Methods for Prevention of Sexual Abuse among Adolescents: A Systematic Review
-
Tahereh MOKHTARIAN GILANI
,
Masoumeh SIMBAR
,
Nourossadat KARIMAN
,
Tayebeh MOKHTARIAN GILANI
,
Shahin BAZZAZIAN
,
Malihe GHIASVAND
,
Maryam HAJIESMAELLO
,
Samiyeh KAZEMI
Abstract
Background: One of the serious health concerns is rape to adolescents. It is caused by unwanted behaviors through threats, force and physical pressure. The purpose of this study was to review rape in adolescents and methods for its prevention.
Methods: This systematic review study was conducted from 2000 to 2017 in the databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. The CONSORT was used to assess interventional studies. The evaluation of observational studies was performed using the STROBE tool by two researchers independently. Inclusion criteria were studies published from 2000 to 2017, in English languages, and on the samples of 10-20 yr old. Overall, 202 articles published from 2000 to 2017 in English languages were retrieved. Of them, 154 articles were excluded due to lack of inclusion criteria and 38 articles were deleted due to lack of quality And non-relevance. Finally, 10 articles were selected.
Results: In the review of interventional studies, the prevalence of sexual harassment and sexual assault by the means of adolescents’ empowerment and education of self-defense techniques was significantly lower in the intervention group than the control group. In other non-interventional studies, there was a statistically significant relationship between the high level of knowledge and attitude of adolescents and the reduction of risk factors and sexual assault.
Conclusion: Promotion of awareness and attitudes through evidence-based interventions can prevent sexual abuse in adolescents. Appropriate education programs in schools and adolescent centers to adolescent students and their caregivers can promote healthy relationships and prevent sexual harassment.
1. Walker MD, Hernandez AM, Davey M (2012). Childhood sexual abuse and adult sexual identity formation: Intersection of gender, race, and sexual orientation. Am J Fam Ther, 40 (5):385–98.
2. Finkelhor D (1994). Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. Future Child, 4 (2):31-53.
3. Pereda Beltran N, Guilera Ferré G, Forns M, Gómez Benito J (2009). The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse: a continuation of Finkelhor. Child Abuse Negl, 33 (6):331-42.
4. Abolhasan TH, Ghasemi Z, Asadollahi S (2013). Sexual taboo and its affection fac-tors (a case study of the youth in Tehran). Sociological Studies of Youth. 3 (8):9-22.
5. Nikmanesh Z, Khosravi Z, Kazemi Y (2008). The role of family structure and function in adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology, 5 (8):89–111.
6. Lalor K (2004). Child sexual abuse in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review. Child Abuse Negl, 28 (4):439–60.
7. Fonck K, Els L, Kidula N, Ndinya-Achola J (2005). Temmerman M. Increased risk of HIV in women experiencing physical partner violence in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS Behav, 9 (3):335–9.
8. Brown DS, Fang X, Florence CS (2011). Medical Costs Attributable to Child Mal-treatment: A Systematic Review of Short- and Long-Term Effects. Am J Prev Med, 41 (6):627–35.
9. Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Davis GC (1999). Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: Results from the detroit area survey of trauma. Am J Psychiatry, 156 (6):902–7.
10. World Health Organization (2011). Chapter 6: Sexual Violence. World Rep Violence Heal, 26 (5):608–30
11. Kral AH, Molnar BE, Booth RE, Watters JK (1997). Prevalence of sexual risk behav-iour and substance use among runaway and homeless adolescents in San Francis-co, Denver and New York City. Int J STD AIDS, 8 (2):109–17.
12. Casey EA, Masters NT, Wells EA, Morrison DM (2016). A Latent Class Analysis of Heterosexual Young Men’s Masculinities. Social Work & Criminal Justice Publications, 45 (437):1039–50.
13. Moore KA, Nord CW, Peterson JL (1989). Nonvoluntary sexual activity among ado-lescents. Fam Plann Perspect, 21 (3):110–4.
14. Finkel MA, Sapp M V (2011). Adolescent sexual assault and statutory rape. Child Abuse Negl, 127–33.
15. Wilson H, Widom C (2011). Does physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect in child-hood increase the likelihood of same-sex sexual relationships and cohabitation? A prospective 30-year follow-up. Arch Sex Behav, 39 (1):63-74.
16. Testa M, Livingston JA, Collins RL (2000). The role of women’s alcohol consump-tion in evaluation of vulnerability to sexu-al aggression. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 8 (2):185–91.
17. Finkelhor D, Vanderminden J, Turner H et al (2014). Youth exposure to violence prevention programs in a national sam-ple. Child Abuse Negl, 38 (4):677–86.
18. Zwi KJ, Woolfenden SR, Wheeler DM et al (2007). School-based education pro-grammes for the prevention of child sex-ual abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (3):CD004380.
19. Davis MK, Gidycz CA (2000). Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Child Psychol, 29 (2):257–65.
20. Topping KJ, Barron IG (2009). School-based child sexual abuse prevention pro-grams: A review of effectiveness. Rev Educ Res, 79 (1):431–63.
21. Nation M, Crusto C, Wandersman A et al (2003). What Works in Prevention: Prin-ciples of Effective Prevention Programs. Am Psychol, 58 (6–7):449–56.
22. DeGue S, Valle LA, Holt MK et al (2014). A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Aggress Violent Behav, 19 (4): 346-362.
23. Vladutiu CJ, Martin SL, Macy RJ (2011). College-or university-based sexual assault prevention programs: A review of pro-gram outcomes, characteristics, and rec-ommendations. Trauma Violence Abuse, 12 (2):67–86.
24. DeGue S, Simon TR, Basile KC et al (2012). Moving Forward by Looking Back: Re-flecting on a Decade of CDC’s Work in Sexual Violence Prevention, 2000–2010. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 21 (12):1211–8.
25. Paul LA, Gray MJ (2011). Sexual assault programming on college campuses: Us-ing social psychological belief and behav-ior change principles to improve out-comes. Trauma Violence Abuse, 12 (2):99–109.
26. Holtzman M, Menning C (2015). A New Model for Sexual Assault Protection: Cre-ation and Initial Testing of Elemental. J Appl Soc Psychol, 9 (2):139–55.
27. Orchowski LM, Gidycz CA, Raffle H (2008). Evaluation of a sexual assault risk reduction and self-defense program: A prospective analysis of a revised protocol. Psychol Women Q, 32 (2):204–18.
28. Espelage DL, Low S, Polanin JR, Brown EC (2013). The impact of a middle school program to reduce aggression, victimization, and sexual violence. J Ado-lesc Health, 53 (2):180–6.
29. Hollander JA (2014). Does Self-Defense Training Prevent Sexual Violence Against Women? Violence against Women, 20 (3):252–69.
30. Cummings N (1992). Self-Defense Training for College Women. J Am Coll Health, 40 (4):183–8.
31. Brecklin LR, Ullman SE (2005). ‘Self-defense or assertiveness training and women’s re-sponses to sexual attacks’. J Interpers Vio-lence, 20 (6):738-62.
32. Palusci VJ, Covington TM (2014). Child maltreatment deaths in the US national child death review case reporting system. Child Abuse Negl, 38 (1):25–36.
33. Fortson BL, Klevens J, Merrick MT et al (2016). Preventing child abuse and ne-glect: A technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Atlan-ta, GA: National Center for Injury Pre-vention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
34. Gubhaju BB (2002). Adolescent reproduc-tive health in Asia. Asia Pacif Popul J, 17 (4):97–119.
35. Baiocchi M, Omondi B, Langat N et al (2017). A Behavior-Based Intervention That Prevents Sexual Assault: the Results of a Matched-Pairs, Cluster-Randomized Study in Nairobi, Kenya. Prev Sci, 18 (7):818–27.
36. East PL, Hokoda A (2015). Risk and Protec-tive Factors for Sexual and Dating Vio-lence Victimization: A Longitudinal, Pro-spective Study of Latino and African American Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc, 44 (6):1288–300.
37. Baker CK, Naai R, Mitchell J, Trecker C (2014). Utilizing a train-the-trainer model for sexual violence prevention: Findings from a pilot study with high school stu-dents of Asian and Pacific Islander de-scent in Hawai‘i. Asian Am J Psychol, 5 (2):106–15.
38. Sarnquist C, Omondi B, Sinclair J et al (2014). Rape Prevention through Em-powerment of Adolescent Girls. Pediatrics, 133 (5):e1226–32.
39. Barron IG, Topping KJ (2013). Exploratory Evaluation of a School-Based Child Sex-ual Abuse Prevention Program. J Child Sex Abus, 22 (8):931–48.
40. Taylor BG, Stein ND, Mumford EA, et al (2013), Mumford EA, Woods D. Shifting Boundaries: An Experimental Evaluation of a Dating Violence Prevention Program in Middle Schools. Prev Sci. 14 (1):64–76.
41. Foshee VA, Bauman KE, Ennett ST et al (2004). Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent da-ting violence victimization and perpetra-tion. Am J Public Health, 94 (4):619–24.
42. Ahmadi K, Khodadadi Sangdeh J, Aminimanesh S et al (2013). The role of parental monitoring and affiliation with deviant peers in adolescents’ sexual risk taking: toward an interactional model. Int J High Risk Behav Addict, 2 (1):22–7.
43. Breiding MJ, Reza A, Gulaid J et al (2011). Risk factors associated with sexual vio-lence towards girls in Swaziland. Bull World Health Organ, 89 (3):203–10.
44. Daigneault I, Hébert M, McDuff P (2009). Men’s and women’s childhood sexual abuse and victimization in adult partner relationships: A study of risk factors. Child Abuse Negl, 33 (9):638–47.
45. Garcia CM, Lechner KE, Frerich EA et al (2012). Preventing sexual violence instead of just responding to it: Students’ percep-tions of sexual violence resources on campus. J Forensic Nurs, 8 (2):61–71.
46. Menning C, Holtzman M (2015). Combin-ing Primary Prevention and Risk Reduc-tion Approaches in Sexual Assault Pro-tection Programming. J Am Coll Health, 63 (8):513–22.
47. van den Ameele S, Keygnaert I, Rachidi A et al (2013). The role of the healthcare sec-tor in the prevention of sexual violence against sub- Saharan transmigrants in Morocco: a study of knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers. BMC Health Serv Res, 13:77.
48. McGuigan WM, Katzev AR, Pratt CC (2003). Multi-level determinants of reten-tion in a home-visiting child abuse pre-vention program. Child Abuse Negl, 27 (4):363–80.
49. Taherkhani S, Negarandeh R, Simbar M, Ahmadi F (2016). Iranian Women’s Strat-egies for Coping with Domestic Vio-lence. Nurs Midwifery Stud, (4):e33124.
50. Khalesi ZB, Simbar M, Azin SA (2017). A qualitative study of sexual health educa-tion among Iranian engaged couples. Afr Health Sci, 17 (2):382–90.
2. Finkelhor D (1994). Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. Future Child, 4 (2):31-53.
3. Pereda Beltran N, Guilera Ferré G, Forns M, Gómez Benito J (2009). The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse: a continuation of Finkelhor. Child Abuse Negl, 33 (6):331-42.
4. Abolhasan TH, Ghasemi Z, Asadollahi S (2013). Sexual taboo and its affection fac-tors (a case study of the youth in Tehran). Sociological Studies of Youth. 3 (8):9-22.
5. Nikmanesh Z, Khosravi Z, Kazemi Y (2008). The role of family structure and function in adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology, 5 (8):89–111.
6. Lalor K (2004). Child sexual abuse in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review. Child Abuse Negl, 28 (4):439–60.
7. Fonck K, Els L, Kidula N, Ndinya-Achola J (2005). Temmerman M. Increased risk of HIV in women experiencing physical partner violence in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS Behav, 9 (3):335–9.
8. Brown DS, Fang X, Florence CS (2011). Medical Costs Attributable to Child Mal-treatment: A Systematic Review of Short- and Long-Term Effects. Am J Prev Med, 41 (6):627–35.
9. Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Davis GC (1999). Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: Results from the detroit area survey of trauma. Am J Psychiatry, 156 (6):902–7.
10. World Health Organization (2011). Chapter 6: Sexual Violence. World Rep Violence Heal, 26 (5):608–30
11. Kral AH, Molnar BE, Booth RE, Watters JK (1997). Prevalence of sexual risk behav-iour and substance use among runaway and homeless adolescents in San Francis-co, Denver and New York City. Int J STD AIDS, 8 (2):109–17.
12. Casey EA, Masters NT, Wells EA, Morrison DM (2016). A Latent Class Analysis of Heterosexual Young Men’s Masculinities. Social Work & Criminal Justice Publications, 45 (437):1039–50.
13. Moore KA, Nord CW, Peterson JL (1989). Nonvoluntary sexual activity among ado-lescents. Fam Plann Perspect, 21 (3):110–4.
14. Finkel MA, Sapp M V (2011). Adolescent sexual assault and statutory rape. Child Abuse Negl, 127–33.
15. Wilson H, Widom C (2011). Does physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect in child-hood increase the likelihood of same-sex sexual relationships and cohabitation? A prospective 30-year follow-up. Arch Sex Behav, 39 (1):63-74.
16. Testa M, Livingston JA, Collins RL (2000). The role of women’s alcohol consump-tion in evaluation of vulnerability to sexu-al aggression. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 8 (2):185–91.
17. Finkelhor D, Vanderminden J, Turner H et al (2014). Youth exposure to violence prevention programs in a national sam-ple. Child Abuse Negl, 38 (4):677–86.
18. Zwi KJ, Woolfenden SR, Wheeler DM et al (2007). School-based education pro-grammes for the prevention of child sex-ual abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (3):CD004380.
19. Davis MK, Gidycz CA (2000). Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Child Psychol, 29 (2):257–65.
20. Topping KJ, Barron IG (2009). School-based child sexual abuse prevention pro-grams: A review of effectiveness. Rev Educ Res, 79 (1):431–63.
21. Nation M, Crusto C, Wandersman A et al (2003). What Works in Prevention: Prin-ciples of Effective Prevention Programs. Am Psychol, 58 (6–7):449–56.
22. DeGue S, Valle LA, Holt MK et al (2014). A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Aggress Violent Behav, 19 (4): 346-362.
23. Vladutiu CJ, Martin SL, Macy RJ (2011). College-or university-based sexual assault prevention programs: A review of pro-gram outcomes, characteristics, and rec-ommendations. Trauma Violence Abuse, 12 (2):67–86.
24. DeGue S, Simon TR, Basile KC et al (2012). Moving Forward by Looking Back: Re-flecting on a Decade of CDC’s Work in Sexual Violence Prevention, 2000–2010. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 21 (12):1211–8.
25. Paul LA, Gray MJ (2011). Sexual assault programming on college campuses: Us-ing social psychological belief and behav-ior change principles to improve out-comes. Trauma Violence Abuse, 12 (2):99–109.
26. Holtzman M, Menning C (2015). A New Model for Sexual Assault Protection: Cre-ation and Initial Testing of Elemental. J Appl Soc Psychol, 9 (2):139–55.
27. Orchowski LM, Gidycz CA, Raffle H (2008). Evaluation of a sexual assault risk reduction and self-defense program: A prospective analysis of a revised protocol. Psychol Women Q, 32 (2):204–18.
28. Espelage DL, Low S, Polanin JR, Brown EC (2013). The impact of a middle school program to reduce aggression, victimization, and sexual violence. J Ado-lesc Health, 53 (2):180–6.
29. Hollander JA (2014). Does Self-Defense Training Prevent Sexual Violence Against Women? Violence against Women, 20 (3):252–69.
30. Cummings N (1992). Self-Defense Training for College Women. J Am Coll Health, 40 (4):183–8.
31. Brecklin LR, Ullman SE (2005). ‘Self-defense or assertiveness training and women’s re-sponses to sexual attacks’. J Interpers Vio-lence, 20 (6):738-62.
32. Palusci VJ, Covington TM (2014). Child maltreatment deaths in the US national child death review case reporting system. Child Abuse Negl, 38 (1):25–36.
33. Fortson BL, Klevens J, Merrick MT et al (2016). Preventing child abuse and ne-glect: A technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Atlan-ta, GA: National Center for Injury Pre-vention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
34. Gubhaju BB (2002). Adolescent reproduc-tive health in Asia. Asia Pacif Popul J, 17 (4):97–119.
35. Baiocchi M, Omondi B, Langat N et al (2017). A Behavior-Based Intervention That Prevents Sexual Assault: the Results of a Matched-Pairs, Cluster-Randomized Study in Nairobi, Kenya. Prev Sci, 18 (7):818–27.
36. East PL, Hokoda A (2015). Risk and Protec-tive Factors for Sexual and Dating Vio-lence Victimization: A Longitudinal, Pro-spective Study of Latino and African American Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc, 44 (6):1288–300.
37. Baker CK, Naai R, Mitchell J, Trecker C (2014). Utilizing a train-the-trainer model for sexual violence prevention: Findings from a pilot study with high school stu-dents of Asian and Pacific Islander de-scent in Hawai‘i. Asian Am J Psychol, 5 (2):106–15.
38. Sarnquist C, Omondi B, Sinclair J et al (2014). Rape Prevention through Em-powerment of Adolescent Girls. Pediatrics, 133 (5):e1226–32.
39. Barron IG, Topping KJ (2013). Exploratory Evaluation of a School-Based Child Sex-ual Abuse Prevention Program. J Child Sex Abus, 22 (8):931–48.
40. Taylor BG, Stein ND, Mumford EA, et al (2013), Mumford EA, Woods D. Shifting Boundaries: An Experimental Evaluation of a Dating Violence Prevention Program in Middle Schools. Prev Sci. 14 (1):64–76.
41. Foshee VA, Bauman KE, Ennett ST et al (2004). Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent da-ting violence victimization and perpetra-tion. Am J Public Health, 94 (4):619–24.
42. Ahmadi K, Khodadadi Sangdeh J, Aminimanesh S et al (2013). The role of parental monitoring and affiliation with deviant peers in adolescents’ sexual risk taking: toward an interactional model. Int J High Risk Behav Addict, 2 (1):22–7.
43. Breiding MJ, Reza A, Gulaid J et al (2011). Risk factors associated with sexual vio-lence towards girls in Swaziland. Bull World Health Organ, 89 (3):203–10.
44. Daigneault I, Hébert M, McDuff P (2009). Men’s and women’s childhood sexual abuse and victimization in adult partner relationships: A study of risk factors. Child Abuse Negl, 33 (9):638–47.
45. Garcia CM, Lechner KE, Frerich EA et al (2012). Preventing sexual violence instead of just responding to it: Students’ percep-tions of sexual violence resources on campus. J Forensic Nurs, 8 (2):61–71.
46. Menning C, Holtzman M (2015). Combin-ing Primary Prevention and Risk Reduc-tion Approaches in Sexual Assault Pro-tection Programming. J Am Coll Health, 63 (8):513–22.
47. van den Ameele S, Keygnaert I, Rachidi A et al (2013). The role of the healthcare sec-tor in the prevention of sexual violence against sub- Saharan transmigrants in Morocco: a study of knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers. BMC Health Serv Res, 13:77.
48. McGuigan WM, Katzev AR, Pratt CC (2003). Multi-level determinants of reten-tion in a home-visiting child abuse pre-vention program. Child Abuse Negl, 27 (4):363–80.
49. Taherkhani S, Negarandeh R, Simbar M, Ahmadi F (2016). Iranian Women’s Strat-egies for Coping with Domestic Vio-lence. Nurs Midwifery Stud, (4):e33124.
50. Khalesi ZB, Simbar M, Azin SA (2017). A qualitative study of sexual health educa-tion among Iranian engaged couples. Afr Health Sci, 17 (2):382–90.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 49 No 6 (2020) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i6.3357 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Rape; Child; Sexual abuse; Adolescent | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
MOKHTARIAN GILANI T, SIMBAR M, KARIMAN N, MOKHTARIAN GILANI T, BAZZAZIAN S, GHIASVAND M, HAJIESMAELLO M, KAZEMI S. Methods for Prevention of Sexual Abuse among Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(6):1060-1068.
