Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 13 770 778 Le Wang 1. School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, P.R. China 2. The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, P.R. China Mi Chen The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, P.R. China Min Liang The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, P.R. China Qin Liu The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, P.R. China Hua Yao The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, P.R. China 2021 07 01 2022 03 02 Background: We aimed to investigate the demographic situation relating to people with hearing loss in Xinjiang, the largest province in China. The situation may vary between regions and races. Methods: We conducted a population-based demographic study. We analyzed data obtained from 3931 people with hearing impairments (i.e., from the Han or Uyghur ethnic groups) including children and adults. We accounted for the survey design and sampling size in order to ensure that estimates were regionally representative. Basic characteristics were determined, and an ethnic distribution analysis was conducted based on age group, level of educational, marital status, and level of disability. Results: Of the 3931 participants, 2228 (56.68%) were male and 1703 (43.32%) were female. The mean age of the participants was 46.02 (±19.46) years. Most of the participants (26.20%) were in the 45–59 yr age group. Illiterate people constituted the largest group (34.19%) in the Uyghur population, while a substantial proportion of participants of Han nationality had obtained a junior education (28.98%). The number of unmarried people in both ethnic groups accounted for the highest proportion (more than 70%). Grade 3 was the highest grade observed in the Uyghur population (32.35%), while Grade 1 hearing impairments were the most prevalent in the Han population (28.28%). Conclusion: The difference in basic characteristics between participants of Uyghur and Han ethnicity revealed that different provinces should set different prevention and control targets. Different policy measures should be taken to allocate medical resources and provide rehabilitation services to assist people with hearing impairments in Xinjiang, China. Abbreviations: WHO=World Health Organization, Xinjiang=Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, YLD=years lived with disability, dB HL=Decibel Hearing Level, SPSS=Statistical Product and Service Solutions, Inc.=Incorporated, IL=Illinois, USA=United States of America; i.e.,=id est (in other words). https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25439 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25439/7559

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 13 710 723 Ai-Phuong Hoang-Thi Faculty of Basic Science, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam Anh-Thu Dang-Thi Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam Sang Phan-Van Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam Thong Nguyen-Ba Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, The University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Ha-waii, HI 96813, USA Phuong-Lan Truong-Thi Faculty of Basic Science, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam Tam Le-Minh Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam Quoc-Huy Nguyen-Vu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam Tung Nguyen-Thanh 1. Faculty of Basic Science, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam 2. Institute of Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam 2021 06 12 2021 11 29 Background: Global warming, lifestyle, or working in a high temperature environment leads to have increased health risk factors. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the impact of high ambient temperature on male reproductive function. Methods: Scientific articles were screened in the database including MEDLINE, EMBASE, National center for biotechnology information (NCBI) or Web of Science with relating keywords. Impact data of high ambient temperature on semen parameters were extracted and analyzed by STATA software according to the Random Effects Model. The high ambient temperature exposure group and Non-exposure group were compared using the standard mean difference (SMD). Publications were evaluated for publication bias by Egger test. Results: Nine articles were finally selected from databases examining the effect of high ambient temperature on male reproductive health of 356 men from Iran, Italy, Thailand, China, Egypt. High ambient temperature showed a significant decrease in the seminal parameters, semen volume during each ejaculation (SMD = -0.74; 95% CI -1.11, -0.36), sperm concentration (SMD = -1.07; 95% CI -1.42, -0.72), total sperm count (SMD = -1.52; 95% CI -2.96, -0.08), sperm motility (SMD = -1.93; 95% CI -2.83, -1.04), sperm progressive motility (SMD = -1.65; 95% CI -2.39, -0.91) and normal morphology (SMD = -2.41; 95% CI -3.30, -1.52). Conclusion: High ambient temperature negatively affects sperm quality, including decreased semen volume, sperm count, sperm concentration, motility and normal morphology. This might lead to protective strategies to avoid the adverse effects of high ambient temperature on male fertility. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25267 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25267/7554

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 956 957 Jung Hun Lee 1. National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Tae Yeong Kim 1. National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Kyung-Min Jang 1. National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Jeong Ho Jeon 1. National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Young Bae Kim 1. Biotechnology Program, North Shore Community College, 1 Ferncroft Road, Danvers, MA 01923, USA Byeong Chul Jeong 1. National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Sang Hee Lee 1. National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea 2019 08 07 2019 12 18 Not applicable. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18013 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18013/7579

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 13 779 787 Moawiah Khatatbeh Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Waleed Momani Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Zaid Altaany Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Reem Al Saad Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Abdul Rahman Al Bourah Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Omar Melhem Department of Nursing, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Omar AL Omari Faculty of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscut, Oman 2020 08 15 2021 01 25 Background: Consumption of fast food is pervasive among young adults. This research aimed to assess the impact of consuming fast foods on total cholesterol level among university students in Northern Jordan. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, a blood sample to investigate cholesterol level was drawn from a sample of university students in Northern Jordan. Besides, students’ dietary habits and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Results: Out of 201 participants, 57% (n=115) were male and 43% (n=86) were female. More than three quarters of the sample ate shawarma (Mediterranean fast food) at least once per week. About 44% of the study subjects had increased BMI and about 37% had increased serum cholesterol level. Participants’ gender, age, marital status, physical activity, BMI, living status, and daily pocket money significantly correlated with cholesterol level (P<0.05). In the regression analysis, eating fast foods and increased BMI were strong predictors of high cholesterol level. Students who ate shawarma more than 3 times a week had more than 8 folds to have hypercholesterolemia (OR=8.4; CI: 2.62-26.72), and obese students were more than 14 folds at higher risk to have hypercholesterolemia compared to those with normal BMI (OR=14.2; CI: 4.80-42.29). In addition, male students had doubled odds for having abnormal cholesterol level compared to females (OR=2.1; CI: 1.10-4.44). Conclusion: Fast food consumption among university students in Jordan was significantly associated with increased total cholesterol level. Encouraging healthy diet and lifestyle are the basis for prevention of dyslipidemia. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21836 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21836/7560

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 13 724 732 Dehui Kong School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China Jingjing Fu School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China Yan Hong School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China Siqi Liu School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China Yu Luo School of Nursing, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China 2020 09 24 2021 06 21 As a result of improvements in life expectancy and reductions in fertility rate, the increasing world population ageing brings huge challenges for both developed and developing countries. Such factors as fewer children, migration of children and widowhood further increase the number of older people living alone. Older adults prefer age in place, which means care in the home. As the main place older people live in, care in community absolutely needs more attention. Optimizing health services for the elderly living in community is of positive significance to health promotion and happiness enhancement. But the traditional health service for the elderly has drawbacks of poor timeliness and high labor cost. The rapid development of modern science and technology make it possible to apply mHealth in health service for the elderly. At present, mHealth is relatively mature in the communities of developed countries. This article presents the application of mHealth in many developed countries, as references for developing countries. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/22312 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/22312/7555

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 958 960 Bruna da Silva Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brasil Carolina Ferraz Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brasil Filippe Soares Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brasil Fernando Tobias Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brasil Emy Hiura Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brasil Aline Del Carmem Lopez Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile Rodrigo Horta Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil José Antônio Lima Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brasil Samilla Sobral Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brasil Jackson de Araújo Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil Fabio Braga Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brasil 2019 07 30 2019 08 21 No Abstracct https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17933 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17933/7580

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 13 788 796 Feng Wei Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Qin Li Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China 2022 02 28 2022 04 13 Background: Patients with leukemia easily develop negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression, during their treatment. To improve the available mental intervention measures for patients with tumors, we explored the influences of mental nursing based on Rosenthal effect on the post-traumatic growth, negative emotions, and coping style of patients after undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia. Methods: A total of 90 patients who underwent chemotherapy for leukemia in The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected. They were randomly divided into the control group (n=45) and observation group (n=45). Patients in the observation group received mental nursing based on Rosenthal effect. The post-traumatic growth, negative emotions, and coping styles of these two groups were assessed using the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ). Results: After the intervention, patients in the observation group show higher scores in the dimensions of reflections on life, individual power, new possibilities, and self-transformation in PTGI, and their total scores are overall higher than those of the control group. The observation group also receive lower scores in SAS and SDS compared with the control group. While the observation group also receive significantly higher scores in some dimensions in MCMQ compared with the control group, the former received significantly lower scores in retreating and succumbing. Conclusion: Mental nursing based on Rosenthal effect can positively promote the physical and psychological health of patients after receiving chemotherapy for leukemia. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28021 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28021/7561

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 13 733 745 Emine Ergin Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, İstanbul Aydın University, İstanbul, Turkey Belgin Akın Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey Deniz Kocoglu-Tanyer Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey 2020 12 20 2021 05 06 Background: One of the best ways to maintain and develop physical and psychosocial health is to make regular home visits. This meta-analysis aimed to determine (by subgroups) the effects of interventions based on nurses’ home visits on physical and psychological health outcomes of older people. Methods:  This search was carried out using the The CINAHL, Cochrane, MEDLINE, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Turkish databases. Experimental and observational studies were included. Results: The meta-analysis included 26 (with subgroups 50) out of 13110 studies. The minimum and maximum values of the effect size (Hedges g) were g = -0.708 and g = 0.525, respectively. The average effect size was g = 0.084 (SD = 0.21). Conclusion: Home visit interventions are effective in reducing the frequency of hospitalization in the older adults, and improving physical and psychosocial health. They are negatively effective on falls and have no significant effect on the quality of life. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23258 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23258/7556

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 961 963 Jae Hee Choi Department of Family Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea Ki Dong Ko Department of Family Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea In Cheol Hwang Department of Family Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea Hong Yup Ahn Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea 2019 10 16 2019 11 03 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18667 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18667/7581

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 797 807 Siwipa Pruitikanee Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Thailand Jinda Kongcharoen Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Thailand Supattra Puttinaovarat Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Thailand Thotsaphon Yaifai Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Thailand Sasikorn Chaitada Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Thailand 2020 11 15 2021 03 06 Background: Cerebrovascular diseases or stroke tend to cause high mortality in Thailand. An essential responsibility of a hospital is the development of medical care to support the safety of patients. For this purpose, a smartphone application was developed for the risk assessment and emergency system for stroke treatment in a hospital in Thailand.  Methods: The proposed application involved the risk assessment related to the occurrence of stroke evaluated by the health status and face image using analytical geometry and face detection technology. The social network Application Programming Interface (API), LINE Notify API, and Global Positioning System (GPS) were used to inform the Stroke team in the Suratthani hospital about emergency cases, followed their requirement in 2020. Results: From the testing, the facial angulation classification, calculated using a support vector machine (SVM), had 92.38% accuracy. The system also provided an emergency call and text messaging that includes patient’s current location and personal information to the stroke team directly, which gave an opportunity for the patient to receive treatment quickly. Conclusion: The emergency system can help quickly perform the risk assessment of stroke. Our proposed system provides automated management. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/22879 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/22879/7562

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 13 746 757 Jinhang Zhang Department of General Surgery, Fenghua TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Fenghua, Zhejiang 315500, China Jing Yang Department of Urology, Yuyao People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Yuyao, Zhejiang 315400, China 2021 07 17 2022 01 08 Abstract Background: Intake of allium vegetables may modify the risk of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the association between allium vegetables intake and breast cancer risk via a meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were electronically searched up to June 2021 to identify relevant studies. We used random-effect models to calculate pooled risk estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of breast cancer with allium vegetables intake. Results: A total of 17 studies were included in this meta-analysis on the association of total allium vegetables, garlic and onion intake with breast cancer risk. The combined risk estimate of breast cancer for the highest vs lowest category of total allium vegetables, garlic and onion intake was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.49-0.91, P < 0.001), 0.77 (95% CI: 0.61-0.93, P = 0.016) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.53-0.98, P < 0.001), respectively. A significant heterogeneity was found among studies for all three pooled analyses. Conclusion: High intake of allium vegetables may be protective against the development of breast cancer. Further well-designed prospective studies are needed to confirm the results.   Keywords: ; ; ; ;     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25598 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25598/7557

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 964 966 Hyejin Park Department of Health Sciences, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea Kisok Kim College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea 2019 08 01 2019 08 21 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17948 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17948/7582

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 808 813 Zhihui Xia Department of Nursing, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China Youping Tan Department of Internal Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China Cui Ru Continuing Education Center, Ordos Institute of Technology, Ordos 017010, China 2021 09 23 2021 11 29 Background: To study the application effect of doctor-nurse collaborative and hierarchical management combined with nursing risk management in nursing management of patients with postpartum hemorrhage. Methods: Overall 200 patients with postpartum hemorrhage treated in Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital (Guangzhou, China) from Mar 2018 to Mar 2019 were divided into the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group received the nursing model of doctor-nurse collaborative and hierarchical management combined with nursing risk management while the control group received nursing risk management to compare the satisfaction, medical record quality before and after nursing, incidence of nursing risk events and treatment effect between the two groups. Results: After nursing management, the bleeding volume in the experimental group was significantly less than that in the control group (P<0.05). The quality score of nursing records in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). The occurrence of nursing risk events in the experimental group was significantly less than that in the control group (P<0.05). The overall nursing satisfaction of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.01). The treatment effect of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Doctor-nurse collaborative and hierarchical management combined with nursing risk management had a significant effect in the nursing management of patients with postpartum hemorrhage, which is worthy of promotion and application. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/26365 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/26365/7563

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 13 758 769 Reza Ramazani Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbaas Ostadtaghizadeh Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Arezoo Yari Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 2. Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Zoonoses Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Soltani Iran-Helal Institute of Applied-Science and Technology, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Health Management in Mass Gathering, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran Shah Bakhti Rostami Payam-e-Noor Alborz University, Karaj, Iran Ahad Heydari Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 2021 06 29 2021 10 27 Background: We aimed to identify the indicators and criteria to locate temporary shelters for conflict refugees. Methods: This systematic review evaluated the full-text of the related articles in international electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Cochran, and Google Scholar from the beginning and without time limit to 1 June 2019. In addition, this search was based on a strategy developed by the researchers. The studies were selected regardless of their methods and two data extraction forms were used to extract the most relevant and important information. Results: Among 10124 cases of primary documents, 38 articles were selected, and 25 articles were analyzed in full-text. Totally, 45 indicators were identified and classified into two main categories of physical and non-physical indicators with six subcategories of land ownership, host government, access to infrastructures, site safety, land characteristics, and economic, social, and cultural considerations. Conclusion: The selection of temporary shelters for the conflict refugees requires the identification of all the specific influential factors not properly addressed. The final indicators obtained in our review could be incorporated into the development of the models required in this regard. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25411 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25411/7558

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 814 820 Xiaosu Ni Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 366 Taihu Road, Pharmaceutical High Tech Zone, Jiangsu Province 225300, China Xiao-Wen Rui Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 366 Taihu Road, Pharmaceutical High Tech Zone, Jiangsu Province 225300, China Jing Wu Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 366 Taihu Road, Pharmaceutical High Tech Zone, Jiangsu Province 225300, China Wenwen Zhao Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 366 Taihu Road, Pharmaceutical High Tech Zone, Jiangsu Province 225300, China Suyun Jiang Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 366 Taihu Road, Pharmaceutical High Tech Zone, Jiangsu Province 225300, China Rongjie Wang Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 366 Taihu Road, Pharmaceutical High Tech Zone, Jiangsu Province 225300, China Lichun Wang Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 366 Taihu Road, Pharmaceutical High Tech Zone, Jiangsu Province 225300, China 2021 09 28 2021 11 29 Background: To probe into the influence of evidence-based nursing (EBN) on clinical recovery and prognosis of patients with arrhythmia after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: Totally, 240 AMI patients with arrhythmia treated in Taizhou People's Hospital（Jiangsu, China） from July 2019 to December 2020 were collected and randomly divided into the study group (n = 120) and control group (n = 120). The control group was received routine nursing, while the study group carried out EBN. The following indicators were evaluated and compared between the two groups: length of hospital stay, symptom disappearance time, cardiac function, psychological status, and incidence of adverse events after 6 months of follow-up were. Results: Compared to the control group, the length of hospital stay, symptom disappearance time, LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction), LVEDD (left ventricular end-diastolic diameter), SAS (self-rating anxiety scale) score and SDS (self-rating depression scale) score in the study group were significant improves (P < 0.05), and the incidence of adverse events after 6-month follow-up in the study group was also significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: EBN intervention for AMI patients with arrhythmia can significantly improve the length of hospital stay and symptom disappearance time, adjust cardiac function and psychological status, and reduce the incidence of adverse events. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/26412 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/26412/7564

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 821 830 Gulbarshyn Mukasheva Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Madina Abenova Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Askhat Shaltynov Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Oxana Tsigengage Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Zhanna Mussabekova Department of General Medical Practice, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Tolkyn Bulegenov Department of Hospital and Pediatric Surgery, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Gulnara Shalgumbaeva Department of Family Medicine, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan Yuliya Semenova Department of Neurology, Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan 2019 11 22 2021 03 06 Background: We aimed to evaluate the impact of national health programs implemented in Kazakhstan from 2011 on CVD incidence and mortality. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates from CVD were studied in Kazakhstan from 2004 to 2017. The official data obtained from “Medinform” company were analyzed based on the annual population statistics. Results: There was an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular disease among the population of Kazakhstan from 1845.4 per 100,000 in 2004 to 2597.5 per 100,000 in 2017. This might be attributed to the implementation of the national health programs, which improved early CVD identification. Incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was grown almost in all provinces of Kazakhstan during the study period. The mortality from cardiovascular disease had a considerable decline over the study period, in particular after 2010, it might be influenced by early diagnosis and provision of timely treatment. Conclusion: The experience of Kazakhstan national health programs shows improved identification of CVD and IHD and timely treatment for cardiovascular disease. A significant variation in incidence and mortality rates of cardiovascular disease was observed between the country provinces. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18974 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18974/7565

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 831 838 Lijuan Guo Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital Sichuan University, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China Xiaorong Yin Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital Sichuan University, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China Xiaoqi Zeng Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital Sichuan University, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China Lu Tang Department of Information System, Chengdu Library and Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan, China Dengsuo Zhang Department of Information System, Chengdu Library and Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan, China 2021 09 22 2021 11 29 Background: To explore the application of nursing practice combined with scene simulation teaching mode in standardized training and teaching for newly recruited nurses in Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and its impact on their emergency response ability and competence. Methods: From Jan 2019 to Jan 2020, a total of 120 PACU nurses with professional qualification certificates in West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, China were enrolled and randomized into group A (n=60) and group B (n=60). Conventional standardized PACU training and teaching was applied in group B, and nursing practice combined with scene simulation teaching mode was applied in group A. After training for 12 weeks, the examination scores, competence and emergency response ability in the two groups were compared. Results: After training, the scores of theoretical examination, comprehensive scene simulation and nursing document in group A were conspicuously higher than those in group B (P<0.001). After training, the competence and emergency response ability in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (P<0.001). Conclusion: With a better training effect, nursing practice combined with scene simulation teaching mode can enhance the emergency response ability and competence for nurses in PACU, which should be promoted in practice. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/26354 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/26354/7566

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 839 850 Dariush D. Farhud 1. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Basic Sciences/Ethics, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran Marjan Zarif-Yeganeh 1. Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran 2. Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Atefeh Mehrabi Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran Ali-Reza Afshari Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Mohammad Bagher Rokni School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Keyvan Majidi Noor Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran Maryam Jalali Noor Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran Ali Akbar Amir Zargar Noor Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abdolfattah Sarafnejad 1. Noor Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid Reza Sadeghipour 1. Noor Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shaghayegh Zokaei Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran Farideh Khosravi 1. Noor Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Jalali 1. Noor Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Khazeni Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 04 14 Background: Calcium is a necessary mineral for life to keep the body and bones healthy. Various factors including hormones, diet, age, and gender affect serum calcium status. The aim of this sturdy was to assess the serum calcium level (SCL) of Tehran population, which has about 10 million multi-Ethnic populations and represents from the whole country. Methods: In this retrospective study, the measured SCL of 105,128 individuals referred to different laboratories of Tehran, Iran were evaluated and its relationship with the age, gender, seasons, and different years during 2009-2018, were analyzed. Results: After excluding outliers, 91,257samples remained, which 61162 (58.64%) and 30,095 (41.36%) were female and male, respectively.  The mean SCL was 9.36 (9.35, 9.37) mg/dl (95%CI). The highest and lowest SCLs were 3.1 and 18.2mg/dl, respectively. From the total study population, 74127 (81.23%) had normal SCLs, 14110 (15.46%) had hypocalcemia, and 3020 (3.31%) had hypercalcemia. SCLs were normal in 83.6% of men and 79.66% of women. Women had a significantly higher frequency of hypocalcemia compared to men (17.2% vs. 12.83%, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Normal and abnormal SCLs were significantly different in age groups and in both genders. It means that gender and age affect SCLs. Every year of increasing age, reduces the chance of hypercalcemia by 40%, significantly. Age seems to affect hypercalcemia more than hypocalcemia. Age in men increases the risk of hypocalcemia, and reduces the risk of hypocalcemia in women. Therefore, it is recommended to encourage dietary calcium intake among premenopausal women and older men. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28446 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28446/7567

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 851 859 EN Minoo Heidari Almasi Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Barzin Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sara Serahati Department of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Majid Valizadeh Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amirabbas Momenan Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Feridoun Azizi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Farhad Hosseinpanah Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 09 22 2021 01 19 Background: We aimed at evaluating the best body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (PBF) cutoffs related to cardio-metabolic risk factors and comparing the discriminative power of PBF and BMI for predicting these risk factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study in phase V (2012-2015), 1271 participants (age ≥ 20 yr; 54.3% women) were enrolled. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to estimate PBF. Joint Interim Statement criteria were used for defining metabolic syndrome (MetS). We compared PBF with BMI through logistic regression and area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Percent body fat cutoff points were > 25 in men and >35 in women. Results: Percent body fat and BMI cutoff points for predicting MetS were 25.6% and 27.2 kg/m2 in men and 36.2% and 27.5 kg/m2 in women, respectively. There were no significant differences between BMI and PBF area under the ROC curves for predicting MetS and its components, except for abdominal obesity in men and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in women in favor of BMI. Logistic regression analysis indicated that BMI in women was better for predicting MetS and its components, except for abdominal obesity. Moreover, BMI was equal or superior to PBF in men, except for low HDL and high triglyceride levels. Conclusion: Comparison of PBF with BMI showed that the use of PBF is not significantly better than BMI in predicting cardio-metabolic risks in the general population. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/22289 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/22289/7568

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 860 870 Hamide Rahmani Seraji Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohmmad Esmaeil Akbari Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid Rezvani Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Davood Bashash Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Mabani Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Atieh Akbari Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Raeisi Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ghasem Janbabee Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Sina Salari Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 11 19 2021 03 06 Background: The heterogeneity, high rate of mortality and lack of comprehensive diagnostic methods have categorized primary sarcomas of the thorax as a malignancy with dismal outcomes and unknown etiology. Given the fundamental role of epidemiological analysis in establishing management strategies, we designed a study with focus on the epidemiological characteristics of primary thoracic sarcomas in Iran.   Methods: This national population-based cancer study was conducted on patients with histologically confirmed sarcoma of the thorax referred to the Iranian National Cancer Registry between 2009 and 2014. The incidence was calculated as number of cases per 100,000 person-years and was age-adjusted by the direct method using the weight of the 1960 world standard population.   Results: Over a 6-year period, 1477 cases with pathologically confirmed thoracic sarcomas were registered in Iran, of which 896 were male and 581 were female. Khuzestan Province had the highest incidence of thoracic sarcomas as compared to other provinces. Malignant mesothelioma was the most common histological subtype (20.85%). Moreover, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of the disease was 1.94 per 100,000 which was more common in males than females with the highest incidence rate in men aged more than 65 years.  Conclusion: Our study provided valuable epidemiologic data on characteristics of thoracic sarcomas. This data can be used for strategizing preventive measures. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/22924 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/22924/7569

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 51 4 2022 04 14 871 879 Bahman Pourhassan Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farideh Golbabaei Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Somayeh Farhang Dehghan Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Pourmand Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tahereh Mousavi Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ensieh Masoorian Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 04 07 2020 06 24 Background: We aimed to investigate the efficiency of neat polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers and photocatalytic PAN/TiO2 nanofibers for removal of airborne microorganisms. Methods: Nanofibers were fabricated from 16 wt% of PAN dissolved in dimethyl formamide through the electrospinning technique. The efficiency of media for removal of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis was investigated at different conditions such as face velocity, relative humidity, air tempeFirstName>A Hodjatzadeh M Najmi N Ajang 2015 10 03 To control hypertension in Iran, one of the most preventable diseases, a program was established in rural areas of the coun­try, employing the main strategy of people screening aged 30 years old and above, confirmation of suspected cases, offering ca­res and follows up. This program is integrated in the primary health care system at rural areas. An evaluation system embed­ded in the program, helps collecting data on main variable defined, including new cases and care taken. According to the results, the defects of the program are mainly categorized as education and referral system accessibility. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2863

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 109 112 SH Emami Razavi H Aaghajani M Haghazali F Nadali R Ramazani E Dabiri R Ramazani H Abedifar 2015 10 03 Cancer is the third main cause of death in Iran. This report was provided for explaining most common cancers in Iranian Women. The National Cancer Registry reports from 2003 to 2006, pathologic based cancer registry reports from all of prov­inces of Iran. The age-standardized incidence rate of cancers was 56.80, 75.15, 6.18, 102.43 per 100 000 among fe­males in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, respectively. The male to female standard ratio was 1.12. The most common cancer among women was breast cancer. The cancer registration system, is the main tool of management and control of cancers and such impor­tant informa­tion source is not only necessary for epidemiologic studies of the illness, but also for planning and forecasting the events, measuring the accuracy of the studies, and the effects of medical interventions. Without a cancer registry with de­fined standards, we may not be able to formulate, execute, and observe any cancer control plan. According to the results, breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iranian females. Therefore, breast cancer screening should be start in Iran. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2864

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 113 114 H Aghajani A Samavat M Haghazali F Valizadeh G Sarbazi 2015 10 03 In Iran, Primary Health care (PHC) has been a main approach to control of communicable diseases over past thirty years. This approach drastically improved main health indices including Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Iran. The experience has had two main impacts on the health situation of the country. Firstly community control of health burden of communicable dis­eases and secondly, bringing about opportunities to non-communicable diseases including genetic disorders to emerge. Past three decades have been also a determining era for profound progress in basic genetic knowledge and development of commu­nity tools for prevention and control of genetic and congenital disorders in the world. These advances will widen the gaps between developing countries that are already lacking of basic genetic knowledge and technologies and developed coun­tries that own these capacities, unless there are clever designing to employ the opportunities to bridge the gaps. Iran has en­joyed its first experience of using community tools for control of one of its prevalent genetic health problem, thalassemia ma­jor, adopting primary health care approach.  This article explains the expansion of the concept and the approach to commu­nity control of genetic and congenital disorders and that, how this concept is leading the country to fill the gap of ge­netic knowledge. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2865

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 115 118 DD Farhud AS Lotfi M Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori M Akhondi H Sadighi 2015 10 03 The present paper is a review of progress and major activities in education, research, services and ethics in the field of medi­cal genetics in some centers in Iran. National projects of population genetics, genetic epidemiology, like national human ge­nome projects, Connexin 26 and Pejvakin, distribution of thalassemia, hemophilia, etc in different ethnic groups, and reli­gious minorities of Iran, are mentioned.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2866

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 119 122 F Asgari H Aghajani M Haghazali H Heidarian 2015 10 03 Background: Non-communicable diseases cause more than 60% of disease burden and 70% death by 2020. NCD risk fac­tors surveillance system is a global strategy to combat with this problem in the world. It has been established since 2004 in Iran. Methods: The first national surveillance risk factors of Non-communicable disease (SURFNCD) run as a cross sectional study on 89000 populations by applying who stepwise approach in January and February 2005. Result: The prevalence of common risk factors were 14.2 current smokers, 32.5% did exercise at least 10 minutes in their free time in ages 15-64 yr, 7.7 diabetics and 25.2 hypertensive in ages 25-64 yr. Obesity, overweight and hypercholes­terolemia were 14.8, 28.6 and 15.1, respectively in ages 15-64 yr. Conclusion: Implementation of this system is one of the main concerns of Iranian prototype surveillance system and interna­tional concerned bodies such as World Health Organization. Multi-pronged policy and programmatic interventions promot­ing for maximum effectiveness are needed to conduct. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2867

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 2868 2868 MM Gouya 2015 10 03 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2868

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 124 126 SM Zahraei B Sadrizadeh MM Gouya 2015 10 03 Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system, and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. After initiation of polio eradication programme in 1988 by WHO, number of polio cases abruptly de­creased. In 1988, polio paralyzed nearly 350000 children annually worldwide while in 2007 just 1360 cases reported. The programme has been started in Iran since 1991 and based on high routine immunization coverage, robust Acute Flaccid Pa­ralysis surveillance system and very qualified supplementary immunization activities which has been established and im­plemented in all the country, number of reported cases decreased from 50 to zero in 2001 and Iran has been polio free since 2001. However due to endemicity of poliomyelitis in Afghanistan and Pakistan (two neighboring countries of Iran) and high level of international traveling between these countries, risk of polio importation and re-emergence of wild polio virus is very high. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2869

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 127 129 N Jafari MJ Kabir ME Motlagh 2015 10 03 Death and disease information are key information in priority setting. Because importance of valid and reliable mortality data, death registration system in I.R.Iran as a multi source registration system was established and improved from 1998. In this system mortality data are collected from hospitals, health houses and health centers, forensic medicine bureau, author­ized cemeteries, civil registration bureau and other probable sources in district and within a defined process data are col­lected in provincial health centers and then in ministry of health. For improvement of registered data some important activi­ties have to done in different level such as continuous education and strengthening intersectoral collaboration. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2870

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 130 135 A Olyaee Manesh AA Haghdoost M Beheshtian A Tehrani Banihashemi M Motlagh 2015 10 03 Background: After the Islamic Revolution, the Iranian government aimed to improve the health status and reduce the inequality simultaneously. This study was conducted to explore the impact of the implemented programs. Methods: we extensively reviewed published papers in Persian and English journals and explored grey literature, mainly the formal reports of relevant organizations to find appropriate and valid statistics, which show the health status of Iranian population classified by sex, living in rural and urban areas and different provinces. Results: We found that safe delivery index had been improved in the past 3 decades (delivery with unskilled birth atten­dance was decreased from 30.1 % to 10.4 %) and its standard deviation decreased from 15.3 to 10.9. Prenatal care visits in rural and urban inhabitants are comparable and their difference is around 5% now. The standard deviation of Infant Mortal­ity Rate between provinces has decreased from 6.2 to 4.9 in recent decades as well. The adult literacy rate as one of the main social determinants of health has been raised from 54% to more than 80%, such a progress was observed in rural and urban areas, in nearly all provinces and in males, females, and more importantly the gaps have decreased. The positive trend of Human Development Index was also significant in recent years. Conclusion: Constant improvement of main health indicators and fewer gaps between subgroups are promising. In addition, improvement in the literacy rate may imply sustainable improvement in following decade since it is one of the main health determinants. Nonetheless, more attention to remote areas is a sensible recommendation.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2871

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 136 137 M Radfar M Rastegarpanah Kh Gholami 2015 10 03 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2872

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 138 149 F Zahedi I Fazel B Larijani 2015 10 03 Organ and tissue transplantation have a long history in Iran. Some researchers believe that Avicenna was the first to suture nerves together. However, organ transplantation using modern methods and technologies goes back to 1930s. Registered data from Iran shows an acceptable progressing trend in the quantity and quality of various types of organ and tissue transplan­tation in Iran over recent decades. For instance, Iran has one of the most successful kidney transplantation pro­grams in the region, along with various attempts of policy-makers in order to provide preventive approaches for end-stage renal diseases, distribute dialysis equipment, and enhance cadaveric organ donation. Referring to some published and un­published data, the current article provides an overview of transplant activities in Iran over the past three decades. Further­more, the background and characteristics of the Iranian Model of kidney donation will be also reviewed. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2873

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 150 152 P Dahim N Safadel F Rashed Marandi K Khodaverdian M Rahnamaye Farzami 2015 10 03 Reference health Laboratory of Iran (RHL) has been established under the Secretary of Health in 2007. This organization has been developed from integration of Reference laboratories of Iran, Directorate of General Affairs and Laboratory de­partment of CDC. In accordance with policies of Ministry of Health and Medical Education, also Millennium Development Goals and requirements of IHR the RHL has highlighted his main goal as "Quality Improvement of Medical Laboratory Net­work". In order to achieve this goal as soon and efficient as possible, RHL has tried to launch Quality Management sys­tem in medical laboratories. After studying and analyzing the situation in the country RHL has tried by using ISO 15189 which is an successful international standard to draw national standards and write necessary manuals, guidelines and check­lists. For a successful implementation and detailed managerial observance, three phases were designed: Training, Stepwise imple­mentation of standard requirements in the laboratories, accreditation of laboratories. After one year of training and send­ing out national standards and guidelines, the RHL is in the middle of the second phase "implementation". https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2874

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 153 157 S Sarkar MD Abolhassani F Farahmand AR Ahmadian R Saber 2015 10 03 Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine (RCSTIM), affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS), was established in Imam Khomeini Hospital, the largest hospital complex of this kind in Iran in 1994. A major strategy of RCSTIM has been providing a common research environment for close cooperation between specialists involved in science, medicine, engineering and industry. This collaboration in one hand highlights RCSTIM research policy direction and on the other hand assure high quality standards required for design and development of novel medical devices. Since 1998, in line with the Third Development Plan of I.R. of Iran, the work has been focused on applied research activities to promote technical knowledge of the medical device industry, advance the health technology and establish joint research programs between universities and industry. There are seven research groups within RCSTIM conducting advanced re­searches in their specialties. In these many advanced research have been performed leading to design of hi-tech devices and systems. Some of case reports of these technologies are being presented in this paper. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2875

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 158 161 R Dinarvand 2015 10 03 Pharmaceutical market in Iran has been expanding since 2001 when the new development act was approved in the parlia­ment of the Islamic republic of Iran. The pharma market size has annually increased 6.8% in terms of volume and 18.5% in terms of value.  However, the growth rate of imported items has been greater than locally produced items both in terms of value and volume. This may be mainly due to the introduction of free market regulations at macroeconomic point of view that has influenced the pharmaceutical market as well. The expansion of pharmaceutical market is welcomed by the industry which is investing heavily in the manufacturing and research and development capacity of pharma sector in Iran. However it does also mean greater access of the public to essential and vital medicines. In the same situation the presence of extra choices in the market may be a challenge for the local industry as the demand for higher quality medicines grows. Market forces are always a challenge for the advocacy of rational prescription and use of medicines. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2876

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 162 166 G Shalviri M Valadkhani R Dinarvand 2015 10 03 The Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center (ADRMC) in Iran started its activities as a full member of WHO Interna­tional Drug Monitoring Program in 1998. The Center has followed pharmacovigilance activities in the country with the main goal of increasing drug safety and preventing drug-related morbidity and mortality. To achieve its main goals, ADRMC has developed and implemented spontaneous ADR reporting system by health care professionals. In this article we have tried to elaborate on the achievement of the ADRMC in Iran. A total number of 17967 adverse drug events has been col­lected and evaluated by the Center. Evaluation of registered reports has led to 86 drug safety alerts to health care profes­sionals, recall of 23 pharmaceutical products and labeling changes of 30 others, suspension on distribution for 8 medicines and withdrawal from national drug list of 4 different products.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2877

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 166 168 F Soleymani M Valadkhani R Dinarvand 2015 10 03 Rational use of drugs is one of the major issues in health systems. Analyzing the prescriptions would be of help in recogni­tion of physicians' behavior and population beliefs. The prescriptions were analyzed with "Noskhe Pardaz" software and the major indications in 10 years period between 1998 and 2007 were extracted. The mean item of drugs per prescription, per­cent of prescriptions including antimicrobials and injectable drugs decreased during study period. Prescriptions including corticosteroids increased. The National Committee of Rational Use of Drugs (NCRUD) activities to educate physicians, general population and children in rational use of drugs were efficient. The results show reduction of irrational use of drugs. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2878

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 169 172 H Rezaeizadeh M Alizadeh M Naseri MR Shams Ardakani 2015 10 03 Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) or Persian Medicine consists of the sum total of all the knowledge and practices used in diagnosis, prevention and elimination of diseases in Persia from ancient times to present. It is based entirely on practical experience and observations passed down from generation to generation. Traditional medicine has the advantage of being considered as part of the culture therefore, bypassing cultural issues that may affect the practice of medicine. On the other hand, it can be used in conjunction with and as an aid to the conventional medicine. Development and promotion of traditional medicine could be considered as respect and honor to the culture and heritage of the people all around the world. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/2879

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 38 Supple 1 2009 03 15 173 178 R Hafezi M Abolhallaje M Ramezanian 2015 10 03 Background: In health system of any country, securing financial