Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 10 2024 09 30 2251 2259 Natalija Djurovic Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Snezana Radovanovic 1. Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia 2. Institute for Public Health Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia 3. Center for Research on Harmfull Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragu-jevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Olgica Mihaljevic Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Jovana Radovanovic Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Milos Stepovic Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Marija Kovacevic Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Katarina Janicijevic Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Gordana Djordjevic Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Ognjen Djordjevic Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Gordana Gajovic Health Center Arandjelovac, Arandjelovac, Serbia Nela Djonovic 1. Institute for Public Health Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia 2. Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Tamara Dimovic Institute for Public Health Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Nikoleta Janicijevic Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Milena Maricic The College of Health Sciences, Academy of Applied Studies Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Dragan Vasiljevic Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Viktor Selakovic Department of Communication Skills, Ethics and Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Saerbi 2024 07 10 2024 09 30 Background: Social networks and support have an independent and strong influence on health and quality of life at all stages of the life cycle, especially in the elderly. We aimed to determine the level of social support among the elderly population of the Republic of Serbia. Methods: The survey is part of the fourth Health survey of the population of Serbia, which was conducted in 2019  by the Republic Institute of Statistics with the Institute for Public Health of Serbia "Dr. Milan Jovanović Batut" and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia. The research instrument was standardized questionnaires constructed in accordance with the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS, wave3) and the social support score (Oslo-3 Social Support Scale). For the purposes of this research, data on the population aged 65 and over were used. Results: In terms of social support, 85.8% of respondents had bad , 13.9% moderate and 0.3% strong. Univariate regression analysis determined that respondents from the territory of Vojvodina had a 1.6 times higher chance of poor social support compared to respondents from southern and eastern Serbia.  The probability of bad social support was 1.5 times higher in persons who were never married/cohabiting, persons with secondary education were at 1.6 times higher risk of poor social support compared to persons with higher education. Inactive persons had poor social support 1.4 times more often than employed persons, as well as persons with comorbidities (OR=1.218). Conclusion: These researches are of great importance for public health because it provides valuable data for the creation of interventions that will intensify activities related to providing adequate social support to the elderly. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/36040 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/36040/8365

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 10 2024 09 29 2167 2179 Junhua Wang Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China Hui Li Department of Medicine, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China Wenjuan Yan Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China Na Xue Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China Jin Yin Department of Nursing, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China Nawsherwan . Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China Sha Yin Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taixing People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China 2024 07 02 2024 09 29 . https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/35948 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/35948/8358

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 10 2024 09 30 2380 2381 Sang-Hyuk Park Division of Sport Science, College of Arts & Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea Seung-Taek Lim 1. General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2. Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan 2024 03 29 2024 09 30 No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/35011 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/35011/8378

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 10 2024 09 30 2260 2270 Yan Gu Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hos-pital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China Rongjin Chen Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hos-pital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China Jianxiang Song Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hos-pital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China Zhan Shi Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hos-pital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China Jixiang Wu Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hos-pital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China Huiwen Chang Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hos-pital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China Conghu Yuan Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yan-cheng, Jiangsu 224000, China Woda Shi Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hos-pital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China Yajun Zhang Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hos-pital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China 2023 11 23 2024 09 30 Background: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart relating disease with high morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly population. While extensive investigations have been devoted to the study of mechanistic pathways related to CAVD, the key factors and mechanisms mediating valve mineralization remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of mirnas and their downstream targets in CAVD disease progression. A previous recent multi-omics study suggested a novel CAVD molecular interaction network contained miR-21-5p. Methods: CAV and their pair-matched adjacent normal tissues were obtained from 15 patients pathologically diagnosed as CAVD and admitted in Yancheng Third People's Hospital (The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University) from 2019-2021. RT-qPCR was utilized for detection of miR-21-5p and related protein expression levels to confirm the related factors in CAVD progression. Western blotting was applied to strengthen the results of RT-qPCR and confirm osteogenic differentiation of VICs via biomarker detection. The staining of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red was performed to assess the degree of VIC mineralization. Results: We found that miR-21-5p was remarkably increased (P<0.0001) in calcified aortic valves (AVs) whereas TGFBI was diminished (P<0.01) in CAVD samples compared to the paired normal tissues from CAVD patients. Additionally, TGFBI was targeted by miR-21-5p. Furthermore, overexpressing TGFBI could block VIC osteogenic differentiation mediated by miR-21-5p. To sum up, miR-21-5p promotes VIC osteogenic differentiation and calcification via TGFBI in CAVD progression. Conclusion:  Our work might bring a sight on underlying mechanisms of CAVD progression and provide a possible therapeutic target for diagnosis and treatment. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33840 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33840/8366

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 10 2024 09 30 2180 2190 EN Nurgul Sikhayeva National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan Akmaral Nursafina Faculty of Natural Science, Eurasian National University Named After L.N. Gumilyov, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan Aidana Satayeva Faculty of Natural Science, Eurasian National University Named After L.N. Gumilyov, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan Talgat Utupov National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan 2023 08 16 2024 01 15 Background: Thirty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are commonly found in ADIPOQ. APN levels are decreased in obesity, and SNPs of the ADIPOQ gene affecting APN have varying associations with the development of obesity in different populations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association of SNPs in ADIPOQ with the risk of obesity development in various populations. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist date up to Feb 2023. We used the Newcastle–Ottawa scale to find out if a study fit the main criteria for submission and to assess the data quality of the articles included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated via Review Manager (RM) V.5.4 to estimate the connection between ADIPOQ polymorphic qualities of a gene and the risk of developing obesity. Results: The present study analysed the association between ADIPOQ polymorphisms (rs1501299, rs2241766, rs266729, rs822393, and rs822396) and obesity risk and suggested that APN is partially responsible for the emergence of obesity and increases its risk. Conclusion: It is important to take into account several limitations of this meta-analysis when evaluating the findings. First off, even though we looked through numerous databases for all relevant papers, there is a chance we overlooked some. Our capacity to arrive at more firm conclusions was further hampered by the small number of papers that made up our meta-analysis. The most current data, however, are presented in this study since it used newly published data to perform a meta-analysis and evaluate the relationship between ADIPOQ polymorphisms and obesity. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32922 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32922/8359

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 10 2024 09 30 2382 2384 Masoumeh Roohaninasab Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Safoura Shakoei Department of Dermatology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Azadeh Goodarzi Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Parvin Mansouri Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farahnaz Nikkhah Department of Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 05 27 2022 02 23 No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25092 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25092/8379

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 10 2024 09 30 ame>Tavakoli Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2021 07 18 2021 11 14 Background: Evaluate the patient's safety status in Iranian hospitals using the Patient safety friendly hospital initiative (PSFHI) assessment tool provided by the World Health Organization. PSFHI assessment tool of 140 patient safety standards, they are classified as mandatory (20 standards), basic (90 standards) and advanced (30 standards). Mandatory standards are necessary criteria that hospitals must meet to register for PSFHI. The first stage of the patient safety program in Iran is to achieve the implementation of the mandatory standards to enter the patient safety friendly hospital program. We aimed to evaluate the patient's safety status in Iranian hospitals in terms of implementing mandatory patient safety standards. Methods: In this systematic review, articles were searched between 2001 and 2021 in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus Google Scholar, and Iranian SID and Magiran databases. Keywords including patient safety, quality assessment, standards, patient safety friendly hospital, Iran were performed. These articles were evaluated independently by two researchers and the contradictions were discussed with the third author. Results: Finally, 7 eligible studies were included in the study. The highest score (75%) was related to the fourth domain of safe environment and the lowest score with (47%) was related to the second domain of engaging and interacting with the patient and the community. The overall average of compliance with standards in all four areas was 70%. Conclusion: Institutionalizing a patient safety culture, paying more attention to creating a culture to identify patients, educating staff and patients, and removing legal barriers, Increases the observance of mandatory patient safety standards in the Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25602 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25602/7683

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 8 2022 08 11 1778 1789 Miao Yu Department of Vascular Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China Quan Chen Department of Vascular Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China Qin Li Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wu-han 430022, China Yunfei Teng Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wu-han 430022, China Lin Xiao Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China Guang Yang Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China Chenxi Ouyang Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China Ahmed Mohammed Elamin Abdalla 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China 2. Department of Biochemistry, College of Applied Science, University of Bahri, Khartoum 1660/11111, Sudan 2022 01 28 2022 08 11 Background: Clinical investigations repurposing a disintegrin and metalloproteases 10 (ADAM10) as metastatic and thrombus marker have achieved encouraging results, but the mechanism behind this association remains unclear. Methods: This study was carried out in NingXia and Wuhan, China from 2017 to 2021. The effects of ADAM10 expression on the metastatic and thrombus-associated genes: tissue factor (TF), P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), cathepsin G (CTSG) and mucin 1 (MUC1) were examined by immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Metastatic and thrombotic behaviors were evaluated using NODSCID mouse model. Results: The ADAM10 expression controlled the migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cell-1(PANC-1), and significantly regulated the metastatic and thrombus-associated genes (P＜0.05). ADAM10 and MUC1 were regulated and aberrantly expressed by a dependent mechanism. Moreover, ADAM10 expression induced the progression of adenocarcinoma cells and thrombus formation in vivo. Conclusion: Regulation of ADAM10 expression in cancer cells might effectively pave the way for a more potent anti-metastatic and anti-thrombotic approach and could regulate the invasion and migration of cancer cells.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/27670 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/27670/7684

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 8 2022 08 11 1790 1797 Cheng Wang Gastroenterology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China Sanjun He Clinical Laboratory, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China Weimin Jin Gastroenterology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China Luanluan Zheng Gastroenterology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China Rui Jin Gastroenterology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China Sichuan Feng General Practice Medcine, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China Ying Zhou General Practice Medcine, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China Hanqiu Tang General Practice Medcine, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China Haixia Liu General Practice Medcine, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China Yi Si General Practice Medcine, Hanzhong Central Hospital, 22 Kangfu Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China 2022 01 07 2022 03 03 Background: Dietary factors play an important role in gastric cancer risk. They have not been investigated extensively in Hanzhong area, China. Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study of gastric cancer in Hanzhong area, China in 2018-2020. A total of 121 patients with historically confirmed gastric adenocarcinomas were interviewed. Controls were an age-stratified random sample of residents of Hanzhong area. The dietary questionnaire was a 70-item semiquantitative food frequency adapted for the Hanzhong diet. Odds ratios were calculated for quartiles of consumption of food groups and were adjusted for age, gender, calories, chili pepper intake, cigarette smoking, socioeconomic status, added salt, and history of peptic ulcer disease. Results: There was approximately a threefold increased risk of gastric cancer for frequent consumption (highest quartile) of both fresh meat (odds ratio (OR) = 3.0) and processed meat (OR = 3.3). Odds ratios were also significantly elevated for frequent consumption of dairy products (OR = 3.1) and fish (OR = 3.1). The authors observed a decreasing gradient of risk with increasing frequency of vegetable consumption due to a significant inverse trend for the yellow and orange vegetables. Conclusion: High intake of citrus fruits showed a slight inverse association. These findings are consistent with many studies around the world that indicate important roles for salt, processed meats, and vegetable consumption in gastric cancer risk. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/27421 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/27421/7685

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 8 2022 08 11 1798 1806 EN Gordana Stanić Academy of Applied Studies Belgrade Department of School of Applied Health Sciences, Cara Dušana 254, Belgrade, Serbia Snežana Marinković Special Hospital for Thyroid Gland and Metabolism Disease Zlatibor, Kraljeve Vode 30, Zlatibor 31315, Serbia Dragana Ristić Ignjatović Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, Kragujevac, Serbia 2020 09 29 2021 07 18 Background: Thyroid disorders are an area of ​​public health concern worldwide. The study aimed to examine the incidence and severity of psychosomatic symptoms (distress, depression, anxiety and somatization) in patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis in relation to clinically healthy subjects. Methods: This case control study was carried out from Feb to Jul 2019 in Serbia. Total sample consisted of 335 subjects, of both sex. The examined group included patients with thyroid disorders treated at the Special hospital for thyroid gland and metabolism disease. Control group included clinically healthy subjects. The Four Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire a self-assessment questionnaire for psychosomatic symptoms was the measuring instrument. Groups were compared using parametric (t-test) and nonparametric (Pearson chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test) tests. Results: The incidence of all psychosomatic symptoms was high in patients with thyroid disease. Distress was found in 59.8% of the patients in the examined group comparing to the control group (12.8±8.2 vs. 8.9±8.1). The score of depression was twice higher in the examined group (2.05±2.99 vs. 1.23±2.47). Anxiety was present in 46.2% patients in the examined group, while somatization was found in 69.7% subjects. In hypothyroidism there was no difference between the examined and the control group regarding the level of anxiety, likewise with the level of depression in the control group and subjects with Graves' disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. Conclusion: Psychosomatic symptoms were significantly more severe in patients with thyroid disorders compared to the control group. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/22371 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/22371/7686

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 8 2022 08 11 1807 1816 Khussan Talipbayevich Umurzakov Kazakh institute of Oncology and Radiology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulnar Shalgumbayeva Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Dilyara Radikovna Kaydarova Kazakh institute of Oncology and Radiology, Almaty, Kazakhstan Yerbol Smail Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Askar Ibrayev “Center of Oncology and Surgery”, Oskemen, Kazakhstan Sayan Oralchanovich Sagidullin “Center of Oncology and Surgery”, Oskemen, Kazakhstan Yuliya Mikhailovna Semenova School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan 2021 01 15 2021 07 10 Background: Epidemiology of male reproductive cancers (MRC) is relatively well studied in developed world nations, but little is known about Central Asian states. We aimed to analyze the changing trends for incidence, mortality and 5-year survival MRC across provinces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study based on data obtained from the Kazakhstan Cancer Registry, which serves as a nationwide database for all histologically confirmed cancer cases. From this, information on all male patients with prostate (PCa) and testicular cancers (TCa) was retrieved for the period from 2010 to 2019. The statistical analysis of official data on incidence, survival, and mortality rates was performed for both the whole country and its provinces. Results: There was a substantial instability of PCa incidence rates, attributed to the execution of screening program from 2013 to 2017. Still, there was a lack of variations in TCa incidence rates. However, PCa screening program had no influence on reduction of mortality rates, which remained relatively stable. There is much heterogeneity between country’s provinces in incidence and mortality rates. TCa patients were younger than PCa patients and had better 5-year survival. Conclusion: As compared with many other countries, Kazakhstani men with PCa and TCa have poorer five-year survival, which requires further investigation. Moreover, a careful analysis of diagnostic and treatment strategies utilized at different hospitals across the country would be highly desirable. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23498 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23498/7687

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 8 2022 08 11 1817 1826 Qiang Li The First Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China Yibing Liu Department of Medical Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China Zhe Meng The First Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China Qingfeng Ge The First Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China Liyan Zhao The First Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China Huiying Chu The First Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China Xiaomin Li The First Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China Jingli Chen Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China Qingju Meng The First Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China 2022 01 26 2022 06 29 Background: We aimed to analyze the predictive role of serum test and questionnaire in Early Gastric Cancer in The First Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, Hebei Province from 2019 to 2020. Methods: In this prospective study, 280 medical examiners underwent questionnaire, serum test and gastroscopy. They were divided into Gastric cancer (GC) and Non-Gastric cancer (NGC) group. NGC group was divided into Low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and Non-chronic atrophic gastritis (NCAG) group. Results: Age, drinking, sex and Gastrin-17(G-17) was respectively independent risk factors for GC. Age, drinking and G-17 was independent risk factors for GC in men. G-17 of GC group was higher than that of LGIN and NCAG group (P<0.05). Pepsinogen I/II ratio (PGR) of GC was lower than that of NCAG group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between Pepsinogen I (PGⅠ) and Pepsinogen II (PGII) in the four groups. Helicobacter pylori-immunoglobulin G antibodies (H. pylori-IgG) of LGIN group was significantly higher than that of CAG and NCAG group in gastritis group (P<0.008). G-17≥42.95 pmol/L, age≥69years, male and drinking can predict GC. Conclusion: Older, drinking, men and high G-17 could respectively predict GC. Especially in men, older, drinking and high G-17 could affect the occurrence of GC. G-17, age, drinking and sex used respectively to screen high-risk populations for GC were more efficient than combined screening. GC had a higher serum G-17 and a lower PG than other gastric diseases. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/27643 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/27643/7688

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 8 2022 08 11 1827 1835 EN Seong-Hi Park School of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea Heashoon Lee Department of Nursing, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea 2021 02 02 2021 06 06 Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), a chronic disease, is associated with obesity and inflammation. This study investigated the effects of body mass index (BMI), leukocytes, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) on type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Korean adults. Methods: Secondary analysis of data from 5,420 adults’ subject in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES Ⅶ-3, 2018) was performed. The collected data were analyzed by n (%), mean ± SD, t-test, χ2 -test, and multiple logistic regression methods. Results: BMI and leukocytes count were higher in the T2DM-diagnosed group. The probability of T2DM increased by 4.76 times for obesity compared to normal weight, but high obesity was not an influencing factor for T2DM. As the leukocytes increased, the probability of T2DM increased by 1.15 times. However, hs-CRP was not an influencing factor for T2DM. Age was higher in the T2DM-diagnosed group and appeared to be an influencing factor in T2DM. Conclusion: Obesity and inflammation indicators, including WBC, appeared to be risk factors for T2DM. This study presented the basis of diet and exercise interventions for weight loss and white blood cell count in a T2DM prevention and management program. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23735 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23735/7689

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 8 2022 08 11 1836 1846 Leila Sabour Takanlou Deparment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Gulsah Cecener Deparment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Maryam Sabour Takanlou Deparment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Hulya Ozturk Nazlioglu Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Havva Tezcan Unlu Deparment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Ozgen Isik Department of General Surgey, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Unal Egeli Deparment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Berrin Tunca Deparment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Erdem Cubukcu Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Sahsine Tolunay Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Mustafa Sehsuvar Gokgoz Department of General Surgey, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey 2021 03 10 2021 07 01 Background: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and differences in the expression levels of the ER, PR, and HER2 the triplet of established biomarkers used for clinical decision-making have been reported among breast cancer patients. Furthermore, resistance to anti-estrogen and anti-HER2 therapies emerges in a considerable rate of breast cancer patients, and novel drug therapies are required. Several anomalous signaling pathways have been known in breast cancer have been known; heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is one of the most plenty proteins in breast cells. The family of ubiquitin ligases such as SIAH1 and SIAH2 is known to specifically target misanied by a 95% confidence interval. Results: The IBD relapse rate in patients who discontinued anti-TNF therapy was 44%. The pooled IBD-UC and IBD-CD relapse rate in patients who stopped anti-TNF therapy were 43% and 46%, respectively. The studies using infliximab (IFX) showed a pooled IBD relapse rate of 45%, and the IBD relapse rate in the IFX/ADA (Adalimumab) group was 42%. The IBD relapse rate for papers with treatment durations of less than or equal to 12 months was 51%, while for articles with treatment durations of more than 12 months, it was 30%. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for careful evaluation and monitoring of IBD patients who cease anti-TNF therapy, as well as further investigation of alternative treatments for those who exhibit intolerance or inadequate response to anti-TNF therapy. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32427 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32427/8338

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 9 2024 09 03 2090 2102 Arash Poursheikhani 1. Department of Genetics and Advanced Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Meysam Mosallaei Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrdad Nasrollahzadeh Sabet Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Foad Heidari Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohsen Rajaeinejad AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA‐ CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Chamanara 1. Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mojtaba Yousefi zoshk 1. Trauma Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Peyman Aslani 1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Infectious Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ebrahim Hazrati Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mojgan Mohammadimehr Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Javad Behroozi 1. Department of Genetics and Advanced Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Research Center for Cancer Screening and Epidemiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 05 17 2022 11 19 Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most invasive types of brain cancer. LncRNAs can be considered a new prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in GBM. This study comprehensively explored the interaction of lncRNAs with mRNAs in the TCGA database and proposed a novel promising biomarker with favorable diagnostic and prognostic values. Methods: The public data of RNA-seq and related clinical data were downloaded from the TCGA database. Differential expression analysis was conducted in R. GO and KEGG signaling pathways were used for enrichment. The STRING database was used for PPI analysis. CE-network was constructed by STAR database. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and ROC curve analysis to indicate the biomarkers' diagnostic and prognostic values. Results: Differentially expressed data illustrated that 4428 mRNAs were differentially expressed in GBM. The GO and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched in critical biological processes. The PPI showed that WEE1, BARD1, and CDK6 were the important PPI hubs. The ceRNA network data demonstrated critical lncRNAs. The data revealed that the lncRNA CRNDE, LINC00957, AC072061.1, AC068888.1, and DBH-AS1 are potential diagnostic prognostic biomarkers in the GBM patients. Conclusion: Altogether, we demonstrated lncRNA, and mRNA interaction and mentioned regulatory networks, considered a therapeutic option in GBM. In addition, we proposed potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for the patients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28777 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28777/8348

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 9 2024 09 03 1992 2005 EN Nooshin Mohtasham 1. Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mahtab Tarrah Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Fatemeh Arab Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Masoumeh Sadeghi Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Farnaz Mohajertehran Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2023 08 12 2024 01 15 Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in several biological processes, such as control of tissue homeostasis, cell signaling, differentiation, proliferation, neoplastic transformation, and activation/inhibition of apoptotic mechanisms. In this systematic review, we evaluated the changes in the expression pattern of miRNAs in salivary gland tumors (SGTs). Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, and Scopus with no language and date restrictions in Feb 2023. All the studies on SGTs that evaluated miRNA profiling were included. Relevant data regarding the overexpression and down-regulation of the miRNAs were extracted. The quality of the included studies was evaluated with Newcastle–Ottawa checklist. The altered expression of miRNAs was evaluated between SGTs and normal cases, benign and malignant tumors, and primary and high-grade tumors. Results: Thirteen studies were included in this systematic review. There were considerable differences between malignant and benign tumors regarding the miRNAs expression level. In the five studies, the miRNA profile of the primary tumors was compared with metastatic tumors to reveal the involvement of the miRNA in the prognosis of the salivary tumors. The miRNAs expression changes were correlated with tumor size, stage, recurrence, and occurrence of solid components. Perineural invasion and lymph node metastasis were also reported in ACC-LM cell line and recurrence of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) tissues. Conclusion: The miRNA profiling confirms their prognostic value in salivary gland tumors. Significant alternations of the miRNAs expression are useful for distinguishing different types of salivary tumors and malignant tumors from benign types. The miRNA expression changes also affect the prognosis of salivary tumors. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32842 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32842/8339

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 9 2024 09 03 2103 2112 EN Dariush D. Farhud 1. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Research Center for Paleogenomics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Dr. Farhud Genetics Clinic, Tehran, Iran Mahsa Azari 1. Research Center for Paleogenomics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Dr. Farhud Genetics Clinic, Tehran, Iran 3. Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Rahbar Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, Tehran, Iran 2023 05 28 2024 09 03 Background: Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is a contagious and infectious disease; in the first stage, it destroys the lungs and in the next stage other body organs, such as the spine and long bones. This disease is transmitted through an infected person and due to the weakness of the immune system, the infection intensifies. Tuberculosis has two stages: low activity and high activity. In this article, we have discussed the signs of tuberculosis destruction with high intensity on the bones of prehistory human remains. Methods: The examples of our research are related to human remains from the ancient cemetery of 4000 years ago from Sagezabad region of Qazvin Province of Iran. That period of history coincides with the Iron Age 2 and 3 in the region. People inside the Sagezabad cemetery were very near to early urban (the late rural) society. Results: By matching the form of bone destruction with international atlases for tuberculosis, we have reached a satisfactory result in this article. Due to the strong penetration of the infection into the bones, destruction in the remains was high, so it has simplified the diagnosis for us. Conclusion: We found tuberculosis among the bones. This common ancient disease existed even among Neanderthals. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32140 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32140/8349

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 9 2024 09 03 2006 2019 Ali Ghaffarian Department of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Azam Cheraghi Department of Hospitals Supervision and Accreditation, Vice-Chancellery for Clinical Affairs, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Masoud Ferdosi Health Management and Economics Research Center, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan Uni-versity of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2023 08 23 2024 02 12 Background: One of the upcoming challenges in hospital accreditation is using the same and similar standards for all types of hospitals in size and type of activity. We aimed to identify the accreditation modules for all types of hospitals in size (small hospitals) and type of activity (special hospitals). Methods: This research was conducted as a scoping review from Mar to May 2023. "Arsky and O'Malley" six-step protocol was used to conduct this study. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) was used to identify, evaluate, and select research articles. The "framework analysis" method was used to analyze the data. Results: Of 14 articles, 64% have been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Moreover, 36% of them were accreditation organizations' standards at the national level. The accreditation modules of small hospitals are Responsibilities of Management, Care of Patients, Management of Medication, Patient Safety, Infection Control, Continuous Quality Improvement, Patient Rights and Education, Blood and Blood Products, and Partnering with Consumers. The accreditation modules of special hospitals are Governing Body and Administration, Clinical Management, Prevention and Health, Care and Treatment, Diagnostic Services, Patient Rights, and Quality Improvement. Conclusion: Identifying the main modules of accreditation for small and special hospitals can help policymakers and hospital managers improve the quality and safety of their hospitals by using appropriate standards and help improve the services provided to patients and increase their satisfaction. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32987 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32987/8340

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 9 2024 09 03 2113 2120 EN Abbas Bahrampour Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Reza Baneshi Australian Women and Girls’ Health Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia Ali Karamoozian Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Navisa Sadat Seyedghasemi Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Abbas Etminan Physiology Research Center, Departments of Nephrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mostafa Eghbalian Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2023 10 23 2024 01 13 Background: Along with the increasing prevalence of ESRD in developing countries, the use of more up-to-date statistical models is highly recommended. It is crucial to control potential cure pattern and heterogenicity among patients. Methods: In this longitudinal study, the data of 170 hemodialysis patients who visited the dialysis department of Shafa Hospital in Kerman from 2006 to 2016 were collected. To provides robust estimates the time to event data (death) were analyzed with a gamma frailty mixed cure Weibull model (MC-WG) using Bayesian inference. Results: About 49% of patients experienced the death and median survival time was 37.5 months. Older patients (0.264), female patients (0.269), and patients with higher mean serum urea levels (0.186) had a higher risk of death. Moreover, we observe a decrease in death with increase in Creatine (Cr). Conclusion: In the MC-WG Bayesian model, the diabetes, AST, calcium, phosphorus and uric acid variables had a significant effect on the survival of hemodialysis patients, while they were not significant in the Cox PH model. The results of MC-WG Bayesian model are more consistent with other studies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33553 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33553/8350

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 9 2024 09 03 2020 2029 Nader Salari Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Mehrab Ahmadi Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Hooman Ghasemi Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Reza Yarani Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford Uni-versity, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA Masoud Mohammadi Researc requirements for the accuracy of diagnosis. We tried a variety of feature selection methods to improve the accuracy of logistic regression (LR). Methods: We collected 397 samples from Nanjing, Jiangsu, China between Jan 2016 and Dec 2017, including 178 hypertension samples and 219 control samples. It includes not only clinical and laboratory data, but also imaging data. We focused on the difference of imaging attributes between the control group and the hypertension group, and analyzed the correlation coefficients of all attributes. In order to establish the optimal LR model, this study tried three different feature selection methods, including statistical analysis, random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) and accuracy were used as the main criterion for model evaluation. Results: In the prediction of hypertension, the performance of LR with RF as the feature selection method (accuracy: 0.910; AUC: 0.924) was better than the performance of LR with XGBoost as the feature selection method (accuracy: 0.897; AUC: 0.915) and the performance of LR with statistical analysis as the feature selection method (accuracy: 0.872; AUC: 0.926). Conclusion: LR with RF as the feature selection method may provide accurate results in predicting hypertension. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and pulse wave velocity at the end of systole (ESPWV) are two key imaging indicators in the prediction of hypertension. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/24077 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/24077/7723

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 9 2022 09 04 2108 2116 Nahid Askari Tajabadi 1. Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Hamid Pakmanesh Department of Urology, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Moghaddameh Mirzaee 1. Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Yunes Jahani 1. Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2021 04 16 2021 06 23 Background: Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in men. This study was carried out to determine effective factors on the survival rate of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer in Kerman, Iran. Methods: The present study was conducted as a retrospective cohort of 238 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer from 2011 to 2019 in Kerman, Iran. First, the demographic and clinical information of patients were collected. Then, the information on patient survival up to June 2019 was tracked, and their latest statuses of death or survival were recorded. Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Bayesian Weibull parametric accelerated failure- time model were used for data analysis. Data analysis was carried out by Stata and SAS. Results: The mean age of patients in the diagnosis was 73.28±10.08 year. The patient’s 1, 2, 3 and 5-years of overall survival rates were equal to 78.54%, 65.97%, 56.64% and 49.30, respectively. Patients under surgical therapy relatively held longer survival times compared to the rest of the therapies. Patients under chemotherapy had shorter survival times. Age at diagnosis, occupation, chemotherapy, surgery, education, and smoking variables significantly affected patients’ survival (P<0.05). Conclusion: Patients' survival duration increases if the disease is diagnosed at younger ages and its preliminary development stages. Smoking cessation is strongly recommended after diagnosis, as it is associated with a lower survival rate. Patients who underwent radical prostatectomy surgery showed higher survival rates than radiotherapy, hormone ablation, or chemotherapy. Moreover, patients with higher education had more prolonged survival. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/24604 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/24604/7724

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 9 2022 09 04 2117 2127 Xiangtao Yu Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264000, China Dianjun Liu Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264000, China Lin Wang Department of Pharmacy, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264000, China Liguo Wang Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264000, China 2021 02 21 2021 08 16 Background: Non-coding RNA played one pivotal role in NSCLC in terms of pathogenesis and progression. We aimed to determine the LncRNA, which can be one new potential target for NSCLC treatment and its possible mechanisms from Jan 2017 to Aug 2020. Methods: Gene LOC285758, which produced new cells in tumor cellular system, was knocked out. Its specific effects were tested in terms of cellular phenotype. LOC285758 was chosen to target for miRNA as we