. Schwarzer G. meta: General Package for Meta-Analysis [Internet]. 2017. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/meta/index.html
38. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Re-views of Interventions [Internet]. http://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/
39. Siddika N, Balogun HA, Amegah AK (2016). Prenatal ambient air pollution ex-posure and the risk of stillbirth: systemat-ic review and meta-analysis of the empiri-cal evidence. Occup Environ Med, 73(9):573–81.
40. Shah AS, Langrish JP, Nair H, et al (2013). Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and me-ta-analysis. Lancet, 382(9897):1039–48.
41. Leucht S, Kissling W, Davis JM (2009). How to read and understand and use system-atic reviews and meta-analyses. Acta Psy-chiatr Scand, 119(6):443–50.
42. Pan S-C, Huang C-C, Lin S-J, et al (2017). Gestational diabetes mellitus was related to ambient air pollutant nitric oxide dur-ing early gestation. Environ Res, 158:318–23.
43. Pedersen M, Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI, et al (2017). Gestational diabetes mellitus and exposure to ambient air pollution and road traffic noise: A cohort study. Environ Int, 108:253–60.
44. Fleisch AF, Gold DR, Rifas-Shiman SL, et al (2014). Air Pollution Exposure and Ab-normal Glucose Tolerance during Preg-nancy: The Project Viva Cohort. Environ Health Perspect,122(4):378–83.
45. Hu H, Ha S, Henderson BH, et al (2015). Association of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Ozone with Gestational Dia-betes Mellitus. Environ Health Perspect, 123(9):853-9.
46. Malmqvist E, Jakobsson K, Tinnerberg H, et al (2013). Gestational Diabetes and Preeclampsia in Association with Air Pol-lution at Levels below Current Air Quality Guidelines. Environ Health Perspect, 121(4):488–93.
47. Robledo CA, Mendola P, Yeung E, et al (2015). Preconception and early pregnan-cy air pollution exposures and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ Res, 137:316–22.
48. Fleisch AF, Kloog I, Luttmann-Gibson H, et al (2016). Air pollution exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus among preg-nant women in Massachusetts: a cohort study. Environ Health, 15:40.
49. Lin Y-T, Jung C-R, Lee YL, et al (2015). As-sociations between ozone and preterm birth in women who develop gestational diabetes. Am J Epidemiol, 181(4):280–7.
50. Rajagopalan S, Brook RD (2012). Air Pollu-tion and Type 2 Diabetes: Mechanistic Insights. Diabetes, 61(12):3037–45.
51. Ruzzin J, Petersen R, Meugnier E, et al (2010). Persistent Organic Pollutant Ex-posure Leads to Insulin Resistance Syn-drome. Environ Health Perspect, 118(4):465–71.
52. Tillett T (2010). Chew on This: Persistent Organic Pollutants May Promote Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Environ Health Per-spect, 118(4):A173.
53. Ngwa EN, Kengne A-P, Tiedeu-Atogho B, et al (2015). Persistent organic pollutants as risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr, 7:41.
54. Jaacks LM, Staimez LR (2015). Association of persistent organic pollutants and non-persistent pesticides with diabetes and di-abetes-related health outcomes in Asia: A systematic review. Environ Int, 76:57-70.
55. Mostafalou S (2016). Persistent Organic Pol-lutants and Concern Over the Link with Insulin Resistance Related Metabolic Dis-eases. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 238:69-89.
56. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Villarreal-Calderon R, Valencia-Salazar G, et al (2008). Sys-temic Inflammation, Endothelial Dys-function, and Activation in Clinically Healthy Children Exposed to Air Pollu-tants. Inhal Toxicol, 20(5):499–506.
57. Achilleos S, Kioumourtzoglou M-A, et al (2017). Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A sys-tematic review and meta-regression analy-sis. Environ Int, 109:89–100.
58. Niemann B, Rohrbach S, et al (2017). Oxi-dative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk: Obesity, Diabetes, Smoking, and Pollu-tion: Part 3 of a 3-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70(2):230–51.
59. de Luca C, Olefsky JM (2008). Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. FEBS Lett, 582(1):97–105.
60. Fuentes L, Rőszer T, Ricote M (2010). In-flammatory Mediators and Insulin Re-sistance in Obesity: Role of Nuclear Re-ceptor Signaling in Macrophages. Media-tors Inflamm, 2010:219583.
61. Chen L, Chen R, Wang H, et al (2015). Mechanisms Linking Inflammation to Insulin Resistance. Int J Endocrinol, 2015: 508409.
62. Liu C, Ying Z, Harkema J, et al (2013). Epi-demiological and Experimental Links be-tween Air Pollution and Type 2 Diabetes. Toxicol Pathol, 41(2):361–73.
63. Laing S, Wang G, Briazova T, et al (2010). Airborne particulate matter selectively ac-tivates endoplasmic reticulum stress re-sponse in the lung and liver tissues. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 299(4):C736-749.
64. Velasco G (2010). Endoplasmic reticulum stressed by pollution. Focus on “Air-borne particulate matter selectively acti-vates endoplasmic reticulum stress re-sponse in the lung and liver tissues.” Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 299:C727-8.
65. Salvadó L, Palomer X, Barroso E, et al (2015). Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress in insulin resistance. Trends Endo-crinol Metab, 26(8):438-48.
66. Boden G (2009). Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Another Link Between Obesity and Insulin Resistance/Inflammation? Diabetes, 58(3):518-9.
67. Jeschke MG, Finnerty CC, Herndon DN, et al (2012). Severe injury is associated with insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and unfolded protein re-sponse. Ann Surg, 255(2):370-8.
68. Kim O-K, Jun W, Lee J (2015). Mechanism of ER Stress and Inflammation for He-patic Insulin Resistance in Obesity. Ann Nutr Metab, 67(4):218-27.
2. American Diabetes Association (2010). Standards of medical care in diabetes--2010. Diabetes Care, 33 (Suppl 1):S11-S61.
3. International Diabetes Federation (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federa-tion. http://www.diabetesatlas.org
4. Gadgil MD, Oza-Frank R, Kandula NR, et al (2017). Type 2 diabetes after gestation-al diabetes mellitus in South Asian wom-en in the United States. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 33(5).
5. Association AD (2016). Management of Di-abetes in Pregnancy. Diabetes Care, 39(Supplement 1):S94–8.
6. Chen L, Mayo R, Chatry A, et al (2016). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Its Epide-miology and Implication beyond Preg-nancy. Curr Epidemiol Rep, 3(1):1–11.
7. Bellamy L, Casas J-P, Hingorani AD, et al (2009). Type 2 diabetes mellitus after ges-tational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 373(9677):1773–9.
8. Hopmans T-EJP, van Houten CB, Kasius A, et al (2015). [Increased risk of type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular dis-ease after gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 159:A8043.
9. Shostrom DCV, Sun Y, Oleson JJ, et al (2017). History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in US Women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 8:144.
10. Shah BR, Retnakaran R, Booth GL (2008). Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Young Women Following Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 31(8):1668–9.
11. Gilmartin A “Bird” H, Ural SH, Repke JT (2008). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Rev Obstet Gynecol, 1(3):129-34.
12. Inocêncio G, Braga A, Lima T, et al (2015). Which Factors Influence the Type of De-livery and Cesarean Section Rate in Women with Gestational Diabetes? J Re-prod Med, 60(11–12):529–34.
13. Morgan K, Rahman M, Atkinson M, et al (2013). Association of diabetes in preg-nancy with child weight at birth, age 12 months and 5 years--a population-based electronic cohort study. PLoS One, 8(11):e79803.
14. Retnakaran R, Ye C, Hanley AJG, et al (2012). Effect of maternal weight, adi-pokines, glucose intolerance and lipids on infant birth weight among women with-out gestational diabetes mellitus. CMAJ, 184(12):1353–60.
15. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, Metzger BE, Lowe LP, et al (2008). Hy-perglycemia and adverse pregnancy out-comes. N Engl J Med, 358(19):1991–2002.
16. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group (2009). Hyperglycemia and Adverse Preg-nancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: associa-tions with neonatal anthropometrics. Di-abetes, 58(2):453–9.
17. Young BC, Ecker JL (2013). Fetal macro-somia and shoulder dystocia in women with gestational diabetes: risks amenable to treatment? Curr Diab Rep, 13(1):12–8.
18. Metzger BE, Persson B, Lowe LP, et al (2010). Hyperglycemia and adverse preg-nancy outcome study: neonatal glycemia. Pediatrics, 126(6):e1545-1552.
19. Balsells M, García-Patterson A, Gich I et al. (2012). Major congenital malformations in women with gestational diabetes melli-tus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 28(3):252–7.
20. Zhao E, Zhang Y, Zeng X, et al (2015). As-sociation between maternal diabetes mellitus and the risk of congenital mal-formations: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Drug Discov Ther, 9(4):274–81.
21. Mitanchez D, Yzydorczyk C, Simeoni U (2015). What neonatal complications should the pediatrician be aware of in case of maternal gestational diabetes? World J Diabetes, 6(5):734–43.
22. WHO (2018). Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health [Internet]. WHO.
23. Taj T, Malmqvist E, Stroh E, et al (2017). Short-Term Associations between Air Pollution Concentrations and Respiratory Health-Comparing Primary Health Care Visits, Hospital Admissions, and Emer-gency Department Visits in a Multi-Municipality Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14(6): E587.
24. Brunekreef B, Beelen R, Hoek G, et al (2009). Effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Neth-erlands: the NLCS-AIR study. Res Rep Health Eff Inst, (139):5-71; discussion 73-89.
25. Meo SA, Memon AN, Sheikh SA, et al (2015). Effect of environmental air pollu-tion on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 19(1):123–8.
26. Brook RD, Cakmak S, Turner MC, et al (2013). Long-Term Fine Particulate Mat-ter Exposure and Mortality from Diabe-tes in Canada. Diabetes Care, 36(10):3313–20.
27. Li C, Fang D, Xu D, et al (2014). Mecha-nisms in endocrinology: main air pollu-tants and diabetes-associated mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol, 171(5):R183–90.
28. SOHN D, OH H (2017). Gender-dependent Differences in the Relation-ship between Diabetes Mellitus and Am-bient Air Pollution among Adults in South Korean Cities. Iran J Public Health, 46(3):293–300.
29. Coogan PF, White LF, Jerrett M, et al (2012). Air pollution and incidence of hyperten-sion and diabetes mellitus in black wom-en living in Los Angeles. Circulation, 125(6):767–72.
30. Brook RD, Jerrett M, Brook JR, et al (2008). The relationship between diabetes melli-tus and traffic-related air pollution. J Occup Environ Med, 50(1):32–8.
31. Choi Y-H, Kim JH, Hong Y-C (2015). Sex-dependent and body weight-dependent associations between environmental PAHs exposure and insulin resistance: Korean urban elderly panel. J Epidemiol Community Health, 69(7):625–31.
32. Rao X, Patel P, Puett R, et al (2015). Air Pol-lution as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabe-tes. Toxicol Sci, 143(2):231–41.
33. Kodavanti UP (2015). Air Pollution and In-sulin Resistance: Do All Roads Lead to Rome? Diabetes, 64(3):712–4.
34. Farah H, Nawaz M, Sabra R (2016). Expo-sure to air pollution and risk of gestation-al diabetes mellitus (GDM). http://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/35550
35. Manchikanti L, Datta S, Smith HS, et al (2009). Evidence-based medicine, sys-tematic reviews, and guidelines in inter-ventional pain management: part 6. Sys-tematic reviews and meta-analyses of ob-servational studies. Pain Physician, 12(5):819–50.
36. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute [Inter-net]. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
37. Schwarzer G. meta: General Package for Meta-Analysis [Internet]. 2017. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/meta/index.html
38. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Re-views of Interventions [Internet]. http://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/
39. Siddika N, Balogun HA, Amegah AK (2016). Prenatal ambient air pollution ex-posure and the risk of stillbirth: systemat-ic review and meta-analysis of the empiri-cal evidence. Occup Environ Med, 73(9):573–81.
40. Shah AS, Langrish JP, Nair H, et al (2013). Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and me-ta-analysis. Lancet, 382(9897):1039–48.
41. Leucht S, Kissling W, Davis JM (2009). How to read and understand and use system-atic reviews and meta-analyses. Acta Psy-chiatr Scand, 119(6):443–50.
42. Pan S-C, Huang C-C, Lin S-J, et al (2017). Gestational diabetes mellitus was related to ambient air pollutant nitric oxide dur-ing early gestation. Environ Res, 158:318–23.
43. Pedersen M, Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI, et al (2017). Gestational diabetes mellitus and exposure to ambient air pollution and road traffic noise: A cohort study. Environ Int, 108:253–60.
44. Fleisch AF, Gold DR, Rifas-Shiman SL, et al (2014). Air Pollution Exposure and Ab-normal Glucose Tolerance during Preg-nancy: The Project Viva Cohort. Environ Health Perspect,122(4):378–83.
45. Hu H, Ha S, Henderson BH, et al (2015). Association of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Ozone with Gestational Dia-betes Mellitus. Environ Health Perspect, 123(9):853-9.
46. Malmqvist E, Jakobsson K, Tinnerberg H, et al (2013). Gestational Diabetes and Preeclampsia in Association with Air Pol-lution at Levels below Current Air Quality Guidelines. Environ Health Perspect, 121(4):488–93.
47. Robledo CA, Mendola P, Yeung E, et al (2015). Preconception and early pregnan-cy air pollution exposures and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ Res, 137:316–22.
48. Fleisch AF, Kloog I, Luttmann-Gibson H, et al (2016). Air pollution exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus among preg-nant women in Massachusetts: a cohort study. Environ Health, 15:40.
49. Lin Y-T, Jung C-R, Lee YL, et al (2015). As-sociations between ozone and preterm birth in women who develop gestational diabetes. Am J Epidemiol, 181(4):280–7.
50. Rajagopalan S, Brook RD (2012). Air Pollu-tion and Type 2 Diabetes: Mechanistic Insights. Diabetes, 61(12):3037–45.
51. Ruzzin J, Petersen R, Meugnier E, et al (2010). Persistent Organic Pollutant Ex-posure Leads to Insulin Resistance Syn-drome. Environ Health Perspect, 118(4):465–71.
52. Tillett T (2010). Chew on This: Persistent Organic Pollutants May Promote Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Environ Health Per-spect, 118(4):A173.
53. Ngwa EN, Kengne A-P, Tiedeu-Atogho B, et al (2015). Persistent organic pollutants as risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr, 7:41.
54. Jaacks LM, Staimez LR (2015). Association of persistent organic pollutants and non-persistent pesticides with diabetes and di-abetes-related health outcomes in Asia: A systematic review. Environ Int, 76:57-70.
55. Mostafalou S (2016). Persistent Organic Pol-lutants and Concern Over the Link with Insulin Resistance Related Metabolic Dis-eases. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 238:69-89.
56. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Villarreal-Calderon R, Valencia-Salazar G, et al (2008). Sys-temic Inflammation, Endothelial Dys-function, and Activation in Clinically Healthy Children Exposed to Air Pollu-tants. Inhal Toxicol, 20(5):499–506.
57. Achilleos S, Kioumourtzoglou M-A, et al (2017). Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A sys-tematic review and meta-regression analy-sis. Environ Int, 109:89–100.
58. Niemann B, Rohrbach S, et al (2017). Oxi-dative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk: Obesity, Diabetes, Smoking, and Pollu-tion: Part 3 of a 3-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70(2):230–51.
59. de Luca C, Olefsky JM (2008). Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. FEBS Lett, 582(1):97–105.
60. Fuentes L, Rőszer T, Ricote M (2010). In-flammatory Mediators and Insulin Re-sistance in Obesity: Role of Nuclear Re-ceptor Signaling in Macrophages. Media-tors Inflamm, 2010:219583.
61. Chen L, Chen R, Wang H, et al (2015). Mechanisms Linking Inflammation to Insulin Resistance. Int J Endocrinol, 2015: 508409.
62. Liu C, Ying Z, Harkema J, et al (2013). Epi-demiological and Experimental Links be-tween Air Pollution and Type 2 Diabetes. Toxicol Pathol, 41(2):361–73.
63. Laing S, Wang G, Briazova T, et al (2010). Airborne particulate matter selectively ac-tivates endoplasmic reticulum stress re-sponse in the lung and liver tissues. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 299(4):C736-749.
64. Velasco G (2010). Endoplasmic reticulum stressed by pollution. Focus on “Air-borne particulate matter selectively acti-vates endoplasmic reticulum stress re-sponse in the lung and liver tissues.” Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 299:C727-8.
65. Salvadó L, Palomer X, Barroso E, et al (2015). Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress in insulin resistance. Trends Endo-crinol Metab, 26(8):438-48.
66. Boden G (2009). Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Another Link Between Obesity and Insulin Resistance/Inflammation? Diabetes, 58(3):518-9.
67. Jeschke MG, Finnerty CC, Herndon DN, et al (2012). Severe injury is associated with insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and unfolded protein re-sponse. Ann Surg, 255(2):370-8.
68. Kim O-K, Jun W, Lee J (2015). Mechanism of ER Stress and Inflammation for He-patic Insulin Resistance in Obesity. Ann Nutr Metab, 67(4):218-27.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 48 No 1 (2019) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i1.778 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Gestational diabetes Air pollution Pregnancy Complications Prevention | ||
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How to Cite
1.
H. ELSHAHIDI M. Outdoor Air Pollution and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(1):9-19.
