Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2212 2222 EN Yingjia Zhu Department of Gynecology, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China Feng Cheng Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China WenHui Wang Department of Pathology, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China XinYun Yang Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China Mingjie He Department of General Practice, Yiqiao Community Health Service Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China Zhiyin Zhang Department of Gynecology, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China LinLing Zhu Department of Gynecology, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China 2024 09 01 2025 04 23 Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is influenced by immune factors, particularly immune cells. The causal relationship between these cells and PPD is unclear. Methods: Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) analysis was performed to determine the causal relationship between immune cell characteristics and PPD. The main analysis method used was the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. To ensure the robustness, heterogeneity, and horizontal pleiotropy of the results, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was conducted. Results: Overall, 28 immune cell phenotypes were identified as causally related to the onset of PPD. Most of them were distributed in the B cell group and the Treg cell group. Further analysis revealed that 13 types of immune cells had a promoting effect on PPD, whereas 15 types of immune cells had a protective effect. In addition, the incidence of PPD was found to be causally related to CD62L on granulocyte [IVW: OR (95%): 1.183 (1.037 to 1.348), P = 0.012]. Conclusion: The study unveils the causal link between immune cells and susceptibility to postpartum depression from a genetic standpoint, providing new directions for drug development and precision medicine for PPD treatment. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/36527 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/36527/8679

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2046 2058 Saekyae Shin Department of Nursing, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Seyoon Kim Department of Nursing, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Myeongshin Kim Department of Nursing, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Eunyoung Shin Department of Nursing, Kyung Bok University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea Sohyune Sok College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2024 12 13 2025 06 09 Background: Recently, along with the increase of the older adult population, the necessity of health management in daily life is emerging, and interest in the traditional oriental health management method, Yangsaeng, is increasing. This study was to provide a basis for future oriental health promotion intervention research by analyzing previous studies related to the Yangsaeng (oriental health management) of the older adults. Method: This study was a systematic review on older adults’ Yangsaeng. The databases used for literature search for data collection include PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library (CDSR), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), Oasis, Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS), and DataBase Periodical Information Academic (DBpia). Analysis of the status by year, subject characteristics, study types, research design methods, and variables related to older adults’ Yangsaeng among previous studies related to older adults’ Yangsaeng published in academic journals from 1990 to 2021 was performed. Results: Eighteen quantitative studies related to the older adults’ Yangsaeng have been published so far, and all of them were descriptive research studies using Yangsaeng measurement tool. The variables related to the older adults’ Yangsaeng identified in this study were activities of daily living, self-efficacy, instrumental activities of daily living, perceived health state, self-esteem, empowerment, life satisfaction, physical function, quality of life, social support, anxiety, and depression. Conclusion: The study will be helpful in the development of integrative and complementary interventions for health promotion of the older adults. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37512 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37512/8666

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2284 2286 Agnus M Kim Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Dong Wook Shin 1. Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 2. Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea 3. Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sung Kyung‑Do Han Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea Jin Hyung Jung Department of Biostatics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Jae-Hyun Park Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea 2024 12 17 2025 01 21 Letter, not abstract. No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37550 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37550/8686

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2223 2232 Serap Simavli Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yuzyıl Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey Emel Caglayan Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Facuty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tekirdağ, Turkey Deniz Ulas Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Practise, Ankara, Turkey Aydin Kosus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Practise, Ankara, Turkey Nermin Kosus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Practise, Ankara, Turkey Ikbal Kaygusuz Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medikal Park Hospital, Ankara, Turkey 2025 01 15 2025 07 26 Background: We sought to analyze the impact of physical activity and exercise ability, measured with a pedometer, on obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Methods: Women who engaged, Türkiye in exercise for 30 minutes or longer during pregnancy were classified as the exercise group, whereas those who did not exercise were classified as the control group. The exercise capacity of women was evaluated by a 6-minute walking test utilizing a step counter, and its correlation with pregnancy outcomes was established. Postpartum anxiety levels and satisfaction were evaluated on the first and eighth days postpartum. Results: The exercise group exhibited a significantly increased step count and length, alongside a reduced incidence of pregnancy problems (P < .05). The duration of labor, initial breastfeeding time, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) requirements were significantly reduced in the exercise group (P < .05). A notable disparity was detected between the two groups for anxiety levels and satisfaction and postpartum depression (P < .05). Conclusion: Regular physical activity throughout gestation positively influences pregnancy outcomes and maternal well-being, without inducing difficulties for either the mother or the infant. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37840 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37840/8680

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2059 2072 EN Kija Malale School of Nursing, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Marianne Reid School of Nursing, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Anne Moorhead School of Communication & Media, Institute for Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK 2023 11 29 2025 02 18 Background: Digital health technologies are pivotal in delivering the WHO-recommended healthy lifestyle messages to reduce premature mortality associated with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). However, evidence on effective strategies to promote healthy lifestyle behaviours among patients with limited health literacy remains insufficient. This review explores current digital health communication strategies that support healthy lifestyles in adults with NCDs and low health literacy. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using Arksey and O'Malley's framework, focusing on adults with NCDs and limited health literacy, digital health communication strategies, and healthy lifestyle behaviours. Searches were performed across 14 electronic databases and bibliographies of relevant studies from Jan 2012 to Nov 2022. Only primary studies published in English were included. Findings were reported following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Results: Overall, 12 studies involving 15,175 participants, predominantly from high-income countries, met the inclusion criteria. Five digital health communication strategies were identified: telecommunication-based coaching, mobile applications, text messaging programs, eHealth and web-based tools, and bundled or multimodal interventions. These strategies demonstrated positive impacts on supporting healthy lifestyle behaviours. Conclusion: This review highlights the potential of diverse digital health communication strategies to enhance healthy lifestyle behaviours in adults with NCDs and limited health literacy. Tailoring these strategies to individual preferences is critical for optimizing outcomes. Further research is required to validate these findings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33905 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33905/8667

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2287 2289 Zahra Saboohi Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahnaz Solhi Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 03 01 2025 04 07 No Abstract. Not abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38351 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38351/8687

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2233 2241 Phannarai Sukmanee Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand Thidarat Somdee Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand Apiwat Tawatsin Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand Prachumporn Lauprasert Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand 2024 08 09 2025 08 10 Background: Plastic pollution, particularly from polystyrene, has emerged as a serious environmental concern, prompting growing interest in its biodegradation. We investigated the potential of four chewing insects; mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), superworm (Zophobas morio), American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), and cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) to biodegrade polystyrene paper (PSP). Methods: Using a randomized complete block design, four chewing insects were divided into two groups after 48-hour fasting with water. One group received PSP only; the other received PSP mixed with tapioca starch. Weight loss of PSP was recorded after 72 hours. Results: Z. morio demonstrated the highest degradation efficiency for PSP (92.10%), followed by P. americana (32.17%). When tapioca starch was added, Z. morio remained the highest effective (95.45%), followed by T. molitor (59.15%). Supplementing starch significantly enhanced degradation rates (P < 0.05). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed signs of depolymerization, oxidation, and surface cracking. FTIR indicated new functional groups of carbonyl (C=O, 1650 cm⁻¹) and hydroxyl (O–H, 3200–3550 and 3584–3700 cm⁻¹). Conclusion: Certain chewing insects, especially Z. morio and T. molitor, possess strong potential for PSP degradation, likely aided by their gut microbiota. Notably, this study is the first to report PSP degradation by P. americana and G. bimaculatus. Further research is needed to explore the microbial mechanisms within insect guts that facilitate plastic biodegradation. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/36325 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/36325/8681

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2073 2088 Mingyu Yang Department of Medical Insurance, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China Zhiyun Hu Department of Medical Insurance, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China Xiaohan Qu Department of Medical Insurance, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China Meng Li Department of Medical Insurance, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China Wei Du Department of Medical Insurance, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China Lijun Fan Department of Medical Insurance, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China 2024 11 02 2025 06 17 Background: The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model (PPM) is a theoretical tool for comprehensively assessing population health priorities and practically guiding the planning, implementation, and evaluation of interventions. We aimed to analyze systematically the extent of PPM utilization in the development and evaluation of public health interventions and to appraise the effectiveness of PPM-based interventions. Methods: PUBMED, Web of Science, ELSEVIER, EBSCO, and SCOPUS were systematically searched to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies from inception to June 2024. Data were extracted on study objectives, design, population, PPM utilization, interventions, and outcomes. Qualitative synthesis was performed to analyze how PPM was applied, to identify recurring themes, and to assess intervention effectiveness. Results: A total of 54 studies were included, of which 51 reported effective outcomes. These studies spanned 11 domains including disease prevention and control, healthy behaviors, preventing domestic violence, and so on. Education and ecological assessment was most frequently adopted (96%) in the PRECEDE stage, and outcome assessment was most commonly adopted (94%) in the PROCEED phase. All studied interventions incorporated health education. Nine key intervention elements were identified including sustained implementation, adequate duration, multiple educational topics, diverse formats, social support, providing educational materials, participant interaction, intervention monitoring, and practice support. Participant interaction was most frequently utilized (85%), whereas practice support was least frequently used (54%). Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of educational and ecological assessment in the PRECEDE stage and outcome evaluation in the PROCEDE phase for effective intervention design and assessment. Future PPM-based interventions should consider the nine identified core elements, with emphasis tailored to the specific health domain. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37087 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37087/8668

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2290 2292 EN Abolfazl Tirandaz Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran Khaled Nawaser Arvandan Non-Profit Higher Education Institute, Khorramshahr, Iran Narges Ramazani Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran 2025 02 12 2025 04 07 No Abstract. Not Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38151 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38151/8688

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2242 2250 Halil Doru Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Sciences University Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey Orhan Delıce Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Sciences University Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey Furkan Akpınar Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Sciences University Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey Onur Zengın Department of Emergency Medicine, Health Sciences University Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey Sibel Iba Yılmaz Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences University Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey Sinan Yılmaz Department of Public Health, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 2025 02 22 2025 08 11 Background: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) often presents with non-specific flu-like symptoms that resemble upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), especially in endemic areas. We aimed to evaluate whether complete blood count (CBC) parameters could distinguish between CCHF and URTI in emergency settings. Methods: We conducted a retrospective comparative analysis of 503 patients: 203 confirmed CCHF cases and 300 URTI cases. The study was carried out at Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey, between 2023 and 2024. Hematological parameters including WBC, PLT, RDW, MPV, and others were analyzed. ROC analysis was used to evaluate the prognostic value in CCHF patients. Results: Significant differences in multiple CBC parameters were observed between the two groups. CCHF patients had significantly lower WBC, PLT, and lymphocyte counts, and higher MPV and RDW values compared to URTI patients (P-value<0.001). Among CCHF cases, 40.4% were initially misdiagnosed as URTI. ROC analysis indicated moderate prognostic power for HGB and PLT in predicting mortality. Conclusion: CBC parameters can assist in distinguishing CCHF from URTI in endemic areas, especially when RT-PCR is unavailable. Emergency physicians should consider CCHF in differential diagnosis when specific hematological abnormalities are present.  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38265 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38265/8682

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2089 2100 Rupei Zhang Medical School, Nantong University Shan Zhou Medical School, Nantong University Baoyi Sun Medical School, Nantong University Zongyuan Xuan Medical School, Nantong University Xiaolei Sun Medical School, Nantong University Jun Yan Medical School, Nantong University 2025 04 18 2025 06 21 Background: This study aimed to conduct a systematic evaluation of the efficacy and safety of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating insomnia, and to provide evidence-based guidance for clinical practice. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, CNKI, and other databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials of acupuncture or moxibustion for the treatment of insomnia. The search was conducted up to March 2025. The articles were screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the quality of the literature was assessed using the Cochrane 5.1.0 bias risk assessment tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 software. Results A total of 1019 subjects were included in 23 relevant articles. The results of the Meta-analysis showed that acupuncture or moxibustion therapy was effective in significantly reducing the scores of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (WMD=3.87, 95% CI: 2.90, 4.84, p<0.05), Self-rating Depression Scale (WMD=11.45, 95% CI: 4.38, 18.52, p<0.05), and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (WMD=7.88, 95% CI: 2.32, 13.43, p<0.05) in patients with insomnia. The incidence of adverse reactions was relatively low. Conclusion Acupuncture or moxibustion therapy demonstrates potential advantages in the treatment of insomnia and warrants further investigation in a clinical setting. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38849 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38849/8669

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2293 2294 Mohammad Hosein Rahmanpour Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Maryam Behzadi Nezhad Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Amir Hossein Jalalpour Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Milad Ahmadi Marzaleh Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2025 04 14 2025 05 09 No Abstract. Not Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38844 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38844/8689

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2251 2262 Rezvan Feizi 1. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hossein Panahi 1. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Hajmanouchehri Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Ali Delpisheh 1. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Azadeh Nouhi Siahroudi Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 01 29 2025 08 10 Background: This ecological cross-sectional study examines suicide incidence and identifies high- and low-risk clusters across Iranian districts from 2009 to 2023. This study aimed to determine district-specific suicide rates and map spatial risk patterns. Methods: Overall, 52,665 suicide cases of recorded in forensic medicine were analyzed, with incidence rates calculated per 100,000 population. Spatial autocorrelation techniques were used to identify clusters of high and low suicide risk, and GIS software facilitated mapping. Hanging was the most prevalent method, accounting for 50.88% of cases. Temporal trends across months were also assessed. Results: The average age of individuals who died by suicide was 33.98 years. High-incidence districts were located in parts of different provinces of Iran, including Eshtehard (Alborz), Firuzeh (Razavi Khorasan), Varzeghan (East Azerbaijan), Sahneh (Kermanshah), Famenin (Hamadan), and Miami (Semnan). High-risk clusters were primarily concentrated in the western provinces of Kermanshah and Hamadan, particularly in Sahneh and Famenin. Conversely, districts in Sistan and Baluchestan in southeastern Iran showed markedly lower suicide rates, possibly due to underreporting or systemic differences in data collection practices, which warrants cautious further investigation. Conclusion: This study highlights substantial regional disparities in suicide incidence across Iran, with specific high-risk areas identified for targeted intervention. These findings have important implications for public health policy, emphasizing the need for regionally tailored suicide prevention strategies and improved surveillance systems. Further research is needed to understand better the low suicide rates that observed in some districts and to assess potential reporting inconsistencies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38008 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38008/8683

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2101 2113 Nik Asyraf Nik Azis National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN), No 12B, Jalan Raja Laut, Chow Kit, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Mohamed S. Zulfarina Department. of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Nurul ‘Izzah Ibrahim Department. of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Alia Syamim Zahari National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN), No 12B, Jalan Raja Laut, Chow Kit, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Aisyah Sulaiman National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN), No 12B, Jalan Raja Laut, Chow Kit, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ng Xue Min National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN), No 12B, Jalan Raja Laut, Chow Kit, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Azura Abdullah National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN), No 12B, Jalan Raja Laut, Chow Kit, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Alina Ali National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN), No 12B, Jalan Raja Laut, Chow Kit, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Norhalili Mohamad Tamiri National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN), No 12B, Jalan Raja Laut, Chow Kit, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Isa Naina-Mohamed Department. of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2025 01 22 2025 05 07 Background: We conducted a systematic review which aimed to assess acceptability of implanon used based on reported side effects, continuation rates and user satisfaction in Muslim-majority Asian countries. Methods: We followed PRISMA guideline and searched SCOPUS and Medline databases for original articles that dealt with implanon, conducted in Muslim-majority Asian countries and had either continuation rates or side effects or satisfaction rate. The risk of bias of the selected studies was assessed using ROBINS-I V2 Risk of Bias tool. Results: The literature search successfully identified 7 potentially relevant articles, whereby 5 of them met the inclusion criteria. 5 articles were retained in the final synthesis with 619 total participants. Implanon’s documented side effects such as menstrual irregularity and weight gain, is tolerable due to its high efficacy. Implanon has low discontinuation rates among users and has a high satisfaction rate. Conclusion: Implanon is widely accepted in Muslim-majority Asian countries with a positive impact on family planning. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37921 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37921/8670

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2295 2297 Mahsa Farghadan Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University of South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Nayef Shabbab Almutairi Department of Public Health, Al-lith College of Health Sciences, Umm Al-qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia Ardalan Shariat Department of Digital Health, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Albert Anastasio Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA 2025 02 23 2025 04 07 This is a letter.  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38273 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38273/8690

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2263 2274 EN Fatemeh Rostampour Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Lida Sattarnezhad Department of Prevention Communicable Diseases, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Mohammad Heidari Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran Sarieh Zolfi Urmia Deputy for Health Affairs, Urmia University Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Ehsan Rikhtegar Urmia Deputy for Health Affairs, Urmia University Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran 2024 02 28 2025 06 01 Background: Outbreaks of waterborne and foodborne illnesses arise from the consumption of contaminated food or water. Factors contributing to these outbreaks include improper food storage, inadequate hygiene during food preparation, and environmental contamination. This descriptive-analytical study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and time series modeling of waterborne and foodborne disease outbreaks in West Azerbaijan Province from Jan 2016 to Dec 2023. Methods: Data recorded in the health deputy's portal system were utilized for analysis. The variables examined included age, sex, number of patients, hospitalizations, fatalities, presenting symptoms, and spatial and geographical data related to the outbreaks. Box–Jenkins models were employed for time series analysis. Descriptive statistics were computed using SPSS 26 software, while modeling was conducted using R Studio 2021.09.2 and Minitab 22.2.1 software. Results: During the study period, 1306 outbreaks were reported, resulting in 2686 cases of illness, 792 hospitalizations, and 7 fatalities. The causative agent of waterborne and foodborne outbreaks was identified through laboratory testing in 43% the cases. Entamoeba histolytica (31%) was the most commonly identified pathogen, followed by E. coli (27%), and Shigella (18%). The most common locations of outbreaks were in cities (57.9%) and at home (86.9%). The ARIMA(0,0,0)(1,0,0)12 model was determined to be the most effective model for predicting future cases. Conclusion: Water- and foodborne diseases pose a significant threat due to their rapid spread, with incidence rates increasing from 5.25 per 100,000 (2016) to 9.51 per 100,000 (2023). Fruits, juices, meat, and drinking water were the primary sources of contamination. Public education on food handling and safe water access are crucial for reducing disease transmission. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/34767 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/34767/8684

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2114 2126 Anwar Fazal A. Bakar Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Azimatun Noor Aizuddin Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Roszita Ibrahim Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Muhammad Zulfakhar Zubir Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Wan Asyraf Wan Zaidi Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Hamed Khazaei Scipeline, Ontario, Canada 2025 04 09 2025 07 08 Background: Family caregivers of stroke patients play a critical role in post-stroke recovery, yet they often face significant challenges, including physical and emotional stress, lack of knowledge, and limited access to resources. Mobile health (mHealth) apps offer a promising solution to support caregivers by providing education, task management, and mental health resources. However, gaps remain in understanding the effectiveness, functionalities, and limitations of these apps. This study aimed to 1) identify and categorize existing mHealth apps for family caregivers of stroke patients, 2) evaluate the effectiveness of these apps in supporting caregivers, and 3) analyze the gaps in current mHealth offerings to inform future app development. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing 30 studies published between 2014 and 2024 from databases such as IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. The studies were evaluated based on app functionality and effectiveness in caregiver support, and limitations were identified. Results: The findings revealed a diverse range of mHealth apps offering functionalities such as caregiver education, rehabilitation guidance, task management, communication tools, and health monitoring. However, notable gaps were identified, including limited multi-functionality, insufficient support for caregiver well-being, a lack of customization for diverse needs, and minimal validation through rigorous trials. Conclusion: While mHealth apps provide valuable tools for family caregivers of stroke patients, addressing the identified gaps is essential to maximize their impact. Future Development should focus on creating comprehensive, user-centered, and evidence-based apps that integrate education, mental health support, and task management. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38774 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38774/8671

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 11 01 2275 2283 Mohammad-Shafi Mojadadi Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Fatemeh Shahnazari Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Mohammad Kolyaie Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Hesamuddin Gordan Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Vasei Hospital, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Amir Raoofi Department of Anatomy, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Rahim Golmohammadi Department of Anatomy, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Saeideh Sadat Shobeiri Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Safoora Pordel Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Sharhakord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrkord, Iran 2025 05 01 2025 08 13 Background: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the 10-year ASCVD risk and evaluated 5-year follow-up outcomes among adults in the Sabzevar PERSIAN Cohort Center, northeast Iran. Methods: Baseline data were collected in 2018, with follow-up completed in 2023. Risk factors including age, gender, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, smoking status, and diabetes were assessed. The 10-year ASCVD risk was calculated using the American College of Cardiology's risk estimator and categorized as low (<5%), borderline (5–7.4%), intermediate (7.5–19.9%), or high (≥20%). A Cox proportional hazards model evaluated the association between age, gender, diabetes, and ASCVD events. Results: Among 2,871 participants, men had higher blood pressure, while women had higher levels of total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL (P < 0.05). Hypertension was more prevalent in men than in women (P < 0.001). Diabetes was present in 13.8% (n = 397) of participants, with no significant difference between men and women. The distribution of 10-year ASCVD risk was as follows: low (74.58%), borderline (9.3%), intermediate (13.96%), and high (2.16%). Men had a significantly higher ASCVD risk than women (P < 0.001). During the 5-year follow-up, 1.2% (n = 34) of participants experienced ASCVD events. In multivariable analysis, age (P < 0.001), male gender (P < 0.001), and diabetes (P = 0.013) were significant predictors of ASCVD events. Conclusion: ASCVD risk estimation and early intervention, particularly for older adults and individuals with diabetes, are essential. These findings support targeted prevention efforts in northeast Iran and similar populations. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38964 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38964/8685

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2127 2138 EN Ladan Rokni Asia Contents Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea Mehdi Rezaei Sogang Future Education Innovation Research Institute, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea Loarre Andreu Perez Department of Journalism and Media Studies, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA Bogang Jun Department of Economics, Research Center for Small Businesses Ecosystem, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, In-cheon 22212, Republic of Korea Suh-hee Choi Department of Geography, Department of Climate-Social Science Convergence, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea 2025 05 31 2025 10 19 Reviewing the research trends of technology adoption in tourism in reaction to the recent global health crisis provides insights into the evolution of the academic discourse of this topic and the role of technology adoption, especially in terms of attaining sustainability. This narrative review was conducted to explore the patterns of technology adoption in tourism in response to the health crisis. The findings reveal a growing scholarly focus on this topic, as well as geographical, methodological, and theoretical concentrations. Technology adoption was seen as the immediate reaction to the crisis and a tool to ensure sustainability by facilitating resilience and recovery after the pandemic. The review highlights the dual role of technology in emergency response and long-term sectoral resilience. However, ethical and structural challenges remain, necessitating better governance of tech integration in tourism. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/39350 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/39350/8672

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2139 2150 Yudi Adnan 1. Doctor of Public Health Study Program, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia 2. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia Veni Hadju Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. Anwar Mallongi Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia Muhammad Ali Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia 2025 01 28 2025 06 21 Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) imposes a growing economic burden in Indonesia, driven by rising prevalence and associated complications. This review synthesizes current evidence on the economic costs of T2D in Indonesia to inform policy decisions aimed at alleviating these financial impacts. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines and the PICOS framework, analyzing studies from major databases including PubMed, ProQuest, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar published from 2019-2025. Studies included addressed both direct costs and/or indirect costs related to T2D in Indonesia, and reported annual or monthly per-patient costs. Results: Six studies were included in the analysis, representing a diverse geographical coverage and various healthcare facilities, with the majority being tertiary facilities. The average annual direct cost per patient with complications reached USD 1,607.7, compared to USD 427.3 for patients without complications, a difference of 3.8 times. Limited indirect cost data show USD 35.2 for patients with complications versus USD 20.5 for cases without complications. Hospitalization, medications, and medical procedures are the main cost drivers. Only three studies reported indirect costs, indicating a potential underestimation of the total economic burden. Conclusion: T2D complications increase healthcare costs by nearly four times. These findings support a shift in policy towards prevention, expansion of screening through insurance, and strengthening of primary services. Standardized methodologies and the inclusion of indirect costs are needed for more accurate study comparisons and policy guidance. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38002 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38002/8673

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2151 2160 Jennyfer Susan Maliakkal Babu Department of Computer Science, Centre for Machine Learning and Intelligence, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, India Parthasarathy Subashini Department of Computer Science, Centre for Machine Learning and Intelligence, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, India Thookanayakanpalayam Thyagarajan Dhivyaprabha Department of Computer Science, Centre for Machine Learning and Intelligence, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, India 2024 12 26 2025 05 17 Background: Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women in developing regions, particularly within tribal populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. This study aimed to evaluate existing screening strategies in tribal communities, compare them with global best practices, and explore the feasibility of smart colposcopy as an effective screening tool in low-resource settings. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining systematic literature review 2000-2024, case study analysis, and technical evaluation. Data were collected from peer-reviewed journals, healthcare databases, and open-access medical image repositories. The diagnostic utility and usability of smart colposcopy using the Eva System were assessed. Advanced image processing techniques, including CNN-based detection and partial convolution inpainting, were applied to improve visual clarity by mitigating artifacts like specular reflection. Results: Findings reveal significant screening barriers in tribal regions, such as fear, stigma, and infrastructural deficits. Compared to structured programs in developed countries, tribal areas show lower compliance. Smart colposcopy demonstrated high potential for remote screening due to its portability and real-time AI support. Image quality enhancements improved diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: Smart colposcopy, integrated with awareness initiatives and supportive policies, offers a scalable solution to improve early detection and reduce cervical cancer mortality in tribal and underserved populations. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37588 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37588/8674

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2161 2172 Saw Ye Thu Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan Muhammad Alwi Pranata 1. Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan 2. Public Health Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia Yu Yeh Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan Fu-Gong Lin 1. Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan 2. Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan 3. School of Public Health, National Defense Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan 2025 01 02 2025 06 21 Background: Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) present a substantial challenge in low- and middle-income nations, especially in the Southeast Asia region. Health literacy (HL) is vital for managing NCDs and improving health outcomes by enhancing individuals' abilities to seek, understand, assess, and utilize health information. Methods: A systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines, and relevant articles were sourced from PubMed, ProQuest, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar without limiting the publication year. Studies included were from Southeast Asia that examined the connection between HL and NCD outcomes. Sixteen cross-sectional studies from five countries were chosen for the final analysis. Results: The review observed that higher HL was linked to better health outcomes for individuals with NCDs. Communicative and critical HL were found to be more impactful than functional HL in obtaining, analysing, and applying health information. Additionally, HL was influenced by sociodemographic aspects (age, gender, education, location, and marital status, socioeconomic factors (income and employment), and societal influences (patient-doctor relationships, cultural context, and family support). HL was important in managing NCDs and for better health outcomes. Conclusion: Further studies are called for the evaluation of all three HL skills to comprehensively understand the HL of populations. Furthermore, the link between limited HL and employment status remains under-explored and deserves further attention. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37680 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37680/8675

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2173 2189 Muhammad Thoriq School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Wilda Rachmadina Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia Julian Swannjo Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia Fajrul Farhany Central for Health Policy and Management Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jogjakarta, Indonesia Adrian Kus Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland Agus Rachmanto Govtech Health, Peruri Digital Security, Jakarta, Indonesia . Sulistiawati Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 2024 12 13 2025 04 06 Background: Telemedicine is increasingly vital in healthcare, offering remote consultations via message-based and video call-based platforms. These methods improve healthcare accessibility, particularly when in-person visits are limited. Telemedicine is increasingly vital in healthcare, offering remote consultations via message-based and video call-based platforms. These methods improve healthcare accessibility, particularly when in-person visits are limited. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in ScienceDirect, PubMed, and up to August 2024. Studies evaluating the accessibility and practicality of global telemedicine were evaluated. From initial 439 records, 19 studies were finally in this systematic review. Studies were reviewed thoroughly with quality appraisal using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale, in which those rated for high quality studies were included. Results: Most studies (74%) were from high-income countries, notably the United States (26%) and Denmark (11%). Observational studies dominated (95%), focusing on follow-up consultations (47%) and diagnostic services (32%), particularly in general care (32%), neurology (11%), and surgery (5%). Research peaked in 2022 (32%) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Common platforms included WhatsApp, AnyDesk, and QliqSOFT. Accessibility was the primary focus in 53% of studies, while 47% addressed feasibility. Challenges like technological barriers and privacy concerns were particularly noted in lower-income regions. Conclusion: Telemedicine has enhanced healthcare accessibility and demonstrated feasibility. However, technological limitations and remote consultation challenges persist, particularly in lower-income regions. Continued research is needed to optimize telemedicine and equitable access.  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37510 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37510/8676

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2190 2198 EN Hosein Kouchaki 1. Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2. USERN Office, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Reza Tabrizi 1. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran 2. Clinical Research Development Unit of Vali Asr Hospital, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Parnia Kamyab 1. Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2. Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mahya Pourrahimi Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Amirhossein Ghanei Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Shahriyar Goudarzi Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Kamran Bagheri Lankarani Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2023 12 14 2025 09 04 Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, personal protective equipment, particularly face masks, has been central to infection control and reducing associated mortality. Global mask mandates, combined with widespread vaccination, helped curb peak pandemic phases. In 2023, the WHO reclassified COVID-19 as an ongoing health priority rather than an emergency, prompting reassessment of mask policies in healthcare settings. Yet, hospitals remain high-risk, especially with the concurrent “triple epidemic” of COVID-19, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus. This review summarizes current evidence on mask efficacy, adherence, and policy changes to determine whether, when, and under what conditions mask use can be safely eased in clinical settings. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33994 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33994/8677

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 10 2025 10 31 2199 2211 Sanaz Kavoosi Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy Zahra Karimi Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Nastaran Moghaddam Department of Biology, CT. C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Fereshteh Ashtari Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan AND Isfahan Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan, Iran 2024 09 17 2025 07 17 Background: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy by high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Although many studies reported from East Asian countries, data from West/South Asia remain limited. The current study aimed to summarize available epidemiological, clinical and genetic data of CMT patients in Asia. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Nature, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Willey for relevant published articles between 2003 until Feb 2023, according to PRISMA guidelines. Articles were screened for epidemiological, clinical and genetic information. Inclusion required published mutation frequency or genetic variant in CMT patients. The Q-Genie tool and Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) were used to evaluate the quality of genetics and observational studies, respectively. Results: Out of 320, 32 screened articles met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were reported from China (n = 12), Japan (n=7), and Korea (n=6). The axonal CMT was the frequent type (50%), followed by demyelinating (28%) and intermediate (9%) types. Autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance was observed in 62% of genetically confirmed cases. Frequently mutated genes were GDAP1, MPZ, and JGB1, which have been found mostly in the East Asia. Conclusion: This systematic review reports substantial knowledge gap in West/South Asian CMT research. The review emphasized the urgent need to use comprehensively of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to uncover new mutations and improve diagnostics in West/South Asian. Future region-specific cohort studies and registries can be essential to identify frequent variants and fill the diagnostic gaps.    https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/36661 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/36661/8678