Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Different Geographical Zones of Iran: An Observational Study during 1995–2014
-
Mohammad ZEINALI
,
Mehdi MOHEBALI
,
Mohammad Reza SHIRZADI
,
Bahman RAHIMI ESBOEI
,
Hossain ERFANI
,
Jamshid POURMOZAFARI
,
Mahboube GHANBARI
Abstract
Background: Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease in Iran. This study aimed to show the trend of the confirmed disease from 1995 to 2014 and to describe some of epidemiological aspects of the disease in Iran.
Methods: This retrospective study has been designed based on data collected from 8518 cases of CE among various geographical locations of Iran.
Results: The average annual number of human cases of CE was 274.8. Among 31 provinces of Iran, Razavi Khorasan from northeast part of Iran was the highest human CE infected province with the 1801 cases and Hormozgan Province in south part of the country showed the lowest the disease with the only one case of CE in 2009. Liver and lungs with the infection rate of 61% and 20%, respectively are the most infected organs, 53% of patients had one cyst in the bodies and the number of cysts in 8% of cases was more than 3 cysts. Altogether, 41% of CE cases were treated by surgery, 11% with chemotherapy and 48 % with mixed surgery and chemotherapy.
Conclusion: Human CE is a major health problem in Iran and it is necessary to establish basic control programs. It is crucial to setting up standard diagnostic methods for early diagnosis, effective treatment, plan educational schedule for different social levels and control the disease in both definitive and intermediate hosts.
Wilson JF, Rausch RL, McMahon BJ, Schantz PM (1992). Parasiticidal effect of chemotherapy in alveolar hydatid disease: review of experience with mebendazole and albendazole in Alaskan Eskimos. Clin Infect Dis, 15(2): 234-49.
Schantz PM, Van den Bossche H, Eckert J (1982). Chemotherapy for larval echino-coccosis in animals and humans: report of a workshop. Z Parasitenkd , 67(1): 5-26.
Ammann RW, Eckert J (1996). Ces-todes: Echinococcus. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 25(3):655-89.
Bresson-Hadni S, Vuitton DA, Bartholomot B et al (2000). A twenty-year history of al-veolar echinococcosis: analysis of a series of 117 patients from eastern France. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12(3):327-36.
Budke CM, Carabin H, Ndimubanzi PC et al (2013). A systematic review of the litera-ture on cystic echinococcosis frequency worldwide and its associated clinical man-ifestations. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 88(6): 1011–1027.
Nunnari G, Pinzone MR, Gruttadauria S et al (2012). Hepatic echinococcosis: clinical and therapeutic aspects. World J Gastroen-terol, 18(13):1448-58.
Kvascevicius R, Lapteva O, Awar AO et al (2016). Fatal Liver and Lung Alveolar Echinococcosis with Newly Developed Neurologic Symptoms due to the Brain Involvement. Surg J (N Y), 2(3):e83-e88.
Wassermann M, Aschenborn O, Aschen-born J et al (2014). A sylvatic lifecycle of Echinococcus equinus in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl, 4(1):97-103.
Encyclopedia of Parasitology, Mehlhorn H, 4th edition, Springer, Heidelberg, New York, (2015).
Zhang W, Zhang Z, Wu W et al (2015). Ep-idemiology and control of echinococ-cosis in central Asia, with particular refer-ence to the People's Republic of China. Acta Trop, 141:235-43.
Rokni MB (2009). Echinococ-cosis/hydatidosis in Iran. Iran J Parasitol, 4(2):1-16.
Cohen H, Paolillo E, Bonifacino R et al (1998). Human cystic echinococcosis in a Uruguayan community: a sonographic, serologic, and epidemiologic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 59(4): 620-7.
World Health Organization (2013). Sustaining the drive to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: second WHO report on neglected tropical diseases.
Torgerson PR, Devleesschauwer B, Praet N et al (2015). World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional dis-ease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: A data synthesis. PLoS Med, 12(12):e1001920.
Torgerson PR, Budke CM (2003). Echino-coccosis–an international public health challenge. Res Vet Sci, 74(3):191-202.
Possenti A, Manzano-Román R, Sánchez-Ovejero C et al (2016). Potential Risk Fac-tors Associated with Human Cystic Echinococcosis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 10(11):e0005114.
McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J, Bartley PB (2003). Echinococcosis. Lancet, 362(9392): 1295-304.
Budke CM, Deplazes P, Torgerson PR (2006). Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis. Emerg Infect Dis, 12(2):296-303.
Skírnisson K, Richter SH, Eydal M (2003). Prevalence of human parasites in Iceland: past and present status. Parasites of the Colder Climates Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 23(1): 34-44.
Chi P, Zhang W, Zhang Z et al (1990). Cyst-ic echinococcosis in the Xinjiang/Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. I. Demographic and epidemio-logic data. Trop Med Parasitol, 41(2):157-62.
Altintas N (2003). Past to present: echino-coccosis in Turkey. Acta trop, 85(2):105-12.
WHO/OIE manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and animals : Geographic dis-tribution and prevalence / edited by Eck-ert J, Schantz P, Gasser R, Torgerson P, Bessonov A, Movsessian S. 2001, 13(5): 100-142.
Al-Shaibani I, Saad FA, Al-Mahdi H (2015). Cystic echinococcosis in humans and an-imals at Dhamar and Taiz governorates, Yemen. Int J Current Microbiol Appl Sci, 4(1):596-609.
Beiromvand M, Akhlaghi L, Massom SHF et al (2011). Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in carnivores in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran using mito-chondrial DNA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5(11): e1379.
Latif AA, Tanveer A, Maqbool A et al (2010). Morphological and molecular characterisation of Echinococcus granu-losus in livestock and humans in Punjab, Pakistan. Vet Parasitol, 170(1-2):44-9.
WHO/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals : a public health problem of global concern / edited by Eckert, J, Gemmell, M. A, Meslin, François-Xavier, Pawlowski, Z. S. 2001,90-265.
Thompson RC, McManus DP (2002). To-wards a taxonomic revision of the genus Echinococcus. Trends Parasitol, 18(10):452-7.
Perdomo R, Alvarez C, Monti J et al (1997). Principles of the surgical approach in human liver cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop, 64(1-2):109-22.
Ali Fattahi Bafghi, Mahin Ghafourzadeh (2015). Pattern of Human Hydatic Cyst in the Province of Yazd, Iran (2006-2011). Int J Med Lab, 2(2):128- 33.
Pearson M, Le TH, Zhang L, Blair D, Dai THN, McManus D (2002). Molecular taxonomy and strain analysis in. Cestode Zoonoses: Echinococcosis and Cysticer-cosis—An Emergent and Global Problem, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 205-19.
Macpherson C, Spoerry A, Zeyhle E, Romig T, Gorfe M (1989). Pastoralists and hyda-tid disease: an ultrasound scanning preva-lence survey in East Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 83(2):243-7.
Craig PS, Rogan MT, Allan JC (1996). De-tection, screening and community epide-miology of taeniid cestode zoonoses: cystic echinococcosis, alveolar echinococ-cosis and neurocysticercosis. Adv Parasitol, 38:169-250.
Mihăilă DE, Potecă TD, Potecă A, Piţuru S (2015). Single-center epidemiological study on the incidence of hepatic hydatid cyst. Rom J Intern Med, 53(2):170-3.
Shapiro SZ, Bahr GM, Hira PR (1992). Analysis of host components in hydatid cyst fluid and immunoblot diagnosis of human Echinococcus granulosus infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 86(5):503-9.
Safioleas M, Misiakos E, Manti C (1997). Surgical treatment for splenic hydatidosis. World J Surg, 21(4):374-8.
Malik AA, ul Bari S, Younis M, Wani KA, Rather AA (2011). Primary splenic hyda-tidosis. Indian J Gastroenterol, 30(4):175-7.
Adas G, Karatepe O, Altiok M et al (2009). Diagnostic problems with parasitic and non-parasitic splenic cysts. BMC Surg, 9(1):1-7.
Wen H, New RR, Craig PS (1993). Diagno-sis and treatment of human hydatidosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol , 35(6):565-74.
Blanton RE, Wachira TM, Zeyhle EE at al (1998). Oxfendazole treatment for cystic hydatid disease in naturally infected ani-mals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42(3):601-5.
Spicher M, Roethlisberger C, Lany C et al (2008). In vitro and in vivo treatments of Echinococcus protoscoleces and metacestodes with artemisinin and arte-misinin derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 52(9):3447-50.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 46 No 12 (2017) | |
| Section | National Report | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cystic echinococcosis Human Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
