The Relationship between Cytokine Profile and Hypertension among the Mercury-Exposed Residents of Temirtau Region in Central Kazakhstan
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Abstract
Background: Mercury is a common environmental contaminant and it is also harmful to human health. Among reported toxicities, its harmful effect on hypertension is poorly documented. In Kazakhstan, Temirtau city has been reported to have a high level of mercury contamination from an acetaldehyde production factory. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between serum profile of cytokines and the development of hypertension among the exposed citizens.
Methods: We selected 81 individuals for study, out of them, 41 exposed ones suffered hypertension and 40 – unexposed healthy controls in villages Chkalovo, Samarkand, Gagarinskoye, Tegiszhol, Rostovka in 2016. Mercury content in urine was studied by inversion voltammetry. Cytokine levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were determined by ELISA.
Results: Mercury-exposed citizens, especially those with hypertension, had significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as compared to the unexposed population. The dependence of the mercury level in urine on IL-2 content was also detected. Therefore, chronic low doses of exposure to mercury were associated with an increase in serum levels of immune markers and with the increased risk of hypertension.
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16. Bautista LE, Stein JH, Morgan BJ et al (2009). Association of blood and hair mercury with blood pressure and vascular reactivity. WMJ, 108(5): 250-2.
17. Granger JP (2006). An emerging role for in-flammatory cytokines in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 290(3): H923-4.
18. Chae CU, Lee RT, Rifai N, Ridker PM (2001). Blood pressure and inflammation in apparently healthy men. Hypertension, 38(3): 399-403.
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21. Alexander BT, Cockrell KL, Massey MB et al (2002). Tumor necrosis factor–α–induced hypertension in pregnant rats re-sults in decreased renal neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression. Am J Hyper-tens, 15(2): 170-5.
22. Orshal JM, Khalil RA (2004). Reduced en-dothelial NO-cGMP–mediated vascular relaxation and hypertension in IL-6–infused pregnant rats. Hypertension, 43(2): 434-44.
23. LaMarca BB, Bennett WA, Alexander BT et al (2005). Hypertension Produced by Re-ductions in Uterine Perfusion in the Pregnant Rat: Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha. Hypertension, 46(4): 1022-5.
24. Lee DL, Sturgis LC, Labazi H et al (2006). Angiotensin II hypertension is attenuated in interleukin-6 knockout mice. Am J Phys-iol Heart Circ Physiol, 290(3): H935-40.
25. Viel EC, Lemarié CA, Benkirane K et al (2009). Immune regulation and vascular inflammation in genetic hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 298(3): H938-44.
26. Lip GY, Hall JE (2007). Comprehensive Hyper-tension. 1st ed. Mosby/Elsevier. 1228 p.
27. Gump BB, Gabrikova E, Bendinskas K et al (2014). Low-level mercury in children: Associations with sleep duration and cy-tokines TNF-α and IL-6. Environ Res, 134: 228-32.
28. Gardner RM, Nyland JF, Silva IA et al (2010). Mercury exposure, serum antinu-clear/antinucleolar antibodies, and serum cytokine levels in mining populations in Amazonian Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Environ Res, 110(4): 345-54.
2. Syversen T, Kaur P (2012). The toxicology of mercury and its compounds. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 26(4): 215-26.
3. Clarkson TW, Magos L, Myers GJ (2003). The toxicology of mercury—current ex-posures and clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med, 349(18): 1731-7.
4. Houston MC (2011). Role of mercury toxici-ty in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 13(8): 621-7.
5. Fernandes Azevedo B, Barros Furieri L, Peçanha FM et al (2012). Toxic effects of mercury on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. J Biomed Biotechnol, 2012: 949048.
6. Andreoli V, Sprovieri F (2017). Genetic as-pects of susceptibility to mercury toxicity: an overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14(1): 93.
7. Heaven S, Ilyushchenko MA, Kamberov IM et al (2000). Mercury in the River Nura and its floodplain, Central Kazakhstan: II. Floodplain soils and riverbank silt depos-its. Sci Total Environ, 260(1-3): 45-55.
8. Heaven S, Ilyushchenko MA, Tanton TW et al (2000). Mercury in the River Nura and its floodplain, Central Kazakhstan: I. Riv-er sediments and water. Sci Total Environ, 260(1-3): 35-44.
9. Hsiao HW, Ullrich SM, Tanton TW (2011). Burdens of mercury in residents of Temirtau, Kazakhstan: I: Hair mercury concentrations and factors of elevated hair mercury levels. Sci Total Environ, 409(11): 2272-80.
10. Abdullah R (2013). Implementation comple-tion and results report (IBRD-46930) on a loan in the amount of US$ 40.39 mil-lion to the government of Kazakhstan for the Nura River Clean-up Project. Sus-tainable Development Department, Ka-zakhstan, Country Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region. Document of The World Bank. Available from: https://goo.gl/5BYn84
11. Ing. Marek Šír (2015). Contaminated sites and their management. Case studies: Ka-zakhstan and Armenia. Available from: https://goo.gl/afqaz7
12. Fillion M, Mergler D, Passos CJ et al (2006). A preliminary study of mercury exposure and blood pressure in the Brazilian Ama-zon. Environ Health, 5(1): 29
13. Yorifuji T, Tsuda T, Kashima S et al (2010). Long-term exposure to methylmercury and its effects on hypertension in Mina-mata. Environ Res, 110(1): 40-6.
14. Salonen JT, Seppänen K, Lakka TA et al (2000). Mercury accumulation and accel-erated progression of carotid atheroscle-rosis: a population-based prospective 4-year follow-up study in men in eastern Finland. Atherosclerosis, 148(2): 265-73.
15. Valera B, Dewailly É, Poirier P (2009). Envi-ronmental mercury exposure and blood pressure among Nunavik Inuit adults. Hypertension, 54(5): 981-6.
16. Bautista LE, Stein JH, Morgan BJ et al (2009). Association of blood and hair mercury with blood pressure and vascular reactivity. WMJ, 108(5): 250-2.
17. Granger JP (2006). An emerging role for in-flammatory cytokines in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 290(3): H923-4.
18. Chae CU, Lee RT, Rifai N, Ridker PM (2001). Blood pressure and inflammation in apparently healthy men. Hypertension, 38(3): 399-403.
19. Bautista LE, Vera LM, Arenas IA, Gamarra G (2005). Independent association be-tween inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and TNF-α) and essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens, 19(2): 149-54.
20. Yu X, Yang Z, Yu M (2010). Correlation of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleu-kin 6 with hypertensive renal damage. Ren Fail, 32(4): 475-9.
21. Alexander BT, Cockrell KL, Massey MB et al (2002). Tumor necrosis factor–α–induced hypertension in pregnant rats re-sults in decreased renal neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression. Am J Hyper-tens, 15(2): 170-5.
22. Orshal JM, Khalil RA (2004). Reduced en-dothelial NO-cGMP–mediated vascular relaxation and hypertension in IL-6–infused pregnant rats. Hypertension, 43(2): 434-44.
23. LaMarca BB, Bennett WA, Alexander BT et al (2005). Hypertension Produced by Re-ductions in Uterine Perfusion in the Pregnant Rat: Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha. Hypertension, 46(4): 1022-5.
24. Lee DL, Sturgis LC, Labazi H et al (2006). Angiotensin II hypertension is attenuated in interleukin-6 knockout mice. Am J Phys-iol Heart Circ Physiol, 290(3): H935-40.
25. Viel EC, Lemarié CA, Benkirane K et al (2009). Immune regulation and vascular inflammation in genetic hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 298(3): H938-44.
26. Lip GY, Hall JE (2007). Comprehensive Hyper-tension. 1st ed. Mosby/Elsevier. 1228 p.
27. Gump BB, Gabrikova E, Bendinskas K et al (2014). Low-level mercury in children: Associations with sleep duration and cy-tokines TNF-α and IL-6. Environ Res, 134: 228-32.
28. Gardner RM, Nyland JF, Silva IA et al (2010). Mercury exposure, serum antinu-clear/antinucleolar antibodies, and serum cytokine levels in mining populations in Amazonian Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Environ Res, 110(4): 345-54.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 49 No 8 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i8.3894 | |
| PMCID | PMC7554387 | |
| PMID | 33083327 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Mercury Cytokines Hypertension Kazakhstan | ||
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How to Cite
1.
SHINETOVA L, AKPAROVA A, BEKEYEVA S. The Relationship between Cytokine Profile and Hypertension among the Mercury-Exposed Residents of Temirtau Region in Central Kazakhstan. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(8):1502-1509.
