Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-6085521220231128The Relationship between Smartphone Use Motives, Social Capital, Digital Literacy, and Life Satisfaction in Elderly Koreans25542562ENJi-HyeonLeeDepartment of Psychology, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of KoreaSung ManBae1. Department of Psychology, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea 2. Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea2022060820230124Background: As the elderly population increases, interest in life satisfaction in old age is increasing. We aimed to verify the relationship between social capital, smartphone use motives, and digital literacy and life satisfaction in Koreans aged 50-69 yr.
Methods: The data of 7,521 late-middle-aged and older adults from the 2019 survey on smartphone overdependence conducted by the National Information Society Agency were analyzed by hierarchical multi-regression analysis.
Results: A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that income(β=0.062) and educational background(β=0.054) were positively related to life satisfaction. Among the smartphone use motives, lifestyle motive(β=-0.069) was negatively related to life satisfaction. Digital literacy(β=0.145) and Social capital(β=0.425) were positively related to life satisfaction.
Conclusion: Digital literacy and social capital were positively associated with life satisfaction. In addition, this study considered the effects of lifestyle-based apps, while past studies only focused on communication- and leisure-based smartphone activities as factors influencing life satisfaction in adults in their 50s-60s. This study can provide a theoretical framework for therapeutic interventions to improve life satisfaction in the elderly.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28975https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28975/8108Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-6085521220231128South Korea's Medical Tourism Competitiveness and Future Strategy: Focused on Cancer Treatment: A Review24842495ENHyoungsupKimCollege of Humanities, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of KoreaYoungsubLeeAsia Contents Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea2023090720231128Background: Medical tourism is a leading industry of South Korea. Since the transition from the latest health pandemic to endemic, foreign patients have been on a rapid increase. The Korean government regards medical tourism as a major national industry and pursues medical, legal, and policy strategies with the goal of attracting 700,000 foreign patients by 2027.
Methods: Examining objective data and statistics as well as academic articles, we investigated the strengths and advantages, which might persuade foreign medical tourists to visit South Korea by performing a comparative analysis with high-income or medically advanced countries among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and other competing Asian countries.
Results: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Compared with other advanced countries and Asian competitors in cancer treatment, South Korea shows excellent result of major cancers treatments, accessibility to hospitals and medical professionals, and competitiveness in terms of surgery and treatment costs.
Conclusion: South Korea has excellent competitiveness both in price and in cancer treatment with the outstanding results of cancer mortality rates and 5-year survival rates. The achievement of Korea's cancer treatments is due to accurate diagnosis with the advantage of PET-CT, 64-sllice CT, 3.0 TESLA MRI, etc., and the use of cutting-edge equipment, such as CyberKnife and Da Vince robotic surgery. Besides, the Korean central and local governments actively support for the promotion of Korea's medical tourism industry, such as issuance of visas for foreigners, the hospital certification system, and medical tourism convergence cluster project.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33160https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33160/8102Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-6085521220231128Human Dirofilariasis Infection in the Forehead: A Case Report26952698MahsaMohammadkhani1. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran 2. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IranNavidAbdiInfectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IranKhojastehSharifi-SarasiabiDepartment of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran 2. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran2022070420221218Human dirofilariasis is currently considered a zoonotic infection, a mosquito-borne disease caused by the filarial nematodes of dogs, mainly Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis. Human dirofilariasis has been reported from many parts of the world, including Africa, Australia, the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The climate of Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan province, Sothern of Iran, has favorable conditions for the growth and reproduction of different types of vector mosquitoes. A 20 yr old woman from Bandar Abbas, visited a surgeon where the presence of a nodule was diagnosed in the forehead. In histopathological examination, cross-sections of a worm surrounded by necrotic tissues were observed. By evaluating the sections, Dirofilaria sp. was the probable diagnosis. To our knowledge, in Iran, this is the first human dirofilariasis occurring in the forehead. Human cases of dirofilariasis need to be reported so that physicians could consider dirofilariasis in their differential diagnoses.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29197https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29197/8122Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-6085521220231128Treatment and Family Involvement for Young Children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Experimental Study26992700ZeynabAmini KhenavandiDepartment of Counseling, Faculty of Counseling and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran2022052120220629No Abstracthttps://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28824https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28824/8123Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-6085521220231128Health Crisis in Gaza: The Urgent Need for International Action24782483FatemehBeiraghdarNephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJavadMomeni1. Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2. Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranElhamHosseiniNeuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranYunesPanahiPharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSajadSahab NegahNeuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran2023111820231128The current and ongoing conflict imposed in Gaza has led to severe environmental challenges in Gaza, resulting in a health crisis that demands immediate attention and intervention. A comprehensive study has evaluated the pressing mental health, water and sanitation, access to healthcare, and infectious disease challenges plaguing the region. Mental health issues, particularly among children and adolescents, have surged in the wake of the conflict, with trauma-related symptoms expected to persist. The water and sanitation crises pose severe public health hazards, with an overwhelming majority of water unfit for consumption and escalating infectious diseases. Shortages of medicines, fuel, and breakdowns have profoundly affected access to healthcare in healthcare facilities, significantly impacting women and girls. The academic society is responsible for conducting research, providing education, and training, and advocating for policy changes. At the same time, the united nation’s (UN) role is vital in providing aid, advocating for policy changes, and monitoring human rights and health situations. Urgent action is imperative to stabilize the environmental and health impacts and allow humanitarian aid into Gaza to alleviate the severe health problems. This study underlines the critical need for international support and intervention to address the multifaceted health crises in Gaza and prevent further deterioration.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33791https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33791/8101Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-6085521220231128Intervention Effect of Mindfulness-Based Mental Health Education Therapy on Adolescents Mobile Phone Addiction and Cognitive Tendency25632571HaihongWang1Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, ChinaXiaoChenXinglin College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China2023100620231128Background: Teenagers are more prone to mobile phone addiction than other age groups due to their lack of self-control. This addiction to mobile phones severely affects their physical and mental health, causing irreversible harm as they grow older. As such, exploring suitable psychotherapy for their physical and mental development needs is essential, in ways that effectively change teenagers’ mobile phone addictive behaviors.
Methods: An experimental study was conducted on 910 teenage volunteers recruited from 5 communities in Gansu, Hebei, and Liaoning Provinces in China from May to July 2023. The participants were screened using the Mobile Phone Addiction Index Scale (MPAI). On the basis of the evaluation results, 56 individuals were selected based on the evaluation results and randomly divided into experimental and control groups, each comprising 28 individuals. The experimental group underwent an 8-week mindfulness-based mental health education therapy. Both groups were measured before and after the intervention.
Results: The mobile phone addiction score of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.001). The cognitive tendency score and mental wellbeing score of the experimental group was significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Mindfulness-based mental health education therapy effectively alleviates teenagers’ mobile phone addiction and improves their cognitive tendencies and mental health. This approach serves as a valuable reference for effectively preventing and managing mobile phone addiction among teenagers.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/33395https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/33395/8109Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-6085521220231128Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis24962505MiaoxiongYangDepartment of Neurology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, ChinaBaozhiSongDepartment of Gynecology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University & Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fu-zhou 350001, ChinaYataoJiangDepartment of Obstetrics, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University & Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fu-zhou 350001, ChinaYingLinDepartment of Pathology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University & Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fu-zhou 350001, ChinaJiahuaLiuDepartment of Gynecology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University & Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fu-zhou 350001, China2023051220230812Background: We aimed to investigate the intervention effect of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in patients with postpartum depression.
Methods: The method of computer and manual keyword retrieval was used to search PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library. Literature included in the study was assessed for quality and meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.
Results: Twelve articles were finally included in the study and the meta-analysis showed that 6 articles used the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to compare MBIs with conventional therapy, and the statistical heterogeneity between the combined results was low (P=0.18, I2=32%). The level of depression in postpartum depression patients was lower in the MBIs group than in the conventional group [MD=3.13, 95%CI (2.57, 3.70), P<0.00001]. Based on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the comparison between MBIs and conventional therapy had low statistical heterogeneity between the combined results (P=0.56, I2=0%). The level of depression in patients with postpartum depression who received MBIs was significantly lower than in the conventional care group [MD=5.89, 95%CI (4.88, 6.91), P<0.00001]. Subgroup analysis showed that the best intervention duration for MBIs for postpartum depression was within 4 weeks (SMD=-1.785), each session≦60 minutes (SMD=-1.435), and participants had to complete the best three times per week (SMD=-2.185).
Conclusion: MBIs can alleviate depression in women, thereby facilitating their adjustment to new life. It is recommended to practice mindfulness meditation for 30 minutes per day.Mindfulnesshttps://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32010https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32010/8103Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-6085521220231128Does Electrical Brain Stimulation with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) Technique Reduce Blood Sugar in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes?27012702ENAhmadAlipoorDepartment of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, IranRogayehMohammadiClinical Neuropsychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran2023031120230812No Abstracthttps://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/31446https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/31446/8124Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-60855212
Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Digital Display Preference of Electronic Gadgets for Visual Comfort: A Systematic Review15651577NurulainMuhamadCenter of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaNurul AmiraNor AmaliWHOOSH Southkey, 80150 Johor Bharu, Johor, Malaysia2022092720230117Background: Digital devices such as smartphones, tablets, computers, and laptops are used for various purposes. The digital display quality has been improved, making it less tiring and more favoured among users. This study aimed to review the visual comfort of digital devices and the preferences of digital display settings that enhance the visual comfort experienced by digital device users.
Methods: A search of PubMed, EBSCO host MEDLINE Complete, Scopus database, Google Scholar, and manual citation review was conducted, covering the period between 2010 and 2022. The criteria were selected based on the PRISMA statements. The search mainly focused on finding the existing literature on digital devices that contribute to visual discomfort and digital device settings that provide better visual comfort.
Results: The database search resulted in 533 references via the application of Microsoft Excel. There were 28 studies included in the final assessment. Twelve studies accounted for digital devices that contributed to visual discomfort, while another sixteen studies for digital device settings provided better visual comfort.
Conclusion: Digital displays with high luminance contrast, positive polarity and adequate colour were preferred for better visual comfort. Meanwhile, smaller fonts were preferred for desktops and laptops, while larger fonts were favoured for smartphones. This study provides insights for digital display developers to learn and improve their display technology to fit the preferences expressed.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29924https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29924/8001Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230807The Role of Football Players as a Model for Promoting Community Health17791780TohidSeif BarghiDepartment of Sports Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMohammad MahdiTavanaDepartment of Sports Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2022041120220629No Abstracthttps://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28400https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28400/8023Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Association of Resting Heart Rate with the Risk of Stroke in Men16821691ENChunxiaoXuDepartment of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, ChinaYuGuoChinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaZhengBianChinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaZhengmingChenClinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Universi-ty of Oxford, Oxford, UKLimingLi1. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China 2. School of Public Health, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, ChinaMinYuDepartment of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China2021032920220902Background: A resting heart rate may be correlated with an increased risk of stroke. Therefore, we explored the independent and joint influences of heart rate and body mass index on the incidence of stroke and its subtypes in a Chinese rural population.
Methods: Cox proportional hazard models were adopted for measuring the influence exerted by heart rate on stroke in the Tongxiang China Kadoorie Biobank prospective cohort analyses, in which 23,132 men and 32,872 women were included. Incident stroke refers to ‘24-hour acute focal disorder, considered to result from ischemia or intracranial hemorrhage’.
Results: Over a 6.9 year mean follow up period, 986 men and 925 women developed stroke, representing an incidence of 6.35 and 4.00 per 1,000 person-years. In contrast to men with heart rate < 69 beats/minute, men at heart rate ≥ 90 beats/minute could more probably develop stroke and ischemic stroke with representing hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.29 (1.05 – 1.58), and 1.35 (1.06 – 1.71). An adjusted hazard ratio of 1.37 (95% CI = 1.06 - 1.74) and 1.46 (95% CI = 1.08 – 1.96) were respectively identified for stroke and ischemic stroke in non-overweight/obese male patients with heart rate ≥ 90 beats/minute. Joint analyses also favored the results. Unfortunately, non-significant results were found in women.
Conclusion: Higher resting heart rate acts as an independent predictor of any stroke and ischemic stroke risk in adult Chinese male but not in female. This relationship was particularly evident among non-overweight/obese male participants.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/24349https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/24349/8011Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Case-Control Trials on Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis15781588ENYanYangSchool of Economics & Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, ChinaJianweiShiSchool of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaJiaolingHuangSchool of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaMingwangChengSchool of Economics & Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, ChinaShashaGengGeneral Practice Medicine, Dongfang Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, ChinaWenyaYuSchool of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaNingChenSchool of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaChenChenShanghai Jing’an District Jiangning Road Community Health Service Centre, Shanghai, ChinaZhaoxinWang1. Department of Dermatology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China 2. School of Management, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China2019120220200820Background: The single risk factors of pancreatic cancer (PC) has been extensively studied. We aimed to synthesize results from such studies to identify and estimate multiple independent risk factors of PC.
Methods: Articles published up to Feb 28, 2020 in English or Chinese reporting risk factors of PC were reviewed. The fixed-effects model with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to calculate the pooled Odds Ratio (OR). Data were analyzed using RevMan 5.3.
Results: PC was significantly associated with smoking (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.61–1.92, P < 0.00001, I2 = 6%), diabetes (OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 2.52-2.88, P < 0.00001, I2 = 0%), family history of PC (OR: 2.58, 95% CI: 2.13-3.11, P < 0.00001, I2 = 0%), and chronic pancreatitis (OR: 5.84, 95% CI: 3.63-9.41, P < 0.00001, I2 = 0%).
Conclusion: Smoking, diabetes, family history of PC, and chronic pancreatitis were independent risk factors for PC. These independent risk factors have an important role in identifying high-risk groups, which is of great significance to reduce the incidence of PC and improve the quality of life and prognosis of patients.
https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19057https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19057/8002Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Intervention Effect of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Based on Empowerment Theory on Loneliness in Obese Children16921700YujingJiHarbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, ChinaLiminZhangHarbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China2023060620230806Background: Obesity, one of the independent risk factors affecting children’s physical and mental health, has become a serious public health problem in the 21st century. Given physical anxiety and other psychological factors, obese children experience negative impact on their mental health and intellectual development from their loneliness, unwillingness to communicate with others, and lack of peer interaction. Therefore, exploring an effective psychological intervention model that can relieve loneliness in obese children is necessary.
Methods: From February to October 2022, a quasi-experimental study was conducted on obese children recruited from communities in Harbin, China. The children recruited were evaluated with the UCLA Loneliness Scale. According to the evaluation results, one hundred and five children were selected and randomly divided into experiment group (52) and control group (53). The experiment group was given an eight-week solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) intervention based on empowerment theory. The control and experiment groups were measured and compared before and after the intervention.
Results: The loneliness score of the experiment group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.001). The self-efficacy score of the experiment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.001). The subjective well-being score of the experiment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: SFBT intervention based on empowerment theory has an effective intervention effect on loneliness in obese children and can improve their subjective well-being and self-efficacy. The results of this study provide a new perspective for the intervention on psychological problems in obese children.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32218https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32218/8012Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Executive Functions and Public Health: A Narrative Review15891599MinaEsmailiDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, IranDariush D.Farhud1. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranKambizPoushanehDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, IranAnitaBaghdassariansDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, IranHassanAshayeriDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2023010920230425Executive functions (EFs) skills are necessary for regulating the thoughts, emotions, and actions which are associated with many aspects of daily functioning. Executive dysfunction (EDFs) is present in a wide range of mental disorders. New study indicates that EFs may predict health behavior and make it easier to engage in a variety of healthy activities. In this narrative review, EFs and public health are briefly discussed. In general, 133 articles met the inclusion criteria (published 2018-2023) which were reviewed. EFs affect the mental and physical health. Besides individual problems, people with mental problems have heavy costs to society. Mental health cannot be considered separately from general health. Consequently, preventive and therapeutic approaches to mental health should be considered not only at the level of the whole society, but also at the global level.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30882https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/30882/8003Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806A Fast Method for Detection of Fake Venoms and Investigation of Interspecies Variation Using Venoms of Androctonus, Buthus, and Leiurus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Species17011710YaseminNumanoğlu ÇevikMicrobiology Reference Laboratory and Biological Products Department, Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Pub-lic Health, Ankara, Turkey2022122220230806Background: Within the scorpion family Buthidae, some of the most dangerous venomous genera are Androctonus (A), Buthus (B), and Leiurus (L). This venom is valuable raw material for numerous therapeutic formulations because of its pharmacological potential; however, because of its high prices in the global market, fake “venom mixes” are being made to market illegally, and it is important that these unknown mixes be evaluated. A fast and accurate response to the request for this identification is necessary.
Method: This study was conducted in Turkey in 2022. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a linear positive-ionization mode was used for identification of scorpion species. The mass spectra of the three scorpion venoms were examined in detail. The peptide and protein profiles in the venoms of congenerous three scorpion venoms and the proportional differences in these venoms were investigated. For interspecific variation, a principal component analysis of all venoms was conducted, and variance values and distance-proximity indices were determined.
Results: The top three peptide masses in the highest relative abundance for A. australis, B. mardochei, and L. quinquestriatus quinquestriatus, respectively, were 6901, 7431, and 7447; 4238, 5283, and 4055; and 3828, 7868, and 6799 Da. While the variance rate between A. australis and the other two venoms was 40%, this rate was 38% between B. mordochei and L. quinquestriatus quinquestriatus venoms.
Conclusion: A very simple protocol of species identification using scorpion venom samples was created using recent advances in MALDI-TOF MS.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30739https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/30739/8013Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806The Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Iranian Children and Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis16001612SoheilHassanipourGastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranEhsanAmini-SalehiStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranFarahnazJoukar1. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 2. Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranMohammad-JavadKhosousiGastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranFaridehPourtaghiFaculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMalek MoeinAnsarDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranMarjanMahdavi-RoshanCardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranForoughHeidarzadGastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranGolnazRashidi-MojdehiGastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranElhamAbdzadehGastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranAzinVakilpourSchool of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranFariborzMansour-Ghanaei1. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 2. Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran2022051620221228Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the world's most common etiology of chronic liver disease. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we estimated the prevalence of NAFLD in the Iranian children and adult population.
Methods: A comprehensive search of five international databases, including PubMed, ISI/WOS, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar, was done from inception to Nov 2022. Studies on NAFLD patients and their risk factors were selected for meta-analysis. The quality of the included studies was assessed by The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for cross-sectional, and cohort studies. The heterogeneity between studies was investigated using Cochran test and I2 statistics. Random and fixed effect models were used for heterogenic and non-heterogenic studies, respectively. We used Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3 for conducting meta-analysis.
Results: Twenty studies were finally included. The total prevalence of NAFLD in children, boys, and girls was 6.7% (95% CI: 0.02-0.18), 12.5% (95% CI: 0.04-0.29) and, 10.1% (95% CI: 0.04-0.21), respectively. The total prevalence of NAFLD in obese children, obese boys, and obese girls was 42% (95% CI: 0.18-0.69), 44% (95% CI: 0.13-0.80), and 33 % (95% CI: 0.13-0.62), respectively. The total prevalence of NAFLD in adults was 36.9% (95% CI: 0.31-0.42). The prevalence of NAFLD in men and women was 33.8% (95% CI: 0.27-0.41) and 29.9% (95% CI: 0.21-0.40), respectively.
Conclusion: NAFLD prevalence in Iranian adults and obese children is considerable; however, data about the children population was insufficient.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28764https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28764/8004Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Relationship among Aggression, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, and Depression in Youths17111719YingZhang1. Center for Cultural Communication Research, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China 2. Center for Youth Development Research, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, ChinaLingZhangCenter for Youth Development Research, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China2023070520230806Background: Competition among countries becomes fiercer with progress in globalization. As the future and hope of national development, the youth are undertaking intensifying competitive pressures. More youths suffer psychological health issues, such as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), depression, and aggressive behaviors. What are the relationships among suicidal self-injury, aggression, and depression? There’s few systematic study on these two aspects yet. Thus, we examined the relationship between aggression and NSSI in youths, as well as the mediating effects of depression in such a relationship.
Methods: A total of 770 youths (comprising university students, community youths and rural migrant workers) in Zhejiang, Anhui and Henan in China were investigated from August to December 2022 by using the aggression scale, NSSI scale, and depression scale. The relationship among aggression, NSSI and depression in youths was discussed through a t-test, correlation analysis, and multivariate regression analysis.
Results: With respect to abuse experiences during childhood, parental emotional status and family conditions, the total scores in aggression, NSSI, and depression of youths differed significantly (P<0.05). A significantly positive correlation existed between aggression and NSSI of youths (r=0.41, P<0.01), a significantly positive correlation existed between aggression and depression (r=0.42, P<0.01), and a significantly positive correlation exists between NSSI and depression (r=0.42, P<0.01). Aggression of youths had not only direct and positive prediction effects on NSSI (B=0.41, P<0.001) but also indirect effects on NSSI through depression.
Conclusion: Aggression, NSSI and depression of youths were influenced significantly by abuse experiences during childhood, parental emotional status and family conditions. Depression has partial mediating effects between aggression and NSSI in youths.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/32562https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/32562/8014Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Oxidative Stress and DNA Damages Induced by Occupational Exposure to Asbestos: A Systematic Review16131625ENMirghaniSeyed SomeahDepartment of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranFaridehGolbabaei1. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranRezaArjomandiDepartment of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranFarzamBabaei SemiromiDepartment of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranAliMohammadiDepartment of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran2022041320221221Background: Asbestos is one of the most important environmental and occupational carcinogens. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which asbestos fiber exposure causes chronic diseases are not fully understood. We performed the first systematic review on the epidemiological evidence to examine the association between occupational exposure to asbestos and oxidative stress and DNA damage.
Methods: In this systematic review study, the PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for English-language publications. Eleven cross-sectional studies were included in the systematic review. A literature search was conducted by the main keywords including "Asbestos", "crocidolite", "chrysotile", "amphibole", "amosite", "Oxidative Stress", "DNA Damage", and "DNA injury". To evaluate the quality of studies, the "Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale" (NOS) was used.
Results: Overall, 1235 articles were achieved by searching in databases. Finally, by considering the inclusion, and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were conducted for this study. These studies were published between 1986 and 2020. Oxidative stress and DNA damage can occur in exposure to asbestos. Among various biomarkers, 8-OHdG is the best. The analysis of 8-oxodG in asbestos workers can help identify subjects with a higher level of genotoxic damage.
Conclusion: This systematic review suggests that oxidative stress and DNA damage are two main outputs of asbestos exposure. Therefore, oxidative stress and DNA damage biomarkers can be used for identifying subjects at higher risk of cancer. These findings support policy initiatives aimed at detecting and eliminating asbestos fiber exposure and preventing potential health hazards in occupational settings.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28441https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28441/8005Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806MiR-934 Exacerbates Malignancy of Gastric Cancer Cells by Targeting ZFP3617201729ZhichengPanGeneral Surgery Department, Nanjing Red Cross Hospital, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210000, ChinaHuazhongYunGeneral Surgery Department, Nanjing Red Cross Hospital, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210000, ChinaYunXiaoGeneral Surgery Department, Nanjing Red Cross Hospital, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210000, ChinaFeiTongGeneral Surgery Department, Nanjing Red Cross Hospital, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210000, ChinaGuodongLiuGeneral Surgery Department, Nanjing Red Cross Hospital, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210000, ChinaGeZhangGeneral Surgery Department, Nanjing Red Cross Hospital, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210000, ChinaJianboHanGeneral Surgery Department, Nanjing Red Cross Hospital, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 210000, China2023012620230407Background: In order to explore new targets for the treatment of gastric cancer (GC), we investigated the regulatory mechanism of miR-934 in the malignant phenotype of gastric cancer.
Results: GC tissues and cell lines showed notably higher levels of miR-934. Overexpression of miR-934 promoted cell viability, migration and invasion, while inhibited cell apoptosis of GC cells. ZFP36 was predicted and verified to be the target of miR-934 and low protein levels of ZFP36 were observed in GC tissues. The ZFP36 protein expressions were suppressed by miR-934 overexpression, while were facilitated by miR-934 inhibition. Furthermore, the carcinogenic functions of miR-934 were partially reversed after ZFP36 overexpression. The results of in vivo experiments further demonstrated that miR-934 promoted tumor growth and repressed the protein expression of ZFP36.
Conclusion: miR-934 served as a tumor promoter in GC via targeting ZFP36, and ZFP36 overexpression could efficiently relieve malignant phenotypes caused by miR-934, which prompted an exploitable molecular target for GC treatment.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30977https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/30977/8015Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Lived Experiences of Iranian Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review16261641ENEhsanJamshidianUniversity of social welfare and rehabilitation sciencesElaheHojati AbedPhD in Occupational Therapy, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranElaheFathi AzarMSc in Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, IranMozhdehHashemzadehPhD Candidate in Medical Librarianship and Information Science, Department of Medical Library and Information Science, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Clinical Informationist Research Group, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.HooshangMirzaiePhD in Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, IranHosseinSourtijiAssistant professor, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran2022062820221221Background: Autism is a lifelong condition that seriously affects many aspects of children's and families' lives. The experience attained by living with a child with autism can be a valuable source of information to provide support and satisfactory services to children with autism and their families. We aimed to investigate the lived experiences of Iranian parents of children with autism.
Methods: The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, CINAHL, PsychInfo, SID, and Magiran until Nov 2021. Two reviewers screened the articles, applied inclusion criteria, critically evaluated articles using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP), and extracted study details according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Thematic synthesis was used to analyze included studies.
Results: From 2772 articles in the initial search, sixteen studies entered the final analysis. Four themes emerged, including treatment-related lived experience, individual lived experience, social lived experience, and occupational lived experience. Iranian parents of children with autism are confronted with negative experiences, including inaccurate diagnostic processes, lack of adequate support at the diagnosis time, low-quality treatment, psychological problems, and concern about the child's future. Also, Parent's experiences showed family problems, stigma, and problems with doing occupations.
Conclusion: Practitioners, policy-makers, and regulatory organizations should urgently consider issues mentioned in the parents' experiences to provide proper healthcare services for children with autism and their families. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29128https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29128/8006Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Genetic Characterization of the H Gene of MeV Strains (H1, B3, and D4) Recently Circulated in Iran for Improving the Molecular Measles Surveillance in the National Measles Lab17301738RaziyehZareh-Khoshchehreh1. Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Virology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranVahidSalimi1. Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranGhazal SadatFatemi Nasab1. Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMaryamNaseriDepartment of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranFatemehAdjami Nezhad Fard1. Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranTalatMokhtari Azad1. Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2020062020230122Background: Despite decreasing the global burden of measles disease after the introduction of vaccination, measles remains one of the most devastating childhood diseases. Since genotype B3 is reported as a predominant Measles Virus (MeV) genotype recently, the current study aimed to better understand MeV genetic variation by analyzing the complete sequence of Hemagglutinin (H) gene associated with outbreaks of circulated genotypes in Iran.
Methods: Nine positive measles specimens were selected from three circulated different genotypes H1, B3, and D4. Two different regions of MeV RNA were detected by RT-PCR assay. Sequence data and phylogenetic trees were analyzed and constructed by MEGA X software program. Moreover, missense and silent mutations in critical positions of the MeV-H protein were investigated.
Results: The result of phylogenetic analysis from the C-terminus of the Nucleoprotein gene (NP-450) and the complete H gene revealed that the mean sequence diversity was 0.06%-0.08% and 0.04%, respectively. Genotype H1 had the highest mutation in this study; however, the substitutions in genotype B3 fundamentally occurred in critical epitopes. Moreover, genotype D4 was more stable than genotypes B3 and H1.
Conclusion: Mutations were investigated in the whole sequence of H protein. Moreover, the mutations that occur in the critical sites of the protein have an important effect on the pathogenicity of the virus. In this way, we were able to illustrate why genotype B3 is more transmissible than other measles genotypes and is the most important circulating genotype around the world.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21197https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21197/8016Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Outcome’s Classification in Mobile Applications Tailored to Parents of Premature Infants: A Systematic Review16421655FarzanehKermaniHealth Information Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IranMehdiKahouei1. Health Information Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran 2. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IranAliValinejadi1. Health Information Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran 2. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IranMaliheSadeghiHealth Information Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IranMarjanMomeniSchool of Rehabilitation, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IranShahrbanooPahlevanynejadHealth Information Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran2022031320221209Background: Integration of healthcare services for preterm neonates at home and hospital by mobile technology is an economical and convenient intervention, which is being increasingly applied worldwide. We aimed to classify the outcomes of mobile applications tailored to parents of premature infants.
Methods: This systematic review was conducted by searching the six main databases until May 2021. Mobile applications tailored to parents of premature infants and the reported outcomes of this technology were identified and classified. Quality of screened articles checked by MMAT tool.
Results: Overall, 10703 articles were retrieved, and after eliminating the duplicated articles, 9 articles were reviewed ultimately. Identified outcomes were categorized into three groups parental, application, and neonatal outcomes. In the parental outcomes, maternal stress/stress coping, parenting self-efficacy, satisfaction, anxiety, partnership advocacy/improved parent-infant relationship, feeling of being safe, reassurance and confidence, increase awareness, as well as discharge preparedness, were identified. In the application outcomes, application usage, ease of use/user-friendly, and usability of the designed application were placed. Finally, the neonatal outcomes include health and clinical items.
Conclusion: Mobile applications can be useful in prematurity for educating pregnant mothers, managing stress and anxiety, supporting families, and preparing for discharge. Moreover, due to the coronavirus condition, providing remote services for parents is an appropriate solution to reduce the in-person visits to neonatal care centers. Development of tailored apps can promote the neonates' health and reduce their parents’ stress.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28135https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28135/8007Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230806Association between Socioeconomic Factors and the Risk of Gastric Cancer Incidence: Results from an Ecological Study17391748ENMajidBabaieSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IranHabibollahPirnejad1. Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran 2. Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management (ESHPM), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, NetherlandsJafarRezaieSolid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Ur-mia, IranGholamrezaRoshandelResearch Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, IranRanaHoseiniSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran2021122920220809Background: Gastric cancer (GC), one of the most common cancer worldwide, remains the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The etiology of GC may arise from genetic and environmental factors. This study aimed to determine the association between GC incidence and socioeconomic status in Iran.
Methods: An ecological study was designed to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic factors and the risk of GC incidence. The data of socioeconomic variables such as income changes, unemployment rate, urbanization ratio, inflation rate, and air pollution changes in 31 provinces were collected from the Statistical Center of Iran, and the data of GC of 31 provinces were provided from the Iranian National Population-based Cancer Registry (INPCR). Data from 2014 to 2017 was analyzed using panel data analysis, the fixed effects model by EViews software.
Results: Panel data model was suitable for the present study. Results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between GC incidence and socioeconomic factors including income changes (P≤ 0.001), unemployment rate (P≤0.01), inflation rate (P≤ 0.05), and air pollution changes (P≤ 0.001). The urbanization ratio showed a negative relationship and was not statistically associated with GC incidence (P> 0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings suggest a positive and significant association between socioeconomic status and GC incidence, proposing a GC risk factor. The key public health policies and welfare policies' priority should therefore be to schedule for the GC management.
https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/27332https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/27332/8017Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230807Differential Expression of miR-146 and miR-155 in Active and Latent Tuberculosis Infection17491757EbrahimAlijaniClinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IranFarhadRiazi RadDepartment of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IranAsalKatebiDepartment of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IranSoheilaAjdaryDepartment of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran2022050920220629Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Besides, one-third of the world population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) while staying clinically asymptomatic; the situation is called latent TB infection (LTBI). MiR-21, miR-31, miR-146a, and miR-155 play an important role in many immune and inflammatory pathways. In the present study the expression levels of MiR-21, miR-31, miR-146a, and miR-155 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with active TB, latently infected individuals (LTBI), and healthy controls (HC) were investigated. Participants were recruited at the Bouali Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran from 2010 to 2011.
Methods: PBMCs were stimulated with PPD before RNA extraction. TaqMan RT-qPCR assay was used to analyze the expression levels of miRNAs.
Results: The results indicated no significant differences in the expression of miR-21 and miR-31 between different groups; however, in patients with active TB, the expression of miR-21 (P=0.03) and miR-31 (P=0.04) were significantly increased after stimulation with PPD compared to the unstimulated condition. The expression of miR-146 in response to PPD in both LTBI (P=0.02) and TB (P=0.03) groups compared to the HC group was increased. No significant differences were found in the expression level of miR-155 in response to PPD between LTBI and HC groups. However, the fold change was significantly higher in the TB group in comparison with the HC (P=0.03) and LTBI (P=0.05) groups.
Conclusion: The results confirm the main role of miR-146 and miR-155 in TB infection and suggest a role for miR-146 and miR-155 as infection and activation markers in tuberculosis infection, respectively.https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28684https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28684/8018Tehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Public Health2251-608552820230807CRISPR Typing of Clinical Strains of Salmonella spp. Isolated in Tehran, Iran17581763ZahraKarimiMolecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranRezaRanjbarMolecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAliNajafiMolecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran202202