Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 8 2024 08 06 1736 1745 In Sun Kim Department of Nursing, Hanyeong University, Yeosu-si, Republic of Korea Hee Jeong Yoon College of Liberal Arts, Chungwoon University, Hongseong-gun, Republic of Korea Yeon Ran Hong Department of Nursing, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-si, Republic of Korea 2024 06 14 2024 08 06 Background: This descriptive survey study aimed to investigate the effects of emotional labor, work–life balance, and empowerment on nurses’ professional quality of life (ProQOL) and provide foundational data for improving the ProQOL of Korean nurses. Methods: Nurses who had been working for at least six months in hospitals in Yeosu, Suncheon, and Gwangyang, the Republic of Korea, were surveyed in April 2022. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected on general characteristics, emotional labor, work–life balance, empowerment, and ProQOL. The collected data were analyzed using frequency analysis, independent t-tests, analyses of variance, post-hoc tests, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results: ProQOL was negatively correlated with emotional labor (r=-0.550, P<0.001) and positively correlated with work–life balance (r=0.680, P<0.001) and empowerment (r=0.454, P<0.001). Emotional labor (β=-0.27, P<0.001), work–life balance (β=0.44, P<0.001), and empowerment (β=0.28, P<0.001) were identified as the predictors of ProQOL, such that reduced emotional labor and increased work–life balance and empowerment enhanced ProQOL. These factors explained 62.1% of the variance in the ProQOL of Korean nurses (F=42.86, P<0.001). Conclusion: To enhance the ProQOL of Korean nurses, it is vital to help them adjust their work–life balance, decrease their emotional labor, and increase their empowerment. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/35816 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/35816/8308

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 8 2024 08 06 1695 1708 Mingtao Ding Department of Health Management Centre, Jinan Central Hospital, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, China Lei Liu Department of Internal Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, China 2023 09 25 2024 01 08 Background: Low protein diet plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. However, exact role is unclear so far. We aimed to find out the effect of low protein diet on patients with cardiovascular disease. Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were followed throughout the research project until 10th Apr 2023. MeSH phrases and Boolean operators were used to search PubMed for suitable studies. The entire estimate was expressed as a 95% confidence interval around the mean difference. The model was picked because of the discrepancies found in the research. Choi's Q test and I2 statistics were used to determine the degree of variation between experiments. The funnel plot was used to qualitatively examine the publishing bias. Results: Low-protein diets have a greater impact on waist circumference [-8.82 (-9.51, -8.13), P<0000.1] and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [-0.05 (-0.07, -0.03), P<0000.1] alteration than non-LPD diets, as measured by the standard mean difference (SMD). Further, significant changes were observed in weight loss [1.51 (1.25, 1.77), P<0.00001], BMI, [0.46 (0.25, 0.67), P<0.0001], change systolic [2.48 (1.20, 3.77), P=0.0002] and diastolic blood pressure [1.49 (0.72, 2.26), P=0.0002], low density lipoprotein [0.09 (0.06, 0.12), P<0.00001], triglyceride [0.52 (0.49, 0.55), P<0.00001], in non-LPD group as compared to LPD group. Conclusion: The results indicated the role of low protein diet on patients with cardiovascular disease. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33291 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33291/8305

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 8 2024 08 06 1903 1904 Eunha Jin Gwangju Veterans Hospital, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, South Korea Aeri Jang Department of Nursing, Mokpo, National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, South Korea 2024 01 18 2024 08 06 No Abstract. No Abstract. No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33559 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33559/8329

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 8 2024 08 06 1898 1902 Ainura Manasovna Satarkulova Department of Fundamental Disciplines, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Kanykei Sadyrbekovna Keneshova Department of Fundamental Disciplines, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Shadiya Yusupdjanovna Aisaeva Integrated Research Center, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Asel Abdumomunovna Usenova Department of Special Surgical Disciplines, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Shirin Syrgakovna Bakirova Department of Fundamental Disciplines, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic 2024 08 06 2024 08 06 Background: We aimed to evaluate the functional state of the population of the midlands and highlands of Alai region (Kyrgyzstan) on the basis of body mass index (BMI) and adaptation potential (AP). The characteris- tic of people with overweight and underweight are presented. A clean dependence of AP on BMI was revealed. Methods: In Alai region (Kyrgyzstan), 285 citizens of Gulcha village (1.540 m above sea level) and 312 citizens of Sary-Tash village (3.200 m above sea level) were examined in July-August 2023. Blood pressure (BP) was generally measured at rest in the seated position. The BMI and AP were calculated. Results: In the midlands and highlands BP correspond to the physiological norm. The AP scores in the mid- lands region for men was 2.32 points, for women - 2.38 points, but in highlands areas these values were slightly higher: for men – 2.52 points, for women – 2.42 points. The total BMI values for men in the midlands and highlands were 23.39 and 23.24 kg/m2 respectively, for women in the midlands this indicator became higher than normal (26.53 kg/m2), but in the highlands it corresponded to the norm (24.78 kg/m2). Conclusion: It is necessary to determine the value of AP, BMI and type of self-regulation of blood circulation when assessing the functional state of residents living in mountain areas. In the highlands overweight, which is one of the significant risk factors for health disorders, with tension of regulatory mechanisms can become a trigger for the development of cardiovascular diseases. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/36294 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/36294/8328

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 8 2024 08 06 1746 1753 Zeynep Ayaydın Department of Medical Microbiology, Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences Universi-ty, Diyarbakır, Turkey Ayşe Batgi Azarkan Department of Medical Microbiology, Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences Universi-ty, Diyarbakır, Turkey Özge Alkan Bilik Department of Medical Microbiology, Selahaddin Eyyubi State Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey Ali Cem Tekin Department of Medical Microbiology, Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences Universi-ty, Diyarbakır, Turkey 2023 06 06 2023 12 10 - https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32215 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32215/8309

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 8 2024 08 06 1709 1721 Mohammad Alam 1. Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2. Department of Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India 3. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Haifa Almutairi College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Rowida Barayan Ministry of Health, Badanah Primary Healthcare, Badanah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Huda Abutayyem Department of Clinical Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates Haytham Alswairki School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia Ahmed Alfawzan Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Mohammad Hajeer Department of Orthodontics, University of Damascus Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus, Syria Ahmed Albalawi College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Khalid Hussain Ali Alruwaili Alruwaili College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Rakhi Issrani 1. Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2. Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India Namdeo Prabhu Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2023 05 08 2023 12 19 Background: We aimed to review studies that evaluated the effect of cigarette smoking on orthodontic treatment methods and determine whether the smoke affected appliances in a way that could impair the effectiveness of the overall treatment strategy. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were scoured using pertinent keywords, reference searches, and citation searches in accordance with the PRISMA protocol regarding articles published from 2008 till 2022. Results: Ultimately, 7 papers were chosen for further analysis at the end of the selection protocol. Overall pooled odds ratio (OR) for the impact of cigarette smoking on orthodontic treatment was 0.25 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.43), with high statistical significance (P<0.00001) but also high heterogeneity (I² = 81%). The relative risk (RR) was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.66), indicating a 50% greater risk of noticeable impact, with high statistical significance (P<0.00001) and high heterogeneity (I² = 79%), and the risk difference (RD), which was -0.33 (95% CI: -0.45, -0.21), suggesting a 33% higher risk of noticeable impact, with high statistical significance (P<0.00001) and high heterogeneity (I² = 81%). The high heterogeneity in all measures indicates significant variability in the results across the included studies. Conclusion: All the 7 studies selected for our systematic review exhibited significant detrimental associations between smoking and orthodontic appliances and other modalities that were exposed to cigarette smoke. However, more studies need to be done in this regard, since the literature currently available on this relationship is quite poor and lacking in concrete evidence. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/31954 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/31954/8306

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 8 2024 08 06 1905 1906 Zohreh Rahaei Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Saeide Rastjoo Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2023 09 08 2023 12 10 No Abstract. No Abstract. No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33174 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33174/8330

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 8 2024 08 06 1754 1768 Zhengming Huang Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China Long Yu Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China Weisong Chen Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China Dan Zhu Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China Hui Chen Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China 2023 10 04 ract locale="en_US">Background: Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. The infection is characterized by acute and chronic illness, that often lead to liver cirrhosis, and death. In this study, we determined the proportion of patients with hepatitis B infection in Mogadishu and evaluated their hepatitis B viral DNA. Methods: A retrospective hospital-based descriptive study was conducted between July 2022 and October 2023 to collect data from all patients sent to the Dr. Sumait Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia for hepatitis B DNA detection and viral load determination. Results: Among the 406 patients studied in a clinical setting, 54.4% tested positive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The cohort predominantly consisted of males (62.8%) and individuals aged 30-39 years (32.8%). Age and sex were significantly associated with HBV positivity, with higher odds observed in older age groups with a 2.62 times higher risk of infection (95%CI=1.447-4.750) for the individuals aged between 30-39 years old, 3.19 times greater (95%CI=1.671-6.114) for those age group between 40-49 years old, and 3.13 times greater (95%CI=1.670-5.870) for those age group above 50 years. It should be noted that these findings are based on a clinical cohort and therefore may not represent the prevalence of HBV in the general population. Conclusion: This study highlights a high proportion of HBV infection among clinical patients with known or suspected HBV infection in Mogadishu, with significant associations between age, sex, and infection risk. Further population-based studies are needed to assess the true burden of HBV in the general population in Somalia.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/35571 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/35571/8754

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 55 1 2026 02 07 26 39 Nik Zatul-Iffah N Mohd Nabil Faculty of Education, The National University of Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Mohd Effendi Ewan Mohd Matore Research Centre of Education Leadership and Policy, Faculty of Education, The National University of Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Mohd Syazwan Zainal Research Centre of Education and Community Well-being, Faculty of Education, The National University of Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2025 03 12 2025 09 25 Background: Self-esteem is a pivotal yet fragile factor influencing the learning and psychosocial outcomes of students with learning disabilities (LD). Although widely discussed, evidence has been inconsistent and dispersed across cultural and methodological contexts. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Databases search identified 54 records from Scopus and Web of Science, of which eight studies published between 2008 and 2023 met the inclusion criteria. The studies were synthesized into three domains, psychological dimensions, social support and educational interventions. Results: Findings revealed consistent psychological vulnerabilities. Students with LD reported lower academic self-concept than peers, while large-scale evidence showed overall moderate self-esteem with gender differences favoring males. Qualitative accounts from adults indicated ambivalent identities, blending positive traits such as independence with negative perceptions of anxiety and inadequacy. Social support emerged as a protective factor with friendships, parental involvement and teacher encouragement fostering resilience and buffering against stigma. Interventions demonstrated tangible benefits, educational therapy with 150 children improved self-esteem and reduced behavioral problems, while adapted cognitive-behavioral therapy enhanced emotional regulation and self-worth in adults. Conclusion: The evidence highlights the need for integrated, culturally responsive and gender-sensitive approaches that address both academic competence and psychosocial well-being. Future research should adopt larger, longitudinal and cross-cultural designs to better capture developmental trajectories across the lifespan. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38474 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38474/8744

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 55 1 2026 02 08 177 179 Haewon Byeon Worker's Care & Digital Health Lab, Department of Future Technology, Korea University of Technology and Education (KO-REA TECH), Cheonan 31253, South Korea 2025 03 17 2025 07 17 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38534 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38534/8759

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 55 1 2026 02 08 151 161 Azam Rahimzadeh kalaleh Nursing Research Center of Respiratory Diseases (NRCRD), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Bahrambeygi Nursing Research Center of Respiratory Diseases (NRCRD), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeid Besharati Nursing Research Center of Respiratory Diseases (NRCRD), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh Nomani Research Center of Thoracic Oncology (RCTO), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zobeydeh Saeed Nursing Research Center of Respiratory Diseases (NRCRD), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 05 20 2025 10 19 Background: Air pollution is an important global public health concern with multiple consequences for the individuals with respiratory diseases. We aimed to assess the influence of air pollution variables on the hospitalization rates of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Atmospheric pollutant parameters, such as NO2, SO2, CO, O3, PM₂.₅, PM10, and AQI, from Mar 2022 to Mar 2024 were measured. The information of COPD patients was extracted from Masih Daneshvari Hospital (referral center for respiratory diseases in Tehran). The relationship among data, Relative Risk (RR), and Attributable Proportion (AP) for prolonged exposure to air pollutants during a biennial period was assessed using the Air Quality Plus (2.2.4) software. Results: March 2023 saw the highest number of hospitalizations, with an average of 4.16 cases. This was concurrent with an elevation in PM₂.₅ concentrations. Furthermore, the month of Aug 2023 exhibited a high hospitalization rate, with an average of 3.8 cases, linked to the rise in the concentration of PM₂.₅, NO2, and O3 air pollutants. The highest mean relative risks (RRs) associated with acute exacerbation of COPD were as follows: (PM10: 1.83, PM₂.₅: 1.76). Conclusion: High levels of air pollution, specially PM₂.₅, significantly worsen COPD conditions and are a main trigger for COPD exacerbation. Consequently, enforcing more stringent air quality regulations is an essential public health approach to alleviate the incidence of COPD. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/39189 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/39189/8755

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 55 1 2026 02 07 40 52 Mi Wang Otolaryngology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China Nianci Xiao Otolaryngology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China Qingxiu Yao Otolaryngology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China Mengmeng Chen Otolaryngology Department, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China Weiliu Zhu Otolaryngology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China 2025 03 04 2025 06 01 Background: Chronic tinnitus significantly impacts patients' quality of life, with no consensus on the long-term efficacy of different interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, literature was searched across eight databases up to November 2024. Ten randomized controlled trials were selected. A random-effects model was used to calculate weighted mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores. Results: Compared to control groups, TRT significantly improved THI scores (MD = -8.72, 95% CI: -16.65 to -0.79, P=0.03) and showed a trend toward improving VAS scores (MD = -2.78, 95% CI: -5.57 to 0.02, P=0.05). Heterogeneity was high (I²=90-96%), but sensitivity analysis confirmed stable results. Conclusion: TRT has a significant long-term therapeutic effect on chronic tinnitus. Future studies should increase sample sizes, standardize interventions, and optimize review processes to reduce heterogeneity and define optimal TRT strategies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38386 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38386/8745

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 55 1 2026 02 08 180 181 Zahra Zamanian Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Vafa Feyzi Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mousa Bamir Medical Librarianship, Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman Uni-versity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Salman Farahbakhsh 1. Department of Occupational Health, Instructor of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciencess, Sirjan, Iran 2. Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz Universi-ty of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2025 12 28 2026 02 08 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/41865 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/41865/8760

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 55 1 2026 02 08 162 172 Mojtaba Norouzi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Naser Nasiri Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran Sasan Amiri Faculty Member, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Hormozgan University of Medical Science, Bandar Abbas, Iran Habibeh Nasab Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Nahid Bagheri Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mostafa Eghbalian Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran Parvaneh Nazari Clinical Research Development Unit, Shafa Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Reza Faryabi Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran 2025 04 27 2025 12 08 Background: We aimed to investigate the factors that influence the prevalence of obesity and overweight in children in Jiroft, Kerman Province, Iran using tree regression analysis.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024.  Children aged 2-6 years were selected from the kindergartens of Jiroft City by a stratified random sampling method. Parents' demographic information, the mother's health information during pregnancy, nutrition, and the child's lifestyle were obtained through a questionnaire. Children's BMI Z-score was measured. A decision tree model was built using the "rpart" package in R software (version 4.5.1). Results: Out of 1032 children aged 2-6 years, 51.0% (n=522) were girls. The factors affecting the BMI of children include having a father weighing more than 89 kg, a high-income family, and a birth weight of less than 3.1 kg. According to the regression model, mother's job (P-value=0.045), father's weight (P-value=0.002), and birth weight (P-value=0.013) were positively associated with higher child's BMI status. In contrast, daily vegetable intake (P-value=0.044) was negatively associated with current BMI. Conclusion: Fathers' weight, family income, and vegetable intake are key factors influencing early childhood BMI in Jiroft. Targeted interventions should prioritize engaging fathers in weight management programs before and during their child’s formative years. Obesity prevention efforts must also address lifestyle behaviors in affluent households through tailored nutritional counseling. Regular vegetable intake appears to have a protective effect, contributing to lower BMI in children.  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38910 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38910/8756

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 55 1 2026 02 07 53 62 Meryem Koçaş Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Health Services Vocational School, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Türkiye Arzu Yiğit Department of Health Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Süleyman Demirel University, Ispar-ta, Türkiye 2025 05 10 2025 09 02 Background: We aimed to systematically examine the effects of Cochlear Implant Treatment (CIT) on quality of life and costs and to raise awareness of its economic and clinical value. Methods: A systematic scan was conducted for relevant published studies over Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, and Web of Science electronic databases. The search covered studies published between January 2009 and December 2024. Literature search and data extraction were conducted by two researchers and the Drummond Checklist was used to assess the risk of bias and applicability of the included literature. The study was conducted following the PRISMA-2020 guidelines. Results: Overall, 11 studies were included in the study. When these studies were evaluated, it was found that most of them were conducted in 2021, children were the most preferred sample group, and these studies focused on unilateral Cochlear Implant Treatment. The lowest quality of life value was 0.452 and the highest was 0.93. Cost-effectiveness analyses were used in the studies to determine the cost-effectiveness of cochlear implants, and the Markov Model was preferred. The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) was employed as the outcome measure highly cost-effective in lower-income settings such as Taiwan, while higher ICER values were observed in high-income countries such as the USA.  Conclusion: Cochlear implant treatment improves quality of life and is generally cost-effective for both children and adults, as supported by the majority of studies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/39064 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/39064/8746

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 55 1 2026 02 08 182 184 MohammadHossein Ahadi 1. Elderly Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2. Department of Aging and Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Farzan Madadizadeh Medical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2025 07 04 2025 07 17 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/39742 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/39742/8761

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 55 1 2026 02 07 63 75 Ningning Dai Department of Emergency Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Dan Zhao Department of Emergency Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Dongmei Yang Department of Emergency Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Jing Qian Department of Emergency Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Zeyu Xie Department of Emergency Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Maling Xiang Department of Emergency Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China 2025 01 17 2025 09 09 Background: A meta-analysis study was implemented to review the comparison of the impact of improving emergency care on the prognosis and treatment rate of elderly patients in the emergency department who have acute strokes. Methods: An inclusive literature investigation was completed until April 2025, and 1765 related studies were reviewed. The 12 selected studies encompassed 1300 elderly patients in the emergency department who had acute strokes. The dichotomous or continuous methodologies with a fixed or random model were used to assess the comparison of the impact of improving emergency care on the prognosis and treatment rate of elderly patients in the emergency department who have acute strokes using odds ratios (ORs), mean difference (MD), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: First-aid nursing had significantly lower rescue time (MD, -11.16; 95% CI, -15.74- -6.58, P<0.001), fatality rate (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.16-0.43, P<0.001), and disability rate (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.15-0.58, P<0.001) compared to control in elderly patients in the emergency department who have acute strokes. Conclusion: First-aid nursing had significantly lower rescue time, fatality rate, and disability rate compared to control in elderly patients in the emergency department who have acute strokes. Nevertheless, since most of the studies nominated for evaluation in the meta-analysis had low sample sizes, care must be taken when working with their values. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37860 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37860/8747

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal ofD;a, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Milan Kulić Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Biljana Mijović Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Marija Milić Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Temporarily Settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia Nenad Lalović 1. Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2. University Hospital Foča, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Nikolina Elez-Burnjaković Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Danijela Radulović Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dajana Nogo-Živanović Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ljiljana Krsmanović 1. Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2. University Hospital Foča, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Nada Avram 1. Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2. University Hospital Foča, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Biljana Milinković 1. Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2. University Hospital Foča, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Siniša Šolaja 1. Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2. University Hospital Foča, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Sandra Matović Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Jovan Kulić Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Bojan Joksimović Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2024 11 01 2024 12 23 Background: Undernutrition disorder is a prevalent comorbidity (up to 25%) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients which significantly compromises their health. We aimed to assess the association between single nucleotide polymorphysms (SNPs) adiponectin (ADIPOQ) +276 (G/T) and resistin (RETN) -420 (C/G) with the risk of developing T2D and undernutrition in patients with T2D. Methods: The research was conducted as prospective case-control study among 106 patients with T2D and 106 healthy control individuals in the territory of the Bosnia and Herzegovina from Sep 1st 2022 to May 1st 2023. For assessing the nutritional status, the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) was used. DNA analysis was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) method. The data were analyzed using chi-square test, t-test for independent samples and binary multivariate logistic regression. Results: The research included 212 subjects of which 124 (58.5%) were male. The mean age of the subjects was 68.48±4,67 yr. Almost 20% of subjects were undernourished, significantly more T2D patients when compared to controls (33% vs. 6.6%; P<0.001). ADIPOQ +276 GT genotype was identified as significant predictor of T2D (OR: 3.454; 95% CI: 1.400-8.521; P=0.007) and undernutrition disorder (OR: 3.453; 95% CI: 1.331-8.961; P=0.011) in T2D population, while the presence of RETN -420 CG genotype had protective effect against occurrence of T2D (OR: 0.353; 95% CI: 0.144-0.867; P=0.023). However, RETN genotypes were not associated with undernutrition disorder. Conclusion: ADIPOQ +276 gene polymorphism represent a significant predictor for development of T2D and undernutrition disorder in T2D population, while RETN -420 gene polymorphism was identified as a significant factor associated with a reduced risk for T2D, but was not associated with undernutrition. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37081 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37081/8522

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 4 2025 04 02 820 829 Yeon-Ju Kim Department of Nursing, Hyundai Women's & Children's Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea Yeonran Hong Department of Nursing, Sunchon National University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea Ho-Jin Lee Department of Nursing, Yeungnam University College, Daegu, Republic of Korea 2024 12 13 2025 04 02 Background: We investigated the effects of self-leadership, resilience, and communication ability on the intention to keep one’s nursing job among Korean nurses. Methods: Data were collected from 245 nurses from hospitals in Jeollanam-do Province, Republic of Korea in 2022. The collected data were analyzed using independent t-tests, one-way analyses of variance, post-hoc tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The intention to keep one’s nursing job was positively correlated with self-leadership (r=0.34, P<0.001), resilience (r=0.45, P<0.001), and communication ability (r=0.34, P<0.001). Positive correlations were also found between self-leadership and resilience (r=0.65, P<0.001), communication ability and self-leadership (r=0.49, P<0.001), and resilience and communication ability (r=0.69, P<0.001). Furthermore, resilience (β=0.27, P=0.001), age (β=0.26, P<0.001), welfare satisfaction (β=0.17, P=0.003), and communication ability (β=0.16, P=0.031) influenced nurses’ intention to keep their jobs. The regression model was statistically significant (F=24.94, P<0.001), and the explanatory power was 29.4%. Conclusion: Nurses’ intention to keep their jobs can be strengthened by improving their treatment, welfare, and communication abilities. Accordingly, educational programs are needed to create an efficient nursing environment and improve nurses’ resilience and communication abilities. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/37521 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/37521/8523

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 4 2025 04 02 830 838 Jianhong Dong Student Psychological Development Guidance Center, Xi 'an Shiyou University, Xi 'an, China Jing Chao College of Modern Service Management, Shandong Youth University of Political Science, Jinan, China 2025 02 26 2025 04 02 Background: Information Technology (IT) workers have long experienced high-intensity work pressure and overwork, thus bringing severe challenges to managing their mental health. As a key predictor of IT workers’ mental health, perceived stress significantly affects their tendency to experience depression. Self-esteem and self-control are important factors that influence individuals to regulate their behaviors and emotions and cope with challenges, thereby playing a possible chain mediating role in the relationship between perceived stress and depression. Methods: In this study, 708 IT workers in Shaanxi Province were investigated anonymously through questionnaires. The perceived stress scale, depression scale, self-esteem scale, and self-control scale were used to examine the influence of perceived stress on IT workers’ depression. Subsequently, the chain mediating role of self-esteem and self-control in this relationship was tested. Results: Perceived stress is found to influence IT workers’ depression (P < 0.01). Furthermore, self-esteem and self-control play a chain mediating role in the relationship between perceived stress and IT workers’ depression (P < 0.01). In addition, the duration of occupation in IT work influences the depression of IT workers significantly (P < 0.01). Conclusion: This study revealed the chain mediating roles of self-esteem and self-control in the influence of perceived stress on IT workers’ depression. This finding is of great reference value for reducing the depression risk of IT workers and implementing mental health intervention. Conclusion: Accurate evaluation of the governance ability of urban public health can provide guidance and policy propositions to improve the governance system of public health. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/38292 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/38292/8524

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 4 2025 04 02 839 849 EN Hye-Eun Oh Public Health and Medical Services Team, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea Hye-Jin Kim Department of Nursing, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 2024 09 05 2024 11 11 Background: We aimed to verify effects of a self-efficacy-based breastfeeding support program (SBP) through a 1:1 face-to-face education and non-face-to-face education via phone counselling on breastfeeding and postnatal depression in primiparous women. Methods: This is a nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design study and primiparous women who gave birth at a tertiary general hospital in South Korea from May to Oct 2022 participated. Participants in the experimental group were provided with SBP (6 educational sessions) by the researcher for 4 wk after birth. Pre and post-test measures included breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding self-efficacy, adaption, breastfeeding rate, and postnatal depression. Results: The participants were 48, with 26 in the SBP experimental group and 22 in the control group. Breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and adaption scores level of increase were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P<.001, P=.010, and P=.012). Breastfeeding rate was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P=.011). The score of postnatal depression was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (P=.032). Conclusion: The SBP was validated as a program that could promote the continuation of self-directed breastfeeding even after discharge by primiparous women experiencing breastfeeding for the first time and ultimately improve the health of both mother and infant, thereby providing evidence for effective breastfeeding intervention strategies for nursing in practice. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/36547 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/36547/8526

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 4 2025 04 02 850 859 EN Narjes Noori Goodarzi Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shaghayegh Zafar Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Naghmeh Pourmand Department of Infertility, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Soheila Ajdary Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mir Saeed Yekaninejad Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran Mohammad Pourmand Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farzad Badmasti Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2024 09 11 2024 11 18 Background: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the second most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide, affects one million people daily. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of gonorrhea in females with genital infections in Tehran, Iran. Methods: First, a bioinformatic study was conducted to identify a conserved and high-prevalent gene marker for detection of N. gonorrhoeae. One desirable marker was selected and a pair of specific primers was designed to amplify it. The reliability of the primer pair was evaluated in silico and in vitro. Subsequently, 172 patients with genitourinary symptoms were enrolled and an endocervical swab specimen was obtained from each patient to evaluate the presence of N. gonorrhoeae in clinical specimens using the specific primers. Results: Restriction endonuclease subunit S (resS, WP_003687768.1) was selected as a specific detection marker. The designed primer pair targeting resS showed specific and reliable detection of N. gonorrhoeae in silico and in vitro. Out of 172 clinical samples, seven (4.06%) cases were infected by N. gonorrhoeae. Statistical analysis of clinical manifestations showed that there was a significant association between the occurrence of N. gonorrhoeae and dysuria (P= 0.043), pelvic pain (P= 0.017), and fever (P = 0.045). Conclusion: Three promising markers were introduced for development of point-of-care testing approaches. Moreover, this study highlights a 4% prevalence of gonorrhea among women with genitourinary symptoms in Iran, which reminds the urgent need for routine surveillance and new policies in management of STIs, particularly gonorrhea.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/36604 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/36604/8527

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 4 2025 04 02 860 869 Amin Moradi Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Fateme Nikbakht Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Ali Taghipour Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Hamid Reza Fathi Secretary of the Coordinating Council for Prevention, Treatment and Harm Reduction of Substance Use Disorders, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Behnaz Beygi Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Khadijeh Ghasemi Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Zahra Amiri Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Ehsan Mosafarkhani Department of Epidemiology, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medi-cal Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2024 05 27 2024 11 05 Background: Suicide is a serious global public health issue, which is the fourth-leading cause of death for young people between the ages of 15 and 29. This study aimed to be conducted to investigate the factors affecting suicide reattempts. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Sina Electronic Health Registration System and the HIS of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran covering around 90% of suicide attempts in Mashhad’s government hospitals (2019–2022). The study population included all Mashhad residents with documented suicide attempts in this period. Descriptive analysis was followed by a Poisson multivariable regression to identify factors affecting suicide attempt frequency, with analyses conducted in Stata version 14 and significance set at P<0.05. Results: Among 5,737 participants, 3,157 (55.0%) were men. The overall rate of suicide reattempt was 10.1% (n=580). Suicide reattempts were more prevalent among men (55.5% of reattempts, n=322), individuals with mental disorders (16.0%, n=93), substance users (7.8%, n=45), single persons (66.6%, n=386), those with high school education (47.6%, n=276), and self-employed individuals (45.7%, n=265). Poisson regression analysis revealed that substance users had a 43% higher likelihood of reattempting suicide compared to non-users (IRR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.27-1.61, p<0.001), after adjusting for other variables. Conclusion: Identifying risk factors for suicide reattempt, such as drug abuse, may be effective in identifying high-risk groups and preventing suicide reattempts. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/35629 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/35629/8528

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 4 2025 04 02 870 880 EN Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Atieh Akbari Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Mohammad Akbari Department of Health Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran Maryam Khayamzadeh 1. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Academy of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2022 08 05 2023 01 09 Background: Several factors can affect the survival of patients with breast cancer (BC). We estimated BC patients' 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates and influential factors in a single medical center during the last three decades. Methods: We enrolled patients diagnosed with BC managed in the Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran from 1991 to 2018. All patients were followed to check the patients' status. The data were analyzed regarding demographic, clinical, pathological, and molecular biology characteristics. Descriptive and survival analyses were performed. Kaplan Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for survival analysis. Results: Overall, 4, 429 women were included. The mean age was 49. 11 (±11. 98) yr. Nearly 70% of the patients had high school degrees. Totally, 35% of patients were diagnosed in the advanced stages of BC. Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) were positive in 72. 50%, 66. 90%, and 16. 20% of the cases, respectively. About 11. 6% of patients died. The overall 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates of BC were 90%, 83%, and 75%, respectively. In the Cox proportional hazard analysis, the survival rate was affected by literacy level, positive lymph nodes, lymphovascular invasion, ER, tumor size, and pathological grade. Conclusion: This is the first report on the 15-year survival rate of BC and its influential factors, from a medical center in Iran. The results were acceptable and comparable with those of developed countries due to scientific protocols, teamwork, and effective follow-up in a developing country. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29484 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29484/8529

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 54 4 2025 04 02 881 884 Hossein Moameri 1. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Scienc-es, Kerman, Iran 2. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran Sahar Salehi Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran AliAkbar Haghdoost 1. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran 2. HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2024 07 29