Prevalence and Risk Factors of Pediculosis in Primary School Children in South West of Iran
-
Jalil NEJATI
,
Amir KEYHANI
,
Amir TAVAKOLI KARESHK
,
Hossein MAHMOUDVAND
,
Abedin SAGHAFIPOUR
,
Maryam KHORAMINASAB
,
Razieh TAVAKOLI OLIAEE
,
Seyed Mohammad MOUSAVI
Abstract
Background: Pediculosis or louse infestation is a public health problem in many developing countries where the WHO`s primary health-care program is inefficient and haphazard. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Pediculus capitis infestation and its related risk factors in the primary school children in Andimeshk, Dezful and Shoosh counties; Khuzestan Province, Iran.
Methods: Overall, 28410 students in the age range of 7-11 years old in primary schools of North of Khuzestan Province, southern Iran were examined individually and privately under the flash light for all life cycle stages of lice or their nits in 2016. A questionnaire was filled for each school child before hair examination; then examination was carried out to detect head lice as well as eggs/nits.
Results: Overall, 2995 students (10.5%) were infested with pediculosis. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of pediculosis among the boys and girls students. The prevalence of infestation was also significantly (P<0.05) higher in students of living in nomad tribes (23.8%) in comparison of rural (12.4%) and urban areas (6.5%).
Conclusion: Several risk factors significantly (P<0.05) related to pediculosis included gender of female, nomad habitat, parents education, father's occupation, having health staff, history of infestation and number of combing per day. Increasing awareness and training of teachers and relatives, as well as for improving standards of personal health, can significantly reduce the prevalence of pediculosis.
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18. Canyon D, Speare R, Muller R (2002). Spatial and kinetic factors for the transfer of head lice (pediculus capitis) between hairs. J Invest Dermatol, 119 (3): 629-31.
19. Schenone H, Wieedmaier G, Contreas L (1994). [Treatment of pediculosis capitis in children with permethrin 1% shampoo or lotion]. Bol Chil Parasitol, 49 (3-4): 49-52.
20. Saghafipour A, Nejati J, Zahraei-Ramazani A et al (2017). Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Head Louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) in Central Iran. Int J Pediatr, 5 (7): 5245-54.
21. Yazar S, Şahin I (2005). Treatment of pediculosis capitis of children with 1% permethrin shampoo in Turkey. Ethiop Med J, 43 (4): 279-83.
22. Chunge RN (1986). A study of head lice among primary school children in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 80 (1): 42-46.
23. Bahamdan K, Mahfour AA, Tallab T et al (1996). Skin diseases among adolescent boys in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Int J Dermatol, 35 (6): 405-7.
24. Mumcuoglu KY, Meinking TA, Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG (2006). Head louse in-festations: the “no nit” policy and its consequences. Int J Dermatol, 45 (8): 891–6.
25. Ilhan F, Budak S, Guruz AY (1997). The prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis among the student of a secondary and three elementary schools in Kariyaka Iz-mir, Turkey. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 27 (1): 157-61.
26. Al-Shawa RM (2006). Head louse infesta-tions in Gaza governorates. J Med Ento-mol, 43 (3): 505-7.
27. Amirkhani MA, Alavian SM, Maesoumi H et al (2011). A Nationwide Survey of Preva-lence of Pediculosis in Children and Adolescents in Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 13 (3): 167-70.
28. Motovali-Emami M, Aflatoonian MR, Fekri A, Yazdi M (2008). Epidemiological as-pects of Pediculosis capitis and treatment evaluation in primary school children in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci, 11 (2): 260-4.
29. Motovali-Emami M, Baz K, Bugdayci R et al (2003). The prevalence of Pediculosis capitis in school children in Mersin, Tur-key. Int J Dermatol, 42 (9): 694-8.
30. Counahan M, Andrews R, Buttner P et al (2004). Head lice prevalence in primary school in Victoria Australia. J Paediatr Child Health, 40 (11): 616-9.
31. Mozafar R, ZoualjalAali SH, Azari A et al (2008). The rate of Pediculus capitis in stu-dents participating in summer camps in different provinces of Iran. Payesh, 7 (3): 241.
32. Kamiabi F, Nakhaei FH (2005). Prevalence of Pediculosis capitis and determination of risk factors in primary school children in Kerman. East Mediterr Health J, 11 (5-6): 988-92.
33. Moradi A, Zahirnia A, Alipour A, Eskandari Z (2009). The Prevalence of Pediculosis capitis in Primary School Students in Ba-har, Hamadan Province, Iran. J Res Health Sci, 9 (1): 45-9.
34. Ihsan H, Semsettin K, Omer D, Zafer C, Mustafa K (2006). Prevalence of pedicu-losis and scabies in preschool nursery children of Afyon, Turkey. Korean J Parasi-tol, 44 (1): 95-8.
35. Wafa A.I. AL-Megrin (2015). Assessment of the Prevalence of Pediculosis capitis among Primary School Girls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Res J Environ Sci, 9 (4): 193-9.
36. AL-Shawa, R.M (2008). Pediculus capitis, infes-tation according to sex and social factors in Gaza Governorate. IUG Journal of Nat-ural Studies, 16 (1): 75-83.
37. Gulgun M, Balci E, Karaoglu A, Babacan O, Turker T (2013). Pediculosis capitis: prev-alence and its associated factors in prima-ry school children living in rural and ur-ban areas in Kayseri, Turkey. Cent Eur J Public Health, 21 (2): 104-8.
38. Willems S, Lapeere H, Haedens N et al (2005). The importance of socio- eco-nomic status and individual characteristics on the prevalence of head lice in school children. Eur J Dermatol, 15 (5): 387-92.
2. Rafinejad J, Nourollahi A, Javadian E et al (2006). Epidemiology of Head Louse In-festation and Related Factors in School Children in the County of Amlash, Gilan Province, 2003-2004. Iran J Epidemiol, 2 (3-4): 51-63.
3. Farzinnia B, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Raeiskarami SR, Jafari T (2004). Epidemiology of Pe-diculosis Capitis in Female Primary School Pupils Qom. Hormozgan Med J, 8 (2): 103-8.
4. Amirkhani MA, Aminaei T, Ardalan G et al (2009). Guideline to prevention and treatment of lice infestation. 1st ed. Seda Publishing Cen-ter, Iran, pp.: 23-24.
5. Moradiasl E, Habibzadeh Sh, Rafinejad J et al (2018). Risk Factors Associated with Head lice (Pediculosis) Infestation among Elementary School Students in Meshkin-shahr County, North West of Iran. Int J Pediatr, 6 (3): 7383-92.
6. Monsen KA, Keller LO (2002). A popula-tion based approach to pediculosis man-agement. Public Health Nurs, 19 (3): 201-8.
7. Koch T, Brown M, Selim P, Isam C (2001). Towards the eradication of head lice; lit-erature review and research agenda. J Clin Nurs, 10 (3): 364-71.
8. Manrique-Saide P, Pavía-Ruz N, Rodríguez-Buenfil JC et al (2011). Prevalence of pe-diculosis capitis in children from a rural school in Yucatan, Mexico. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 53 (6): 325-7.
9. AlBashtawy M, Hasna F (2012). Pediculosis capitis among primary-school children in Mafraq Governorate, Jordan Eastern Mediterranean. East Mediterr Health J, 18 (1): 43-8.
10. Goverea JM, Speare R, Durrheim DN (2003). The prevalence of pediculosis in rural South African schoolchildren: re-search in action. S Afr J Sci, 99 (1-2): 21-3.
11. Rassami W, Soonwera M (2012). Epidemi-ology of pediculosis capitis among schoolchildren in the eastern area of Bangkok, Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Bio-med, 2 (11): 901-4.
12. Etim SE, Ohioma ME, Okon OE, Akpan PA (2012). Pediculosis among primary school children in Calabar, Nigeria and implications for control. Sci Res Essays, 7 (47): 4071-5.
13. Down AM, Staford KA, Stewart GH, Coles GC (2000). Factors that may be influenc-ing the prevalence of head lice in British school chidren. Pediatr Dermatol, 17 (1): 72-4.
14. Motevalli-Haghi F, Golchin M, Yousefi M et al (2014). Prevalence of Pediculosis and Associated Risk Factors in the Girls pri-mary School in Azadshahr City, Golestan Province, 2012-2013. Iran J Health Sci, 2(2): 63-8.
15. Saghafipour A, Akbari A, Norouzi M et al (2012). The Epidemiology of Pediculosis Humanus Capitis Infestation and Effec-tive Factors in Elementary Schools of Qom Province Girls 2010, Qom, Iran. Qom Univ Med Sci J, 6 (3): 46-51.
16. Zaim M, Seyedi Rashti MA, Saebi ME (2004). A Guide to Medical Entomology. Uni-versity of Tehran Pub, Iran, pp: 52-68.
17. Jahandideh S, Eslamifar M, Barimani K, Motevalli-Haghi SF (2017). Epidemiologic study of Pediculosis and the effective fac-tors in the Sari Township kindergartens in 2014. J Entomol Zool Stud, 5 (3): 87-90.
18. Canyon D, Speare R, Muller R (2002). Spatial and kinetic factors for the transfer of head lice (pediculus capitis) between hairs. J Invest Dermatol, 119 (3): 629-31.
19. Schenone H, Wieedmaier G, Contreas L (1994). [Treatment of pediculosis capitis in children with permethrin 1% shampoo or lotion]. Bol Chil Parasitol, 49 (3-4): 49-52.
20. Saghafipour A, Nejati J, Zahraei-Ramazani A et al (2017). Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Head Louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) in Central Iran. Int J Pediatr, 5 (7): 5245-54.
21. Yazar S, Şahin I (2005). Treatment of pediculosis capitis of children with 1% permethrin shampoo in Turkey. Ethiop Med J, 43 (4): 279-83.
22. Chunge RN (1986). A study of head lice among primary school children in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 80 (1): 42-46.
23. Bahamdan K, Mahfour AA, Tallab T et al (1996). Skin diseases among adolescent boys in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Int J Dermatol, 35 (6): 405-7.
24. Mumcuoglu KY, Meinking TA, Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG (2006). Head louse in-festations: the “no nit” policy and its consequences. Int J Dermatol, 45 (8): 891–6.
25. Ilhan F, Budak S, Guruz AY (1997). The prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis among the student of a secondary and three elementary schools in Kariyaka Iz-mir, Turkey. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 27 (1): 157-61.
26. Al-Shawa RM (2006). Head louse infesta-tions in Gaza governorates. J Med Ento-mol, 43 (3): 505-7.
27. Amirkhani MA, Alavian SM, Maesoumi H et al (2011). A Nationwide Survey of Preva-lence of Pediculosis in Children and Adolescents in Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 13 (3): 167-70.
28. Motovali-Emami M, Aflatoonian MR, Fekri A, Yazdi M (2008). Epidemiological as-pects of Pediculosis capitis and treatment evaluation in primary school children in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci, 11 (2): 260-4.
29. Motovali-Emami M, Baz K, Bugdayci R et al (2003). The prevalence of Pediculosis capitis in school children in Mersin, Tur-key. Int J Dermatol, 42 (9): 694-8.
30. Counahan M, Andrews R, Buttner P et al (2004). Head lice prevalence in primary school in Victoria Australia. J Paediatr Child Health, 40 (11): 616-9.
31. Mozafar R, ZoualjalAali SH, Azari A et al (2008). The rate of Pediculus capitis in stu-dents participating in summer camps in different provinces of Iran. Payesh, 7 (3): 241.
32. Kamiabi F, Nakhaei FH (2005). Prevalence of Pediculosis capitis and determination of risk factors in primary school children in Kerman. East Mediterr Health J, 11 (5-6): 988-92.
33. Moradi A, Zahirnia A, Alipour A, Eskandari Z (2009). The Prevalence of Pediculosis capitis in Primary School Students in Ba-har, Hamadan Province, Iran. J Res Health Sci, 9 (1): 45-9.
34. Ihsan H, Semsettin K, Omer D, Zafer C, Mustafa K (2006). Prevalence of pedicu-losis and scabies in preschool nursery children of Afyon, Turkey. Korean J Parasi-tol, 44 (1): 95-8.
35. Wafa A.I. AL-Megrin (2015). Assessment of the Prevalence of Pediculosis capitis among Primary School Girls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Res J Environ Sci, 9 (4): 193-9.
36. AL-Shawa, R.M (2008). Pediculus capitis, infes-tation according to sex and social factors in Gaza Governorate. IUG Journal of Nat-ural Studies, 16 (1): 75-83.
37. Gulgun M, Balci E, Karaoglu A, Babacan O, Turker T (2013). Pediculosis capitis: prev-alence and its associated factors in prima-ry school children living in rural and ur-ban areas in Kayseri, Turkey. Cent Eur J Public Health, 21 (2): 104-8.
38. Willems S, Lapeere H, Haedens N et al (2005). The importance of socio- eco-nomic status and individual characteristics on the prevalence of head lice in school children. Eur J Dermatol, 15 (5): 387-92.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 47 No 12 (2018) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Pediculosis capitis Risk factors Children | ||
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How to Cite
1.
NEJATI J, KEYHANI A, TAVAKOLI KARESHK A, MAHMOUDVAND H, SAGHAFIPOUR A, KHORAMINASAB M, TAVAKOLI OLIAEE R, MOUSAVI SM. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Pediculosis in Primary School Children in South West of Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47(12):1923-1929.
