Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 495 507 Jin Wang Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Xuzhou Mining Group, Xuzhou, 221131, China Shikui Wu Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Xuzhou Mining Group, Xuzhou, 221131, China Mingsheng Wang Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Xuzhou Mining Group, Xuzhou, 221131, China 2023 09 25 2023 12 19 Background: Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia are generally treated holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP). Therefore, it is important to analyze the several surgical procedures used for benign prostatic hyperplasia in terms of their role, effectiveness and safety. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis by searching databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Finally, we selected 10 papers including 2,456 patients treated with of thulium laser and holmium laser in the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. We did the analysis using RevMan 5.0 with the selected studies until 26 October 2023. Results: ThuLEP resulted in a smaller reduction in haemoglobin (MD: -0.22, 95%CI -0.32 to -0.13, P<0.001) and a shorter hospital stay (MD: -0.29, 95%CI -0.38 to -0.20, P <0.001). During the postoperative follow-ups, only the IPSS (MD: -0.03; 95%CI -0.11 to -0.06; P 0.58) at the six-month showed statistically significant differences. Conclusion: ThuLEP has greater security and faster growth than HoLEP. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33292 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33292/8178

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 508 523 EN Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uni-versity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Abolghasem Shokri Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uni-versity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Saied Bokaie Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uni-versity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2022 12 23 2023 07 15 Background: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is a major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic E. coli among Iranian children with confirmed bacterial UTIs from 2012 to 2022. Methods: A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, MagIran, Iranian Scientific Information Database, IranMedex, and Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology. The antibiotic-specific pooled prevalence estimates were calculated by applying a random-effects model. Freeman-Tukey Double Arcsine transformation was applied. I-squared statistic, and Cochran’s Q test were computed and meta-regression was conducted on latitude of sampling location. Results: The literature search retrieved 2159 articles, among which 19 articles were included. The highest antibiotic resistance was related to doxycycline, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, cefazolin, cefuroxime, and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, 59%, 57%, 54%, 53%, and 52%, respectively. Meta-regression on the latitude was statistically significant for nitrofurantoin (P=0.05). Conclusion: Resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains were observed in the majority of confirmed bacterial UTIs among Iranian children. The most effective antibiotics for uropathogens were colistin, meropenem, and imipenem. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30717 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/30717/8179

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 524 538 Zahra Hadizadeh-Talasaz Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Talaat Khadivzadeh Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Taraneh Mohajeri Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Masoumeh Sadeghi Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2023 04 06 2023 08 24 Background: The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse is varied in different countries. For validating the results of numerous studies on the prevalence of Pelvic organ prolapse in the world, a meta-analysis study seems necessary to provide an accurate and valid prevalence for planners and researchers in this field. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the worldwide prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse using the meta-analysis method. Methods: By using valid keywords, searching was done in ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Medline databases, and 22 articles were selected based on inclusion criteria between 2009 and 2021. The quality of articles was checked using The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Meta-analysis was performed on collected data using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA, Version 2). Meta-analysis of data was done with a random-effects model. The heterogeneity of the study was checked using the I2 index. Publication bias was assessed by the Egger test and funnel graph. Results: The overall prevalence of included studies was 30.9% (95% confidence interval: 24.4-38.2%), (P<0.001, heterogeneity I2=99.8%). Meta-analysis of subgroups in studies that used a questionnaire to estimate the prevalence rate showed the prevalence was 25.0% and in the studies used the physical examination was 41.8%. Conclusion: Studies carried out in different parts of the world have examined the prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse using different tools. Since some cases are asymptomatic, especially in the low stage of prolapse, physical examination of pelvic organ prolapse should be considered an essential tool in evaluating pelvic organ prolapse. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/31666 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/31666/8180

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 539 552 EN Mahbobeh Firooz School of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Gholam Reza Mahmoodi shan Nursing Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Leila Jouybari Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Khadijeh Yazdi Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Joseph Osuji School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Community, and Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Ab, Canada 2023 06 03 2023 09 27 Background: Several studies have evaluated the effects of lavender essential oil on the anxiety of hemodialysis (HD) patients, but most of them did not estimate the pooled effect size. The current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of lavender on anxiety and fatigue among HD patients. Methods: Eligible studies were selected based on the PRISMA steps and protocol. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus databases, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar Search Engines until Sep 2022. The risk of bias and analysis were evaluated using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and STATA v.14 software, respectively. Effect sizes were pooled using random effect models. Results: Nine studies were included. Lavender oil significantly reduced the average anxiety of HD patients compared to the control group (SMD: -2.51, 95% CI: [-3.56, -1.45], Z=4.67, P<0.001, I2 :89.9%). Also, it significantly reduced the average fatigue compared to the control group (SMD: -1.56, 95% CI: [-2.49, -0.63], Z=3.29, P=0.001, I2:92.2%). Subgroup analysis indicated controversial results regarding session frequency and drop number of lavender oil. Conclusion: Using Lavender oil significantly reduced fatigue and anxiety in HD patients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32197 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32197/8181

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 553 567 Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Parisa Farahmandian Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Abdolmajid Fadaei Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Ramezan Sadeghi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran 2022 11 01 2023 08 12 Background: Cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, experienced a surge in production during the 20th century due to the rise of nickel-cadmium batteries, metal plating, and plastic stabilizers. Exposure to cadmium primarily occurs through the consumption of contaminated food, such as vegetables and grains, as well as drinking water or inhaling polluted air. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between cadmium exposure and the incidence of prostate cancer using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Methods: This research involved searching and retrieving observational and experimental studies conducted until May 2022 from various databases, including ISI Web of Science, Cochrane, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Data analysis was performed using Stata 15 statistical software. Results: The initial search yielded 794 articles, which were subsequently reduced to 427 articles after eliminating duplicates. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 16 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The odds ratio of prostate cancer compared to the first quartile of exposure in the second quartile was 1.03 (0.95-1.12), in the third quartile it was 1.12 (0.99-1.26) and in the fourth quartile of exposure was equal to 1.16 (0.79-1.70). Regarding the investigation of the probability of the occurrence of publication bias, the results of Begg's and Egger's tests were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Although exposure to cadmium leads to an increase in the chance of prostate cancer, this chance increase was not statistically significant. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30279 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/30279/8182

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 568 576 Alireza Hejrati Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sadaf Parvin School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrnia Omidali School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Lina Hejrati School of Medicine, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bahareh Shateri Amiri Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2023 03 05 2023 09 18 Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a neoplastic hematologic disorder caused by the excessive proliferation of plasma cells and leads to bone lesions, anemia, and kidney failure. No definite etiology has been proposed for MM, but several environmental and genetic risk factors have been implicated so far. Exposure to pesticides, benzene, and organic solvents like methyl chloride have been considered a potential risk factor. Asbestos, ionizing radiation, and wood dust exposure have also been associated with MM. As MM is a relatively rare condition, the number of studies is insufficient, and in many studies, only a few study participants recall exposure to any agents. Therefore, establishing a definite risk factor is cumbersome and further studies with large study samples are needed. By recognizing these occupational risk factors, clinicians can encourage employees to reduce their exposure as more as possible and implement precautionary measures. In this review, we highlighted the current research on the potential association between occupational exposures and MM. Because of these studies, new regulations with the goal of occupational exposure reduction are anticipated in the future. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/31395 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/31395/8183

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 577 585 Myoungjin Kwon Daejeon University Department of Nursing, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea Na An Department of Nursing, Woosong College, 59, Baengnyong-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea Kawoun Seo Department of Nursing, Joongbu University, 201 Daehak-ro, Chubu-myeon, Geumsan-gun, Chungnam, South Korea 2022 07 10 2023 01 09 Background: As Korea rapidly enters a super-aged society, interest in depression, a change in psychological function that occurs with aging, is increasing. Although previous studies have suggested a relationship between depression and cognitive decline in older adults, they have not clarified how cognitive decline leads to depression. We aimed to examine the mediating effects of digital information utilization ability (DIUA) and interpersonal contact (IC) in the relationship between cognitive function and depression in older adults. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study used data from the 2020 Korean Elderly Survey. The participants were 9,920 seniors aged 65 years and older. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and one-way ANOVA correlation analysis were performed using SPSS 24.0 and the dual mediation effect was analyzed using PROCESS Macro for SPSS v.3.5 model 6. Results: Depression had a negative correlation with cognitive function (r=-.26, P<.001), DIUA (r=-.20, P<.001), and IC (r=-.13, P<.001). Cognitive function was positively correlated with DIUA (r=.40, P<.001) and IC (r=.08, P<.001). There was a positive correlation between DIUA and IC (r=.10, P<.001). Finally, the mediating effect of cognitive function on depression through the dual parameters of DIUA and IC was also statistically significant (B=.-001, 95% CI [-.002, -.001). Conclusion: The depression caused by cognitive decline can be reduced by improving older adults’ ability to use digital information and interact with others. Therefore, social interventions to increase the interpersonal contact of older adults is required, and education programs for improving older adults’ ability to utilize digital information may be developed to increase indirect contact using digital devices as well as direct contact. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29260 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29260/8184

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 586 591 Besir Shaqiri Department of Sport and Movement Science, University for Businnes and Technology, Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo Abedin Bahtiri Department of Sport and Movement Science, University for Businnes and Technology, Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo 2022 06 30 2023 02 02 Background: Most of the people with Down syndrome have short stature compared to general population. There is also a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, mainly in the adolescence and in the adult life. The aim of this study was to compare some anthropometric parameters, heart rate and blood pressure of children with Down syndrome and those with normal development. Down syndrome is among the most commonly classified categories of mental sub normality, with the incidence at birth being around 1: 700 and 1: 750 in live births in most countries worldwide, with the risk of increasing with mother’s age. Methods: The sample consisted of 82 children, 32 with Down syndrome and 50 healthy children, male, aged 14-15 yr from the population of Kosovo in 2022. There were no health problems present in the healthy children. Results: About 53% of children with Down syndrome have normal body mass, 15.62% are overweight, and 21.8 are obese. In terms of blood pressure, Down syndrome children have higher systolic pressure (121.94mm/hg), sd ±21.69 than healthy children (111.18mm/hg, sd ±10.88). Conclusion: Children with Down syndrome had significantly higher body mass index, heart rate, and systolic pressure at rest compared to healthy children. However, after short physical activity, healthy children exhibited greater diastolic pressure than children with Down syndrome. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29147 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29147/8185

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 592 604 Changping Yun Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, China Yuguang Wang CT Room, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, China Dongxu Wang CT Room, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, China Jialin Zang CT Room, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, China Zhen Lv School of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, China Ruinan Liu CT Room, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, China Houyi Cong CT Room, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, China 2023 05 19 2023 09 18 Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a global public health problem due to its high mortality. So there is an urgent need to find an effective treatment Methods: The targeting relationship among circABCB10, miR-130a and PTEN was predicted by  the targetscan database. The lung condition was detected by CT(Computed Tomograph). The expression levels of circABCB10, miR-130a and PTEN in lung tissues were determined by qRT-PCR. The COPD model was established by stimulating normal and silenced 16HBE cells in circABCB10 genes with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) at different concentrations. qRT-PCR was conducted for the expression levels of circABCB10, miR-130a and PTEN, WB for the expression levels of apoptotic proteins,ELISA for the content of inflammatory factors,and CCK8 for the effect of CSE on the proliferation of cells. Results: CircABCB10 expression increased in lung tissues from patients with COPD and in 16HBE cells treated with CSE. The stimulation on cells with CSE increased the expression of inflammatory factors, while knocking down circABCB10 could reverse this response. The inflammatory response to the knockdown of circABCB10 was reversed by miR-130a inhibitor, which increased the expression of c-caspase 3. The targetscan database predicted the target factor downstream miR-130a was PTEN. Transfecting OE-PTEN reversed the inflammation of knocking down circABCB10, and increased the apoptosis and inflammation. Conclusion: CircABCB10 can cause the inflammatory response by targeting miR-130a/PTEN axis, which is a mechanism that may lead to the occurrence and development of COPD. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32079 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32079/8186

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 605 613 Seung-Yong Kim Department of Leisure Sports, Dong Seoul University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 2023 12 18 2024 02 28 Background: Physical education in schools improves students’ health, physical strength, and lifelong physical engagement. Therefore, participation must be encouraged. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional responses and participation satisfaction, word-of-mouth (WOM) praise, and WOM activity in students participating in school sports. Few studies have considered WOM praise and activity separately. This study addresses this gap in the literature. Methods: In 2023, a survey of total of 345 students in Gyeonggi-do, Korea, was conducted using convenience sampling. Data processing included factor analysis to verify validity and reliability, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses. Results: The results confirmed a relationship between the emotional responses of students and satisfaction with participation. The emotional responses (ventilation [P<0.001], sense of dominance [P<0.001]) significantly affected participation satisfaction, and the latter had a possible causal relationship with WOM praise (P<0.001) and activity (P<0.001). Conclusion: The emotional responses of school sports participants were related to participation satisfaction, WOM praise, and WOM activity. Participation satisfaction significantly affected WOM praise and WOM activity. Therefore, to contribute to students’ lifelong health, school sports programs should be developed and implemented to induce positive emotional responses, ensure students’ participation in school sports, and improve their future quality of life. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/34040 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/34040/8187

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 614 624 Ai-Bin Weng Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Fujian Province, China Meng-Meng Deng Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology College, Putian University, Fujian Province, China Xiao-Dan Liu Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology College, Putian University, Fujian Province, China Hai-Bin Wang Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology College, Putian University, Fujian Province, China Qi Lin Key Laboratory for Translational Oncology of Fujian Province, Putian University, Fujian Province, China 2023 04 18 2023 09 18 Background: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), an important component of ambient air pollution, induces significant adverse health effects. MitoQuinone (MitoQ), a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, has been reported to play a protective role in various diseases. However, the roles of MitoQ in PM2.5 induced pulmonary toxicity remains to be elucidated. Methods: All the experiments were performed at Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Translational Oncology of Fujian Province, Putian City, China in 2023. Pulmonary epithelial cells (A549) were pretreated with 4 µM MitoQ for 2 h and exposed to PM2.5 for 24 h. Cell viability was tested through CCK8 assay. Oxidative stress state and active mitochondria was used to study MitoQ’s effect on PM2.5 induced injury, and cell apoptosis was measured using a flow cytometer and analyzed by Bcl-2 family. Results: MitoQ pretreatment significantly relieved a decreased cell viability, subsequently, MitoQ alleviated ROS production and prevented the reduction of T-AOC and GSH and increased the expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and p62 in A549 cells exposed to PM2.5. MitoQ restored the decreased mitochondrial dysfunction and dynamics disorder and inhibited activated mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis induced by PM2.5. Furthermore, the decreased ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and expression of Mcl-1 and the enhanced expression of Caspase-3 were reversed by MitoQ pretreatment. Conclusion: MitoQ might be regarded as a potential drug to relieve PM2.5 induced pulmonary epithelial cells damage. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/31789 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/31789/8188

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 625 633 Milos Stepovic Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Berislav Vekic 1. Clinic for Surgery, University Hospital Center “Dr. Dragisa Misovic”, Belgrade, Serbia 2. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Sanja Kocic Department of Social medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Svetlana Radevic Department of Social medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Viktorija Dragojevic Simic 1. Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia 2. Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia Snezana Radovanovic Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Radisa Vojinovic Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Nemanja Rancic 1. Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia 2. Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia 2022 03 02 2024 02 28 v https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28047 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28047/8189

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 634 643 Chunjing Tu Taizhou University Xiaolong Chen School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China Yibo Gao China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China Qi Pan School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China Lupei Jiang China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China Yuyu Li School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China Yanfeng Zhang China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China 2023 12 27 2024 02 28 Background: We aimed to explore the epidemiological trends and characteristics of undernutrition among children and adolescents aged 7~18 years in Macao from 2005 to 2020 to provide insights into the improvement of nutritional status among the youth in Macao, China. Methods: Based on the data collected from the Citizen Physical Fitness surveillance sessions in Macao in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, the prevalence of undernutrition among children and adolescents aged 7~18 years in Macao was calculated. Result: In 2020, the prevalence of undernutrition among children and adolescents aged 7~18 years in Macao was 12.11%. Among them, the rates of stunting, moderate or severe wasting, and mild wasting were 0.63%, 5.25%, and 6.23%, respectively. The prevalence of undernutrition among boys (13.81%) was higher than that among girls (10.06%). Mild wasting was the main form of undernutrition among students. From 2005 to 2020, the prevalence of malnutrition showed a decreasing trend (P<0.05), but there was a rebound in 2020 from 2015, mainly because it may be caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The prevalence of undernutrition among children and adolescents in Macao was lower than that in Mainland China (P<0.01). Conclusion: The detection rates of undernutrition showed a decreasing trend from 2005 to 2020. In the post-pandemic era, Macao should undertake more effective measures in areas such as promoting balanced nutritional intake, increasing physical activity levels, enhancing school physical education, and incorporating mental health education. These efforts are essential for further reducing the prevalence of undernutrition among children and adolescents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/34124 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/34124/8190

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 644 653 Xiao Ouyang Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Xuzhou Third People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China Xingran Chen Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Xuzhou Third People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China Feng Xin Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Xuzhou Third People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China Peng Sha Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Xuzhou Third People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China Songming Tong Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Xuzhou Third People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China Meng Liu Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Xuzhou Third People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China Shimin Li Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Xuzhou Third People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China Xinxin Li Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Xuzhou Third People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China 2023 04 19 2023 09 18 Background: The regulation of p21 in the pyroptosis of cartilage cells still needs to be further clarified. We aimed to explore the regulation of p21 on the pyroptosis of cartilage cells and to reveal the improvement of osteoarthritis. Methods: Chondrocytes were collected and isolated from patients with osteoarthritis (average age 58.64 ± 4.32) in Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, China in 2019, and healthy volunteers (average age 58.23 ± 3.91) were enrolled as the control group. mRNA expression levels of p21 and pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, total caspase1 and cleaved-Caspase1) were detected by Western blot and real-time PCR. Cell activity, total number of cells and number of dead cells were calculated with CCK-8, MTT. And the regulation of p21 on the pyroptosis of cartilage cells was verified with overexpression and knockdown of p21 in cartilage cells. Results: In cartilage cells of patients with osteoarthritis, the transcription and translation levels of pyrolysis-related genes (NLRP3, cleaved-caspase 1, and ASC) significantly increased (P<0.01). p21 expression was up-regulated and positively correlated with the changing trend of pyrolysis-related proteins (P<0.01). Overexpressing p21 genes in normal cartilage cells significantly increased the expression of pyrolysis-related proteins (P<0.01). Conclusion: The pyroptosis of cartilage cells is causally related to the process of osteoarthritis, and can be regulated by transcription factor p21, which is a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis.Osteoarthritis https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/31801 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/31801/8191

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 654 662 EN Hossien Hassani Lafmejan Pour Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Tavalla Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Hossein Keshavarz Valian Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical, Tehran, Iran Mahdi Mohebali Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical, Tehran, Iran Saeideh Hashemi Hafshejani Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Latifi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical, Tehran, Iran Mahboobeh Salimi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical, Tehran, Iran Aref Teimouri Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Saeedeh Shojaee Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical, Tehran, Iran 2022 07 09 2022 10 23 Background: Soil is an appropriate substrate for the storage and transmission of oocytes of Toxoplasma gondii. Ingestion of soil contaminated with T. gondii oocysts is a major transmission route of human and animal toxoplasmosis. The present study was carried out to investigate soil contamination with T. gondii oocysts in urban and rural areas of Guilan Province, northern Iran. Methods: Overall, 208 soil samples were collected from 16 cities and villages in Guilan Province, northern Iran from Oct 2020 to Nov 2021. Soil samples were investigated using modified sucrose flotation technique. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect presence of T. gondii DNAs in the samples. Positive samples were further analyzed using nested polymerase chain reaction for GRA6 gene. Moreover, six selected positive samples were used for amplifying and sequencing of the GRA6 gene. Results: Overall, 31 samples were positive for T. gondii with frequency of 14.9% and ranging from 10.9% in rural areas to 16.3% in urban areas. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the seasons (P=0.003). The phylogenetic analysis illustrated that our six sequences were similar and closely related to Type I strain of T. gondii. Conclusion: Results showed relatively high levels (14.9%) of T. gondii oocytes in soil samples of Guilan Province, northern Iran, which provided essential data for the effective prevention and control of toxoplasmosis in the region. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29250 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29250/8192

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 663 670 Rana Hajilou Tehran-East Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Dariush D. Farhud 1. Dr. Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran 2. Research Institute of Aging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Department of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marjan Zarif-Yeganeh 1. Dr. Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran 2. Research Institute of Aging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 10 13 2024 02 28 Background: We aimed to investigate two polymorphisms, rs8106922 and rs157580 of TOMM40 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: In the present case-control research, we collected blood samples from 117 AD patients and 130 controls from Alzheimer's Hospital, residents of Tehran, Iran during the winter 2020 to autumn 2022. Following extraction of DNA, Genotyping of TOMM40 polymorphisms rs8106922 and rs157580 were examined by sequencing and ARMS/PCR approaches. We compared distributions of genotypes in both patient and healthy groups using the Chi-Square test. Results: Regarding rs157580, a statistically significant difference was observed in the GA genotype frequency between patient and healthy groups, in both univariate and multivariate modes with these results that have come respectively, and it can be regarded as a protection factor P<0.05).. No significant difference was observed in the frequency of A and G alleles between patient and healthy groups. Besides, concerning rs8106922, the AG genotype frequency in research groups in both univariate and multivariate cases, with these results that have come respectively was significantly different (P=0.003) & (P=0.009). Regarding GG genotype, a statistically significant difference was observed between the patient and healthy groups in both univariate and multivariate cases, respectively (P=0.419) & (P=0.425). Significant differences were observed in the G allele frequency for rs8106922 in the healthy and patient groups (P=0.007), it can be regarded as a potential protective factor. Conclusion: It is possible to consider the TOMM40 gene as one of the potential genes concerning Alzheimer's disease. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30073 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/30073/8193

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 671 679 EN Habibollah Azarbakhsh Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Seyed Sina Dehghani Social Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Jafar Hassanzadeh Department of Epidemiology, Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Amir Hossein Hassani Social Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Maryam Janfada Non-Communicable Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Alireza Mirahmadizadeh Non-Communicable Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2022 09 29 2022 11 29 vGastrointestinal https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29961 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29961/8194

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 680 690 EN Elham Soltanzadeh Department of Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Hedayat Hosseini Department of Food Industry, School of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Scienc-es, Tehran, Iran Mohammadali Boroumand Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbasali Motallebi Department of Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2022 07 10 2023 02 01 Background: Hospital refrigerators as essential food storage can be important source of food contamination. We aimed to investigate the frequency and antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic bacteria in three hospital refrigerators in Tehran. Methods: This study was performed on 254 samples, collected from 60 refrigerators of the various wards of three hospitals, A, B, and C, in Tehran, Iran from 2020 to 2021. Following isolation and identification of isolates, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined. PCR-based assays were used to screen the presence of antibiotic resistance genes of resistant isolates. Results: From 254 collected samples, 236 samples (92.9%) were contaminated. Most strains were isolated from refrigerators with poorly cleaned, temperatures above 8 °C in non-critical wards. Most bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (68.8%), followed by Staphylococcus (11.9%), and Enterococcus (10.6%), while the frequency of non-Enterobacteriaceae isolates was 8.9%. The highest antibiotic resistant bacteria were in extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) 9.7%, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) 5.3%, methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) 0.4%, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 0.4%, respectively. The blaOXA-48, blaCTX, and bclaTEM genes were found only in 10% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The blaOXA-51 gene was found in all non-Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The vanA and mecA genes were detected in antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus and Staphylococcus. Conclusion: Our findings suggests major concern about cross-contamination and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates as a potential health threat with hospital refrigerators origin. More attention to hospital refrigerators cleaning is necessary to prevent foodborne diseases and nosocomial infections. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29255 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29255/8195

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 691 703 Hossein Mahmoudi Sefidkouhi Department of Industrial Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Esmaeil Najafi Department of Industrial Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Alireza Haji Department of Industrial Engineering, Sharif University, Tehran, Iran Abdollah Arasteh Department of Materials and Industrial Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran 2023 05 30 2023 11 07 Background: We aimed to identify the factors contributing to human error in hospital emergency departments using scientific methods. Methods: We used the Fuzzy Analytical Network Process (FANP) and Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM) to investigate human reliability in 54 hospital emergency departments in 15 provinces of Iran from 2021 to 2022. Results: The study classified 17 general factors affecting human errors in hospital emergency departments. Organizational (0.349), occupational (0.330), and personal factors (0.320) had the most significant impact on human error. Based on a matrix of paired comparisons for nine emergency tasks using the probability of success index method, "checking test results and diagnosis" had the highest probability of error when referring patients to intensive care or discharge. Although the study prioritized patients, there was still a cumulative probability of human error before disease diagnosis at 0.01332, highlighting the need for further training to minimize these risks. Conclusion: The FANP and SLIM were effective in identifying the factors contributing to human error in hospital emergency departments. Doctors and nurses working in these departments require more knowledge, experience, and responsibility to avoid errors. By identifying factors influencing the occurrence of human error and finding solutions to reduce risks, hospitals can improve the quality of their care and prevent errors. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32161 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32161/8196

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 704 713 Ebrahim Jaafaripooyan Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Rajabali Daroudi Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Soheila Damiri 1. Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. National Center for Health Insurance Research, Iran Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran Abdoreza Mousavi Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Effat Mohammadi Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amirhossein Takian 1. Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Department of Global Health & Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Olyaeemanesh 1. Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Health Economics, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 03 06 2022 12 09 Background: A significant share of medical care, primary health care, and health-related education and research in Iran is provided by the Ministry of Health and its affiliated universities of medical sciences. We aimed to identify a set of key metrics for monitoring their efficiency in the four areas of medical care, primary health care, education and research. Methods: A combination of scoping review, expert panel and Delphi method was used. First, the relevant keywords were searched in the appropriate databases between 2000 and 2020. The final extracted indicators then reviewed, reduced and refined through the expert panel meetings. The last metrics were established following a three-stage Delphi study. Results: Out of 2327 studies, 155 were selected following the different screening stages of scoping review. After summarizing and refining the indicators via several expert panel meetings and the Delphi method, a total of 36 key indicators were considered appropriate for measuring efficiency of the health system, 23 of which were for the sub-systems of public health (4 indicators), medical services (10 indicators), education (4 indicators) and research (5 indicators) and 13 indicators for the whole system efficiency. Conclusion: The set of indicators presented representing both the technical and allocative efficiency, might be a reliable basis for designing information systems and management dashboards for periodic monitoring of health system efficiency at national, regional and local levels. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28074 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28074/8197

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 714 725 Samaneh Nejaddehghan Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Seyed Jalal Zargar Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mana Oloomi Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Kazem Baesi Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Morteza Kouhsar Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (IBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2022 01 20 2023 01 15 Background: We aimed to investigate  miR-21-5p inhibition effect on lncRNA-XIST expression and apoptosis status of MCF-7 cells. Methods: The MCF-7 cells were cultured and transfected by the anti-miR-21-5p oligonucleotide and expression of miR-21-5p, lncRNA-XIST, apoptosis-associated genes (bax and p53) and one miR-21-5p-unrelated lncRNA (BC200) was assessed by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, cell viability checked by MTT assay and apoptosis and cell cycle in transfected cells were detected by flow cytometry. Also, bioinformatics analysis on the transcriptome data confirmed that the lncRNA XIST might have a critical role in breast cancer (BC) cell apoptosis through ceRNAs mechanism and possible regulatory interactions with miR-21-5p. Results: Expression of miR-21-5p and lncRNA-XIST was significantly down- and up-regulated respectively (P<0.05). However, there was no significant change in lncRNA-BC200 expression. Also, the expression of bax and p53 upraised significantly (P<0.05). In transfected cells, MTT and flow cytometry assays reported a highly significant decrease and increase in viability and apoptosis respectively. Conclusion: Inhibition of miR-21-5p resulted in significant upregulation of lncRNA-XIST and apoptosis-associated genes bax and p53, which led to the induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Therefore, more investigations may provide a valuable target for studies on molecular therapies for BC.    https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/27563 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/27563/8198

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 726 736 EN Behnaz Valibeigi Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Abbas Behzad-Behbahani Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Centre, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohsen Forouzanfar Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Farzaneh Zarghampoor Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Centre, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mojtaba Jaafarinia Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran 2022 08 09 2023 03 12 Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) substantially influence the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), metastasis, relapse, and resistance to therapy. Ibuprofen and hyperthermia can be effective in the treatment of cancer. Herein, we evaluated the effects of hyperthermia and ibuprofen on the isolated-CSCs of CRC. Methods: This experimental study was conducted between Sep 2020 and Jan 2022 at the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. A non-adhesive culture system was used to isolate CSCs from HT-29 cells. To confirm the stemness nature of isolated-CSCs, the expression of stemness genes and protein markers was evaluated by quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry assay. The isolated-CSCs were treated with hyperthermia and ibuprofen. The cell viability was determined by MTT assay and trypan blue staining. The expression of stemness, proliferation, Wnt signaling pathway and apoptosis genes was assessed by qRT-PCR. Results: CSCs were isolated within 14 days. The expression of CD-133 marker and OCT3/4, C-MYC, KLF4, and NANOG genes in isolated-CSCs was higher than HT-29 cells (P<0.05). Cell viability of treated-CSCs were considerably reduced (P<0.05). Hperthermia reduced the expression of OCT3/4, NANOG, PCNA, WNT1 and CTNNB1 genes and increased the expression of P53, BAX, and KLF4 genes (P<0.05). Ibuprofen decreased the expression of OCT3/4, BCL2, NANOG, PCNA, WNT1, and CTNNB1 genes and increased the expression of P53, BAX, and KLF4 genes in treated-CSCs (P<0.05). Conclusion: Hyperthermia and ibuprofen treatment demonstrate an inhibitory effect on colorectal CSCs. However, using combination therapy is remaining to be tested. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29517 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29517/8199

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 737 741 So-Jung Park Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea In Cheol Hwang Department of Family Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea Hong Yup Ahn Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea 2022 06 02 2023 03 29 Background: There were contradictory reports about the relationship between neck circumference (NC) and thyroid status. This study aimed to compare the NCs of Korean adults with or without thyroid disease. Methods: The data of 8,198 subjects (aged 40–80 yr) that participated in the 2019-2020 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were subjected to analysis. NCs were measured by trained staff to an accuracy of ±0.1 cm with a tape measure. Multiple logistic models were used to assess the prevalence of thyroid disease by NC level among men and pre- and postmenopausal women. Results: Approximately 5% of subjects had a history of thyroid disease. In contrast to men and postmenopausal women, premenopausal women with a larger NC had a significantly higher prevalence of thyroid disease (P-value=0.025). Conclusion: A large NC is significantly associated with thyroid disease among premenopausal Korean women. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28920 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28920/8200

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 742 743 Seji Ahn 1. Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea 2. Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea 3. Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea 4. Functional Rehabilitation Biomechanics Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea Kyoungkyu Jeon 1. Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea 2. Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea 3. Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea 4. Functional Rehabilitation Biomechanics Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea 2022 06 28 2022 07 31 No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29131 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29131/8201

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 53 3 2024 02 28 744 746 Majid Khan Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan 2022 04 16 2022 06 29 Letter to editor No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28470 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28470/8202