Twenty-Six-Year Trend of Mortality Rate due to Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHDs) in Iran: 1990-2015
-
Shohreh Naderimagham
,
Kimiya Gohari
,
Ali Sheidaei
,
Hamidreza Jamshidi
,
Alireza Namazi Shabestari
,
Mitra Modirian
,
Nazila Rezaei
,
Farzad Kompani
,
Bahman Damerchilu
,
Hamidreza Bahrami-Taghanaki
,
Bagher Larijani
,
Farshad Farzadfar
Abstract
Background: Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHDs) are the main causes of deaths all over the world. Since there is no comprehensive study on IHDs mortality rate in Iran, the present study aimed to estimate age-standardized IHDs mortality rate by sex, age, geography, and time trends at both national and sub-national levels in Iran.
Methods: We used the Death Registration System (DRS) data from 1990 to 2015 collected by the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education across the country, Tehran, and Isfahan main cemetery, not included in the DRS. Utilized death distribution methods to overcome the incompleteness of data. Statistical models including Spatio-temporal and Gaussian-Process Regression models were used to extrapolate all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates.
Results: Age-standardized IHDs mortality rate in Iran almost doubled from 1990 to 2015. Forty-nine deaths per 100.000 population in 1990, which increased to 91.6 deaths per 100.000 in 2015). Male to female age-standardized mortality rate increased from 1.07 to 1.32 during the studied period. Aging was associated with an increase in age-standardized IHDs mortality rate in both sexes, all provinces, and all of the years. The range of age-standardized IHDs mortality rate for both sexes was from 58 to 136.2 deaths per 100,000 across provinces in 2015.
Conclusion: Due to the increase in age-standardized IHDs mortality rate in Iran, it seems necessary to design and implement appropriate public health interventions by health authorities to prevent and control this group of diseases.
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4. Naghavi M, Shahraz S, Sepanlou SG, et al (2014). Health transition in Iran toward chronic diseases based on re-sults of Global Burden of Disease 2010. Arch Iran Med, 17 (5): 321-35.
5. Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, et al (2010). Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low-and middle-income countries. Curr Probl Cardiol, 35 (2): 72-115.
6. Roth GA, Johnson C, Abajobir A, et al (2017). Global, Regional, and Nation-al Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70 (1): 1-25.
7. Shepard D, VanderZanden A, Moran A, et al (2015). Ischemic Heart Disease World-wide, 1990 to 2013: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 8 (4): 455-6.
8. Forouzanfar MH, Sepanlou SG, Shahraz S, et al (2014). Evaluating causes of death and morbidity in Iran, global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2010. Arch Iran Med, 17 (5): 304-20.
9. Khosravi A, Rao C, Naghavi M, et al (2008). Impact of misclassification on measures of cardiovascular disease mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran: a cross-sectional study. Bull World Health Organ, 86 (9): 688-96.
10. Farzadfar F, Delavari A, Malekzadeh M, et al (2014). NASBOD 2013: design, definitions, and metrics. Arch Iran Med, 17 (1): 7-15.
11. Mohammadi Y, Parsaeian M, Farzadfar F, et al (2014). Levels and trends of child and adult mortality rates in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1990-2013; protocol of the NASBOD study. Arch Iran Med, 17 (3): 176-81.
12. Kasaeian A, Eshraghian MR, Rahimi Foroushani A, et al (2014). Bayesian Au-toregressive Multilevel Modeling of Bur-den of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Fac-tors in Iran 1990 – 2013. Arch Iran Med, 17 (1): 22-7.
13. Parsaeian M, Farzadfar F, Zeraati H, et al (2014). Application of spatio-temporal model to estimate burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors in Iran 1990-2013. Arch Iran Med, 17 (1): 28-33.
14. Mehdipour P, Navidi I, Parsaeian M, et al (2014). Application of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) in estimat-ing under-five mortality levels and trends in Iran 1990 - 2013, study pro-tocol. Arch Iran Med, 17 (3): 189-92.
15. Sheidaei A, Gohari G, Kasaeian A, et al (2017). National and Subnational Patterns of Cause of Death in Iran 1990-2015: Applied Methods. Arch Iran Med, 20 (1): 2-11.
16. Wong ND (2014). Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evolution of preventive cardiology. Nat Rev Cardiol, 11 (5): 276-89.
17. Honaker J, King G, Blackwell M (2011). Amelia II: A program for missing data. Journal of Statistical Software, 45 (7): 1-47.
18. Wang H, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Lofgren KT, et al (2012). Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380 (9859): 2071-94.
19. Foreman KJ, Lozano R, Lopez AD, et al (2012). Modeling causes of death: an in-tegrated approach using CODEm. Popu-lation Health Metrics, 10 (1):1.
20. Aragon TJ, Fay MP, Wollschlaeger D, et al. (2017). Epidemiology tools [R package epitools version 0.5-9]. Available from: https://www.r-project.org
21. Roth GA, Nguyen G, Forouzanfar MH, et al (2015). Estimates of global and regional premature cardiovascular mortality in 2025. Circulation, 132 (13): 1270-82.
22. Finegold JA, Asaria P, Francis DP (2013). Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: statistics from World Health Organi-sation and United Nations. Int J Cardi-ol, 168 (2): 934-45.
23. Ahern RM, Lozano R, Naghavi M, et al (2011). Improving the public health utility of global cardiovascular mortal-ity data: the rise of ischemic heart dis-ease. Population Health Metrics, 9: 8.
24. Bajekal M, Scholes S, Love H, et al (2012). Analysing recent socioeco-nomic trends in coronary heart disease mortality in England, 2000-2007: a population modelling study. PLoS Med, 9 (6): e1001237.
25. Jiang G, Wang D, Li W, et al (2012). Coronary heart disease mortality in China: age, gender, and urban-rural gaps during epidemiological transition. Rev Panam Salud Publica, 31 (4): 317-24.
26. Michimi A (2010). Modeling coronary heart disease prevalence in regional and sociodemographic contexts. Health Place, 16 (1): 147-55.
27. Pednekar MS, Gupta R, Gupta PC (2011). Il-literacy, low educational status, and cardi-ovascular mortality in India. BMC public health, 11: 567.
28. Tardif JC (2010). Coronary artery disease in 2010. European heart journal supplements, 1 (12): 78-95.
29. Dinç G, Kaan Sözmen K, Gerçeklioğlu G, et al (2013). Decreasing trends in cardiovascular mortality in Turkey be-tween 1988 and 2008. BMC Public Health, 13: 896.
30. O'Flaherty M, Allender S, Taylor R, et al (2012). The decline in coronary heart disease mortality is slowing in young adults (Australia 1976–2006): a time trend analysis. Int J Cardiol, 158(2):193-8.
31. Maracy MR, Isfahani MT, Kelishadi R, et al (2015). Burden of ischemic heart diseases in Iran, 1990-2010: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2010. J Res Med Sci, 20 (11): 1077–83.
32. Roth GA, Forouzanfar MH, Moran AE, et al (2015). Demographic and epidemiolog-ic drivers of global cardiovascular mor-tality. N Engl J Med, 372 (14): 1333-41.
33. Lee SW, Kim HC, Lee HS, et al (2015). Thir-ty-Year Trends in Mortality from Cardio-vascular Diseases in Korea. Korean Circ J, 45 (3): 202–209.
34. Ahmadvand A, Farzadfar F, Jamshidi HR, et al (2015). Using drug sales data to evalu-ate the epidemiology of cardiometabolic risk factors and their inequality: an eco-logical study on atorvastatin and total cholesterol in Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 29: 260.
35. Cohen IK, Ferretti F, McIntosh B (2015). A simple framework for analysing the im-pact of economic growth on non-communicable diseases. Cogent Econ. Finance, 3 (1): e1045215.
36. Kulshreshtha A, Goyal A, Dabhadkar K, et al (2014). Urban-Rural Differences in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in the United States: 1999–2009. Public Health Rep, 129 (1): 19–29.
37. de Andrade L, Zanini V, Batilana AP, et al (2013). Regional disparities in mortality after ischemic heart disease in a Brazilian state from 2006 to 2010. PLoS One, 8 (3): e59363.
38. Kulhánová I, Menvielle G, Hoffmann R, et al (2017). The role of three lifestyle risk factors in reducing educational differences in ischaemic heart disease mortality in Europe. Eur J Public Health, 27 (2): 203–210.
39. Smilowitz NR, Maduro GA Jr, Lobach IV, et al (2016). Adverse Trends in Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality among Young New Yorkers, Particularly Young Black Women. PLoS One, 11 (2): e0149015.
40. Gunnell AS, Gunnell AS, Einarsdóttir K, et al (2013). Lifestyle factors, medication use and risk for ischaemic heart disease hos-pitalisation: a longitudinal population-based study. PloS one, 8 (10): e77833.
41. Sepanlou SG, Newson RB, Poustchi H, et al (2015). Cardiovascular disease mortality and years of life lost attributable to non-optimal systolic blood pressure and hy-pertension in northeastern Iran. Arch Iran Med, 18 (3): 144-52.
42. Omranikhoo H, Pourreza A, Ardebili HE, et al (2013). Avoidable mortality differences between rural and urban residents during 2004–2011: a case study in Iran. Int J Health Policy Manag, 1 (4): 287-93.
43. Shahraz S, Forouzanfar MH, Sepanlou SG, et al (2014). Population health and burden of disease profile of Iran among 20 countries in the region: from Afghanistan to Qatar and Lebanon. Arch Iran Med, 17 (5): 336-42.
44. Mozaffarian D (2017). Global Scourge of Cardiovascular Disease: Time for Health Care Systems Reform and Precision Population Health. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70 (1): 26-28.
45. Wang H, Liddell CA, Coates MM, et al (2014). Global, regional, and national lev-els of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mor-tality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Dis-ease Study 2013. Lancet, 384 (9947): 957-79.
2. World Health Organization (2014). Global status report on noncommunicable dis-eases 2014. World Health Organization, 54-55. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/148114
3. Mc Namara K, Alzubaidi H, Jackson JK (2019). Cardiovascular disease as a leading cause of death: how are phar-macists getting involved? Integr Pharm Res Pract, 8: 1–11.
4. Naghavi M, Shahraz S, Sepanlou SG, et al (2014). Health transition in Iran toward chronic diseases based on re-sults of Global Burden of Disease 2010. Arch Iran Med, 17 (5): 321-35.
5. Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, et al (2010). Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low-and middle-income countries. Curr Probl Cardiol, 35 (2): 72-115.
6. Roth GA, Johnson C, Abajobir A, et al (2017). Global, Regional, and Nation-al Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70 (1): 1-25.
7. Shepard D, VanderZanden A, Moran A, et al (2015). Ischemic Heart Disease World-wide, 1990 to 2013: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 8 (4): 455-6.
8. Forouzanfar MH, Sepanlou SG, Shahraz S, et al (2014). Evaluating causes of death and morbidity in Iran, global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2010. Arch Iran Med, 17 (5): 304-20.
9. Khosravi A, Rao C, Naghavi M, et al (2008). Impact of misclassification on measures of cardiovascular disease mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran: a cross-sectional study. Bull World Health Organ, 86 (9): 688-96.
10. Farzadfar F, Delavari A, Malekzadeh M, et al (2014). NASBOD 2013: design, definitions, and metrics. Arch Iran Med, 17 (1): 7-15.
11. Mohammadi Y, Parsaeian M, Farzadfar F, et al (2014). Levels and trends of child and adult mortality rates in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1990-2013; protocol of the NASBOD study. Arch Iran Med, 17 (3): 176-81.
12. Kasaeian A, Eshraghian MR, Rahimi Foroushani A, et al (2014). Bayesian Au-toregressive Multilevel Modeling of Bur-den of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Fac-tors in Iran 1990 – 2013. Arch Iran Med, 17 (1): 22-7.
13. Parsaeian M, Farzadfar F, Zeraati H, et al (2014). Application of spatio-temporal model to estimate burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors in Iran 1990-2013. Arch Iran Med, 17 (1): 28-33.
14. Mehdipour P, Navidi I, Parsaeian M, et al (2014). Application of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) in estimat-ing under-five mortality levels and trends in Iran 1990 - 2013, study pro-tocol. Arch Iran Med, 17 (3): 189-92.
15. Sheidaei A, Gohari G, Kasaeian A, et al (2017). National and Subnational Patterns of Cause of Death in Iran 1990-2015: Applied Methods. Arch Iran Med, 20 (1): 2-11.
16. Wong ND (2014). Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evolution of preventive cardiology. Nat Rev Cardiol, 11 (5): 276-89.
17. Honaker J, King G, Blackwell M (2011). Amelia II: A program for missing data. Journal of Statistical Software, 45 (7): 1-47.
18. Wang H, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Lofgren KT, et al (2012). Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380 (9859): 2071-94.
19. Foreman KJ, Lozano R, Lopez AD, et al (2012). Modeling causes of death: an in-tegrated approach using CODEm. Popu-lation Health Metrics, 10 (1):1.
20. Aragon TJ, Fay MP, Wollschlaeger D, et al. (2017). Epidemiology tools [R package epitools version 0.5-9]. Available from: https://www.r-project.org
21. Roth GA, Nguyen G, Forouzanfar MH, et al (2015). Estimates of global and regional premature cardiovascular mortality in 2025. Circulation, 132 (13): 1270-82.
22. Finegold JA, Asaria P, Francis DP (2013). Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: statistics from World Health Organi-sation and United Nations. Int J Cardi-ol, 168 (2): 934-45.
23. Ahern RM, Lozano R, Naghavi M, et al (2011). Improving the public health utility of global cardiovascular mortal-ity data: the rise of ischemic heart dis-ease. Population Health Metrics, 9: 8.
24. Bajekal M, Scholes S, Love H, et al (2012). Analysing recent socioeco-nomic trends in coronary heart disease mortality in England, 2000-2007: a population modelling study. PLoS Med, 9 (6): e1001237.
25. Jiang G, Wang D, Li W, et al (2012). Coronary heart disease mortality in China: age, gender, and urban-rural gaps during epidemiological transition. Rev Panam Salud Publica, 31 (4): 317-24.
26. Michimi A (2010). Modeling coronary heart disease prevalence in regional and sociodemographic contexts. Health Place, 16 (1): 147-55.
27. Pednekar MS, Gupta R, Gupta PC (2011). Il-literacy, low educational status, and cardi-ovascular mortality in India. BMC public health, 11: 567.
28. Tardif JC (2010). Coronary artery disease in 2010. European heart journal supplements, 1 (12): 78-95.
29. Dinç G, Kaan Sözmen K, Gerçeklioğlu G, et al (2013). Decreasing trends in cardiovascular mortality in Turkey be-tween 1988 and 2008. BMC Public Health, 13: 896.
30. O'Flaherty M, Allender S, Taylor R, et al (2012). The decline in coronary heart disease mortality is slowing in young adults (Australia 1976–2006): a time trend analysis. Int J Cardiol, 158(2):193-8.
31. Maracy MR, Isfahani MT, Kelishadi R, et al (2015). Burden of ischemic heart diseases in Iran, 1990-2010: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2010. J Res Med Sci, 20 (11): 1077–83.
32. Roth GA, Forouzanfar MH, Moran AE, et al (2015). Demographic and epidemiolog-ic drivers of global cardiovascular mor-tality. N Engl J Med, 372 (14): 1333-41.
33. Lee SW, Kim HC, Lee HS, et al (2015). Thir-ty-Year Trends in Mortality from Cardio-vascular Diseases in Korea. Korean Circ J, 45 (3): 202–209.
34. Ahmadvand A, Farzadfar F, Jamshidi HR, et al (2015). Using drug sales data to evalu-ate the epidemiology of cardiometabolic risk factors and their inequality: an eco-logical study on atorvastatin and total cholesterol in Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 29: 260.
35. Cohen IK, Ferretti F, McIntosh B (2015). A simple framework for analysing the im-pact of economic growth on non-communicable diseases. Cogent Econ. Finance, 3 (1): e1045215.
36. Kulshreshtha A, Goyal A, Dabhadkar K, et al (2014). Urban-Rural Differences in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in the United States: 1999–2009. Public Health Rep, 129 (1): 19–29.
37. de Andrade L, Zanini V, Batilana AP, et al (2013). Regional disparities in mortality after ischemic heart disease in a Brazilian state from 2006 to 2010. PLoS One, 8 (3): e59363.
38. Kulhánová I, Menvielle G, Hoffmann R, et al (2017). The role of three lifestyle risk factors in reducing educational differences in ischaemic heart disease mortality in Europe. Eur J Public Health, 27 (2): 203–210.
39. Smilowitz NR, Maduro GA Jr, Lobach IV, et al (2016). Adverse Trends in Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality among Young New Yorkers, Particularly Young Black Women. PLoS One, 11 (2): e0149015.
40. Gunnell AS, Gunnell AS, Einarsdóttir K, et al (2013). Lifestyle factors, medication use and risk for ischaemic heart disease hos-pitalisation: a longitudinal population-based study. PloS one, 8 (10): e77833.
41. Sepanlou SG, Newson RB, Poustchi H, et al (2015). Cardiovascular disease mortality and years of life lost attributable to non-optimal systolic blood pressure and hy-pertension in northeastern Iran. Arch Iran Med, 18 (3): 144-52.
42. Omranikhoo H, Pourreza A, Ardebili HE, et al (2013). Avoidable mortality differences between rural and urban residents during 2004–2011: a case study in Iran. Int J Health Policy Manag, 1 (4): 287-93.
43. Shahraz S, Forouzanfar MH, Sepanlou SG, et al (2014). Population health and burden of disease profile of Iran among 20 countries in the region: from Afghanistan to Qatar and Lebanon. Arch Iran Med, 17 (5): 336-42.
44. Mozaffarian D (2017). Global Scourge of Cardiovascular Disease: Time for Health Care Systems Reform and Precision Population Health. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70 (1): 26-28.
45. Wang H, Liddell CA, Coates MM, et al (2014). Global, regional, and national lev-els of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mor-tality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Dis-ease Study 2013. Lancet, 384 (9947): 957-79.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 51 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i2.8695 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Ischemic heart disease Myocardial ischemia Burden Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Naderimagham S, Gohari K, Sheidaei A, Jamshidi H, Namazi Shabestari A, Modirian M, Rezaei N, Kompani F, Damerchilu B, Bahrami-Taghanaki H, Larijani B, Farzadfar F. Twenty-Six-Year Trend of Mortality Rate due to Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHDs) in Iran: 1990-2015. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(2):416-425.
