Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 26158 26158 Dariush D. Farhud 1. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran Moslem Bahadori 1. Department of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marjan Zarif-Yeganeh Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran 2021 09 02 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/26158 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/26158/7339

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1743 1756 Ladan Rokni Asia Contents Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea 2021 09 02 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic-induced changes have threatened the psychological wellbeing of travelling. This review aims to appraise a range of perceived psychological variables used to realize how the pandemic has influenced tourist behavior. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify the mechanisms behind tourists' behavioral change during the pandemic. The papers were extracted from four databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and EMBASE, published since 2020 to 2021. The results are summarized narratively due to the heterogeneity of the studies. Results: A total of 369 citations were identified through an electronic search of databases, of which nine publications met the inclusion criteria. The extracted information determines the significant factors contributing to the psychological changes of travelling behavior during the pandemic. Conclusion: The tourists' perception of COVID-19 has influenced the intentions and motivation in the tourism sector and has changed travel behavior. The mental health outcome of travelling has been replaced by globally recognized fear and anxiety. Yet, there are several motivators to travel during the pandemic. At the same time, the socio-demographic characteristics contribute to all the identified changes. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/26159 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/26159/7340

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1757 1765 EN Yuan Jiang Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China Jing Xu College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China Huijung Lai Department of Dermatology Xiang’an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China Hui Lin Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China 2021 06 04 2021 07 18   Background: This study reports a systematic review of association between meteorological parameters and hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in mainland China. Methods: Using predefined study eligibility criteria, three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) were searched for relevant articles. Using a combination of search terms, including “Hand foot and mouth disease,” “HFMD,” “Meteorological,” “Climate,” and “China,” After removal of duplicates, our initial search generated 2435 studies published from 1990 to December 31, 2019. From this cohort 51 full-text articles were reviewed for eligibility assessment. The meta-analysis was devised in accordance with the published guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). Effect sizes, heterogeneity estimates and publication bias were computed using R software and Review Manager Software. Results: The meta-analysis of 18 eligible studies showed that the meteorological parameters played an important role in the prevalence of HFMD. Lower air pressure may be the main risk factor for the incidence of HFMD in Chinese mainland, and three meteorological parameters (mean temperature, rainfall and relative humidity) have a significant association with the incidence of HFMD in subtropical regions. Conclusion: Lower air pressure might be the main risk factor for the incidence of HFMD in Chinese mainland. The influence of meteorological parameters on the prevalence of HFMD is mainly through changing virus viability in aerosols, which may be different in different climate regions. In an environment with low air pressure, wearing a mask that filters the aerosol outdoors may help prevent HFMD infection. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25178 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25178/7341

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1766 1772 Byung-Ro Seo Korea Department of Global MICE, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea Kyoung-Lee Kim Asia Contents Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea 2021 04 29 2021 06 03 The significant impacts of recent infectious diseases (MERS, COVID-19) demand fundamental changes and alternatives in different markets, such as tourism and the medical tourism industry. In this study, we aimed to have a historical investigation on how infectious diseases have affected the tourism industry in Korea, to reach practical implications for managing the medical tourism sector. The impact of global infectious diseases, including MERS, and COVID-19, on the tourism industry was studied in South Korea. First, the available information was collected to clarify how these two outbreaks have impacted the tourism market in South Korea, and then the government's countermeasures were studied. Investigating among the policies resulted in practical implications for the post-pandemic revitalizing plan for the medical tourism market. The infectious outbreak caused a significant decrease in the number of inbound tourists to South Korea, moreover, the crisis response system of the government has been useful so far. Hence, several practical implications can be achieved for the medical tourism market. A framework is suggested which involves 5 stages of strategies to revitalize medical tourism market. It presents remedies to revitalize the medical tourism industry and to enter the global market again. Korea's quarantine model, which succeeded in preventing COVID-19, can be a preemptive response to another pandemic in the future. The medical tourism industry policy based on Korea's quarantine model will contribute to the revitalization of the international medical tourism industry after COVID-19. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/24761 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/24761/7342

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1773 1782 Yongcheng Su Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian 361003, China Xiaogang Zheng Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian 361003, China Zhong Ouyang Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian 361003, China 2020 07 20 2021 02 07 Background: Curative operation is the practical and primary therapy for masses of breast cancers. In contrast, the correlation between the time interval from breast cancer diagnosis to curative surgery and survival is still uncertain. Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted on PubMed/Medline and EMBASE (between Jan 2000 and Jan 2020). Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) or Disease-Free Survival (DFS). The HR with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects or fixed-effects model. Results: The combined HR for OS was 1. 10 (95% CI 1. 08-1. 11; P=0. 000) by fixed-effects model, no statistically significant heterogeneity was found (P=1. 000; I2=0%), and this difference was statistically significant (Z=11. 99; P=0. 000). Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed a significant adverse association between more prolonged time to surgery (TTS) and lower overall survival in patients with breast cancer. It is reasonable to minimize that interval between diagnosis and curative surgery. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21549 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21549/7343

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1783 1788 Peyman Motaghi Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Parto Nasri Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2019 08 13 2020 05 05 The global campaign of osteoporosis has been organized by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and them introducing World Osteoporosis Day (WOD) in 1997. The day is celebrated on October 20th each year and aimed to improve the awareness of the population about disease prevention. We present some aspects of bone health and the prevention of osteoporosis related to the use of vitamins. The presenting mini-review covers a variety of sources including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and directory of open access journals (DOAJ) from 10 years ago (Oct 2009 to Oct 2019) for recent developments in the prevention of bone loss. The search was performed by using combinations of the following keywords and or their equivalents; osteoporosis, bones health, bone loss, and vitamin to find related articles about the prevention of osteoporosis by nutritional factors. The factors affecting   bone are various and could begin from fetal periods to the end of life. Some of them are not changeable including age, and genetic; however, it is possible to modify some others such as poor nutrition and vitamin deficiency. Beyond vitamin D deficiency, consumption of other vitamins also is beneficial to maintain bone health. By considering the nutritional factors especially vitamins that affect bones, it is possible to have stronger bones to enjoy life in the elderly and protect your future. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18071 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18071/7344

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1789 1795 Huiqiu Zhong Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang 330006, P.R. China Xiaojiang Luo Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang 330006, P.R. China 2021 02 08 2021 03 06 Background: We aimed to investigate the serum concentration of dihydropyrimidinase-like 3 (DPYSL3) in patients with gastric cancer and its clinical significance. Methods: Seventy four patients with gastric cancer from Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China from October 2018 to April 2019 were selected as the case group. Sixty patients with normal gastric mucosa or mild non-atrophic gastritis were selected as the control group. Serum DPYSL3, CA72-4 and CEA concentrations were measured in both groups. Results: The serum DPYSL3 concentration in the case group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group (22.04±9.22 vs. 8.36±4.19 μg/L, P<0.001). The serum DPYSL3 concentration in patients with advanced gastric cancer was significantly higher than that in early gastric cancer (27.09±9.12 vs. 13.04±8.22 μg/L, P<0.01); serum DPYSL3 concentration was significantly correlated with tumor size, TNM stage and differentiation (P<0.05). When the cutoff value was 20.98 μg/L, the serum DPYSL3 concentration could differentiate the gastric cancer with ROCAUC 0.882 (95% CI: 0.828-0.937) with sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 94%, respectively. Serum CA72-4 concentration could differentiate the gastric cancer from health controls with ROCAUC 0.812 (95% CI: 0.734-0.834), serum CEA concentration could differentiate gastric cancer with ROCAUC 0.612 (95% CI: 0.534 ~ 0.634). The serum concentrations of DPYSL3, CA72-4 and CEA in gastric cancer patients were increased compared to health controls. Conclusion: Three serological markers have complementary diagnostic value for gastric cancer. Serum DPYSL3 is a new potential molecular marker for gastric cancer. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23811 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23811/7345

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1796 1804 EN Goksel Durmus Department of Public Health Nursing, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey Tulay Ortabag Department of Public Health Nursing, Istanbul Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkey Serpil Ozdemir Department of Public Health Nursing, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey 2019 01 06 2020 02 03 Background: Obesity has become widespread among adolescents throughout the world. This study aimed to determine the relationship between problematic internet use and obesity among 10-19 yr old adolescents. Methods: The descriptive study was carried out in a private elementary and high school in Gaziantep Province in the Eastern Turkey in 2016-2017. Overall, 474 adolescents and 938 their parents were enrolled. Data collection form consisted of three parts. The first part included questions about sociodemographic characteristics of the adolescent and his/her parents. The second part included data on anthropometrical measurements, dietary habits and physical activity level. Third part of the data collection form included Problematic Internet Usage Scale. First, anthropometrical measurements of the adolescents were recorded. Then, the data collection forms were applied to adolescents and their parents. Results: 34.8% of adolescents were overweight and obese. Approximately four out of ten male adolescents and three out of ten female adolescents were overweight or obese (P<0.05). Girls had less problematic internet use behaviors (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences between age, sex, socioeconomic status, unhealthy eating habits and problem internet usage (P<0.05). Conclusion: Periodic screening should be done to determine the prevalence of obesity and problematic internet usage. Training programs on regular physical activity and healthy nutrition should be prepared and guidance services should be provided for the reduction of obesity rates and the protection of ideal weight. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15821 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15821/7346

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1805 1815 Hui Lü 1. Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China 2. Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China Huaning Zhang 1. Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China 2. Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China Ting Liu Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China Wei Hao Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China Qun Yuan 1. Shandong Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jinan, China 2. Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China 2019 06 05 2019 11 03 Background: Vibrio cholerae is an important bacterium causing profuse watery diarrhea. Cholera had swept the whole Shandong province from 1975 to 2013. Methods: From epidemiological data and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis data, we selected 86 V. cholerae isolates appearing in Shandong Province in China from 1975 to 2013 and characterized them by multilocus sequence typing (MLST)/multi-virulence locus sequence typing (MVLST), antibiogram and analysis of genes related to antibiotic resistance. Results: Combined MLST/MVLST data revealed 33 sequence types and a major group. Within the group, 3 subgroups (ST1, ST24 and ST29) were revealed, prevalent in the strains isolated during the 1980s, 1990s and 21st century, respectively. All the O1 isolates after 1990 were found to be El Tor variants harboring the classical ctxB gene. The tcpA gene of O139 strains had a mutation at amino acid position 62 (N→D). Antibiotic resistance of V. cholerae increased over time. Most El Tor variants between 1998 and 1999 were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The O139 strain, since its appearance in 1997, had significantly broader spectrum of antibiotic resistance than O1 variants. The presence of the SXT element corresponds to the trend of growing drug resistance. Conclusion: The analysis of genotypic polymorphism and enhanced resistance of V. cholerae indicated continuous variation and evolution of this pathogenic agent in Shandong Province. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17386 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17386/7347

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1816 1824 Dwi Rejeki Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia Solikhah Solikhah Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Siwi Wijayanti Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia 2019 10 08 2020 05 05 Abstract Background: Risk factors of Malaria transmission at cross-boundaries area is important to be identified. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of Malaria transmission at cross-boundaries area in Menoreh Hills, Java, Indonesia. Methods: The design of the study was an observational study with a case-control design. Data on malaria cases and controls were obtained from the Primary Health Care in Menoreh. All malaria positive patients with clinical and laboratory examinations recorded in health services during 1 Jan 2015-31 Dec 2015. Overall, 138 cases and 138 controls were included. Several variables were collected such as altitude, night out behavior, the use of mosquito nets, nighttime bed, travel history, mosquito bite prevention activities, cattle ownership, distance to mosquito breeding site, etc. Data were obtained by structured questionnaires and observation. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate Results: The altitude of house >500 m above sea level proved to be influential as a risk factor for Malaria (OR 3.62, 95% CI 1.61-8.16, P=0.002). Several variables were identified as a risk factor of Malaria such as the wall of the house from bamboo/wood, no insecticide and distance of house <100 m from mosquito breeding site. Conclusion: An awareness for the local health sector particularly to provide a recommendation for house construction to protect a community from Malaria transmission. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18583 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18583/7348

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1825 1831 Hui Li Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Xiaolan Li Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Tingjia Cao Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Qiang Zhu Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Fuyuan Liu Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China Heng Zhou Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medi-cine, Xiangyang 441000, China 2021 02 02 2021 03 06 Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of copper stainless steel on apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in coronary artery. Methods: The study was carried out in 2019 at Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China. The rat coronary artery smooth muscle cell was used for cell resuscitation and culture. MTT method was used to visualize cell growth curve and to detect the cell survival and growth. The incubated cells were randomly divided into copper-containing stainless-steel group, ordinary stainless-steel group, and control group. The cells were made into single cell suspension, which were intervened by experimental group and incubated in incubator with CO2 for 48 hours. TUNEL method was used to detect the apoptosis. The number of apoptotic cells in five high power fields (×200) was counted. The expression of Fas protein in three groups of cells was detected by Western blot. Results: The growth curves of rat coronary artery smooth muscle cells showed that the OD value of the cells reached the plateau 7 days after inoculation, indicating that the cells grew well. TUNEL staining showed the apoptosis in all three groups. The apoptotic index in copper-containing group was significantly higher than that in common stainless-steel group (P <0.01). The results of the Fas protein expression level through Western blot showed that the level in the copper-containing group was significantly higher than that in the common stainless-steel group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Copper-containing stainless steel can promote apoptosis of coronary artery smooth muscle cells. The material could prevent stent restenosis. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23725 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23725/7349

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1832 1841 Olivera Djurovic Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava", Belgrade, Serbia Olgica Mihaljevic Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Snezana Radovanovic Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Smiljana Kostic Military Medical Academy, Neurology Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia Marjana Vukicevic Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava", Belgrade, Serbia Biljana Georgievski Brkic Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava", Belgrade, Serbia Snezana Stankovic Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava", Belgrade, Serbia Danijela Radulovic Primary Health Care and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University East Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ivana Simic Vukomanovic Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Svetlana Radevic Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia 2021 07 02 2021 09 02 Background: The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with falling in post stroke patients. Methods: This retrospective case-control study included 561 neurology patients hospitalized for a stroke and divided into two groups: falling patients and non-falling patients. They referred to the Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava" in Belgrade, Serbia, from 2018- 2019. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine socio-economic factors associated with predictors of unmet healthcare needs. Results: A significant difference was seen in the length of hospitalization of falling patients compared to the non-falling (P<0.001). We established statistically significant differences in mental status (P<0.001), sensibility (P=0.016), depressed mood (P<0.001), early (P=0.001) and medium insomnia (P=0.042), psychomotor slowness (P=0.030), somatic anxiety (P=0.044) and memory (P<0.001). Conclusion: Cerebrovascular disease distribution and the degree of neurological deficit primarily altered mental status, which could be recognized as one of the more important predictors for falling after stroke. The identification of risk factors may be a first step toward the design of intervention programs for preventing a future fall among hospitalized stroke patients. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25454 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25454/7350

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1842 1853 Hui Li Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China Bo Zeng Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China Jianzhou Wang Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China Hua’an Wu Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China 2020 02 27 2020 03 29 Background: Recently, a new coronavirus has been rapidly spreading from Wuhan, China. Forecasting the number of infections scientifically and effectively is of great significance to the allocation of medical resources and the improvement of rescue efficiency. Results: Through MATLAB simulation, the comprehensive percentage error of GM(1,1|r,c,u), NHGM(1,1,k), UGM(1,1), DGM(1,1) are 2.4440%, 11.7372%, 11.6882% and 59.9265% respectively, so the new model has the best prediction performance. The new coronavirus infections was predicted by the new model. Conclusion: The number of new coronavirus infections in China increased continuously in the next two weeks, and the final infections was nearly 100 thousand. Based on the prediction results, this paper puts forward specific suggestions. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19830 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19830/7351

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1854 1862 Negar Rezaei Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahtab Maghsodlu Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Ali Sheidaei Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh Amini Kafiabad Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Kimiya Gohari Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Maryam Zadsar Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Farnaz Delavari Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zohreh Sharifi Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Moein Yoosefi Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farshad Farzadfar Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Asadi-Lari Oncopathology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 04 29 2020 05 29 Background: High risk blood transfusions can cause a lot of financial and psychological burden to the community. The prevalence of Hepatitis B is useful for evaluating the blood products' safety and donor selection methods. We aimed to predict the prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors from 2000-2016. Methods: Positive cases of hepatitis B from 2006 to 2014 were collected from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization. This database was classified according to the age, provinces, and type of donation. Data was not existed in all subnational levels and all years, therefore, for predicting the hepatitis B prevalence, two separate, Spatio-temporal and mixed model (GLMM) were developed. Results: At the national level, the hepatitis B prevalence declined from 0.69 (0.51 to 0.90) in 2000 to 0.27 (0.21 to 0.33) in 2016. In first-time, regular, and repeated donors, this prevalence declined from 2.31 (1.74 to 2.31), 0.26 (0.19 to 0.34), and 0.51 (0.38 to 0.68) in 2000 to 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09), 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12), and 0.19 (0.14 to 0.24) in 2016. At the provincial level, the highest and lowest prevalence in 2016 was observed in North Khorasan and Gilan. With increasing age, the average prevalence of hepatitis B, increased. Conclusion: Prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors has been reduced significantly over 17 years, but still new cases of hepatitis B are reported. By precise monitoring the donor selection process and implementing more sensitive laboratory screening, we can reduce the risk of new infectious agents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20587 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20587/7352

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1863 1871 Hossein-Ali Nikbakht Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Abbas Rezaianzadeh Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mozhgan Seif Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Haleh Ghaem Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sci-ences, Shiraz, Iran 2020 03 01 2020 06 24 Background: We aimed to estimate the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of metabolic syndrome components based on variables including gender, BMI, and age groups in a population-based study with large sample size. Methods: This study was conducted on 10663 individuals 40-70 yr old in Phase 1 of the Persian Kharameh cohort study conducted in 2014-2017. EFA of the metabolic syndrome components, including waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and fasting blood sugar (FBS), was performed on all participants by gender, BMI (Body Mass Index), and age groups. Results: EFA results in the whole population based on eigenvalues ​​greater than one showed two factors explaining 56.06% of the total variance. Considering factor loadings higher than 0.3, the first factor included: DBP, SBP, and WC, named as hypertension factor. The second factor also included TG, negative-loaded HDL, FBS, and WC, named as lipid factor. Almost similar patterns were extracted based on subgroups.  Conclusion: MetS is a multi-factorial syndrome. Both blood pressure and lipid had a central role in this study and obesity was an important factor in both ones. Hypertension, having the highest factor loading, can generally be a valuable screening parameter for cardiovascular and metabolic risk assessment. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19864 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19864/7353

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1872 1881 Niloofar Rashidi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sassan Rezaie Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Jamal Hashemi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Aziziollah Habibi Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hadi Baghersad Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Roshanak Daie Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Khodavaisy Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Heidar Bakhshi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Healthscale that assesses the worry about developing breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish Breast Cancer Worry Scale (BCWS). This scale was created as a modified version of the Cancer Worry Scale. Methods: The study was conducted in a Family Health Center (FHC) located in eastern Turkey using a methodological design. The study sample consisted of 610 healthy women who referred to a FHC for any reason. The data were collected using the Participant Information Form and BCWS with a face-to-face interview conducted between Jun 2015 and Jan 2016. Construct validity of the scales was tested via factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, item-total score correlation coefficient, and test-retest correlations were calculated to check for reliability. Results: The factor load values of BCWS were found to be between 0.45 and 0.79. The total Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.78, and the total score correlations of items ranged between 0.32 and 0.64. The test-retest reliability coefficient of the scale was 0.81 (P=0.001). Conclusion: The Turkish version of the BCWS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the effect of breast cancer worry on daily activities and mental condition.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15156 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15156/6196

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 1780 1782 aber GHAREHDAGHI Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Reza NASR Semnan Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran Jamil KHEIRVARI KHEZERLOO Dept. of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza AKBARI EIDGAHI Semnan Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran Mohsen TABASI Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Mohammadreza GHASEMI Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Elnaz MOZAFFARI Dept. of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran Reza AZIZIAN Massoud Clinical Laboratory, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza ESKANDARION Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran 2018 10 29 No Abstract#### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15174 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15174/6215

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 1688 1693 Jing WANG Dept. of Obstetrics, Seventh People's Hospital of Jinan, Jiyang, Shandong, China Yanping BI Dept. of Obstetrics, Seventh People's Hospital of Jinan, Jiyang, Shandong, China Junxia LI Dept. of Obstetrics, Seventh People's Hospital of Jinan, Jiyang, Shandong, China Yanfang TIAN Dept. of Obstetrics, Seventh People's Hospital of Jinan, Jiyang, Shandong, China Xue YANG Dept. General Surgery, Seventh People's Hospital of Jinan, Jiyang, Shandong, China Zhongfang SUN Dept. of Obstetrics, Seventh People's Hospital of Jinan, Jiyang, Shandong, China 2018 10 29 Background: To predict the optimal functions of key aberrant genes in early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE) by using a modified network-based gene function inference method. Methods: First, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted using linear models for microarray data (LIMMA) package. Then the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated to assess co-expressed strength of each interaction between DEGs, based on which the co-expressed genes network was constructed to vividly exhibit their interlinking relationship. Subsequently, Gene ontology (GO) annotations for EOPE were collected according to known confirmed database and DEGs. Ultimately, the multifunctionality algorithm was used to extend the “guilt by association” method based on the co-expressed network, and a 3-fold cross validation was operated to evaluate the accuracy of the algorithm. Results: During the process, the GO terms, of which the area under the curve (AUC) over 0.7 were screened as the optimal gene functions for EOPE. Six functions including the ion binding and cellular response to stimulus were determined as the optimal gene functions. Conclusion: Such findings should help to better understand the pathogenesis of EOPE, so as to provide some references for clinical diagnosis and treatment in the future.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15157 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15157/6197

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 15175 15175 Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh Dept. of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2018 10 29 No Abstract#### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15175 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15175/6216

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 1694 1702 Rozaimah ABU TALIB Kerian Health District, Parit Buntar, Perak, Malaysia Idayu Badilla IDRIS Dept. of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Rosnah SUTAN Dept. of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Norizan AHMAD Family Health Development Division, Health Department of Kedah, Alor Star, Kedah, Malaysia Norehan ABU BAKAR Bandar Baharu District Health Office, Kedah, Malaysia 2018 10 29 Background: This cross-sectional was aimed to assess the prevalence of pre-pregnancy care services usage and its determinant factors among women of reproductive age in Kedah, Malaysia. Methods: Overall, 1347 respondents who attended 24 government health clinics, were chosen using systematic multistage random sampling. A validated self-administered questionnaire which consisted of sections including socio-demographic characteristics, social support, knowledge on pre-pregnancy care, perception on risk of pregnancy, health status, as well as intention and awareness on pre-pregnancy care services were distributed. Results: The prevalence of utilization of pre-pregnancy care services was still low i.e. 44.0%. Bivariate and multivariate analysis showed consistent significant level between all factors and pre-pregnancy care usage except for family planning practice. The factors that showed significant difference with the usage of pre-pregnancy care services were age of more than 35 (P<0.001), high education level (P<0.001), non-working mothers (P<0.001), multipara (P=0.001), awareness on the existence of pre-pregnancy care services in government health facilities (P<0.001), intention to use the services (P=0.0030), having medical illness (P=0.005), having social support (P=0.001), high knowledge (P<0.001), and positive perception (P<0.001). Conclusion: Low usage of pre-pregnancy care services can be improved through health screening on reproductive-aged women with positive determinant factors at the triage level in integrated clinics. Information and knowledge on pre-pregnancy services should be disseminated among community members through various means including roadshows and pre-wedding workshops.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15158 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15158/6198

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 15176 15176 Eray YURTSEVEN Public Health Department, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Kocamustafa Pasa, Istanbul, Turkey Suphi VEHİD Public Health Department, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Kocamustafa Pasa, Istanbul, Turkey Merve BOSAT Health Management Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, 34320 Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey Selçuk KÖKSAL Public Health Department, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Kocamustafa Pasa, Istanbul, Turkey Cemile Nihal YURTSEVEN Dept. of Sports Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey 2018 10 29 No Abstract#### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15176 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15176/6217

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 1703 1708 Youliang OU Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China Yanli ZHOU Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China Ping XIANG Dept. of Medical Quality Management, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 2018 10 29 Background: This study aimed to observe the effect of fine nursing on pain and postpartum recovery during natural delivery of pregnant women. Methods: The clinical data of 192 primiparas who were expecting labor in Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China from 2015-2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 100 cases were treated with fine nursing before and after delivery, and 92 cases were treated with routine nursing. The pain rate, the second stage of labor, the amount of bleeding 2 hours postpartum, and postpartum recovery were compared between the two groups. Results: The number of cases of grade 0 and 1 pain and the good rate of pain were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group, the number of cases with grade 2 pain in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.01). The second stage of labor and the 2h postpartum hemorrhage in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.001). The number of maternal cases with good postpartum sleep, good lactation and good mental health in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Fine nursing before and after delivery can reduce maternal pain rate, shorten the second stage of labor, reduce the amount of bleeding after 2 hours postpartum, promote good sleep, lactation, psychological conditions, reduce postpartum infection rate, which is conducive to maternal body recovery, worthy of clinical promotion.      https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15159 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15159/6199

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 1709 1716 Marita MOHAMMADSHAHI Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hasan HEMATYAR Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh NAJAFI Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Minoo ALIPOURI SAKHA Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abolghasem POURREZA Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 10 29 Background: The rate of caesarean section (C-section) in Iran is too high, so having a plan to control it is crucial. Since one of the most important reasons for inclination of providers to do C-section is financial issues, the purpose of this study was offering financial solutions for increasing normal vaginal delivery (NVD) and decreasing non-indicated C-section. Methods: This analytical-descriptive research, used game theory for offering financial mechanisms. The game was a dynamic one in which the backward induction was used to obtain a Nash equilibrium. Financial structure and the mean number of NVD and C-section in a certain period of time in comparison with standards were as the main influential factors on financial dimensions and were included in the model. Results: The effect of financial structure was shown through a specified insurance for childbirth, existence of a monitoring department and tariffs. Conclusion: The main solution for controlling C-section in designed game was taxes and fines for physician or hospital in non- indicated cases and giving reward otherwise.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15160 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15160/6200

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 1717 1724 Susan MOHAMMADI KEBAR Dept. of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Saeed HOSSEINI NIA Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Nasrollah MALEKI Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Afshan SHARGHI Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Arash SHESHGELANI Dept. of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran 2018 10 29 Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common cause of organ dysfunction in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. There is no consensus definition of AKI in ICU patients. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the incidence rate, risk factors and clinical outcome of AKI using the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease) classification in ICU patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study, on 900 patients admitted to the ICU during a one year period at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ardebil, Iran from 2014 to 2015. AKI was defined by the consensus RIFLE criteria. Results: The overall incidence rate of AKI was 37%. The patients with AKI were also classified according to RIFLE as follows: Risk (8.2%), Injury (13.4%), Failure (13.2%), Loss of kidney function (1.3%), and End-stage kidney disease (0.8%). The mortality rate was 58.3% for AKI patients, and 13.4% for non-AKI patients (P<0.001). Patients in RIFLE-R (Risk) had a mortality rate of 37.8% compared with 48.8% for those in RIFLE-I (Injury) and 76.5% for RIFLE-F (Failure) patients (P<0.0001). Significant risk factors to the development of AKI were included: age more than 60 yr, increased length of hospital stay, systolic blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg, requirement of mechanical ventilation, relevant comorbidities, anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased serum bilirubin and liver enzymes, and serum sodium abnormalities. Conclusion: The RIFLE classification is a useful and suitable clinical tool to evaluate the incidence and mortality rate of AKI. In ICU patients, AKI is associated with increased mortality rate.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15161 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15161/6201

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 1725 1733 Ensieh Sadat MIRSHARIF Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh HEIDARY Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza VAEZ MAHDAVI Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Reza GHAREBAGHI Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. AND International Virtual Ophthalmic Research Center, Tehran, Iran Shahriar POURFARZAM Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Tooba GHAZANFARI Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran 2018 10 29 Background: The aim of this study was assessment of the chronic effects of sulfur mustard (SM) among victims. Methods: In this cohort study, 355 SM-exposed subjects from Sardasht, and 123 controls from Rabat, both from West Azerbaijan Province, Iran were included. The spirometric evaluation and the global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) classification were applied for all. Serum levels of urea, creatinine (Cr), and uric acid (UA) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS. Results: All were male, with a mean age of 43.7±10.7 and 41.6±9.9 years in case and control groups, respectively. The case group had significantly higher values of Cr (P<0.001) and UA (P=0.018) than the control group. This was also the case in the Cr level (P<0.001) in subjects without pulmonary dysfunction, between both groups. There was significant difference in the GFR (P=0.047) between both groups and between sub-groups with pulmonary dysfunction in the case and control groups (P=0.045), as well as between SM-exposed subjects with and without pulmonary dysfunction (P=0.009). Serum Cr, UA, sUA/Cr ratio, and BUN as well as the GFR did not have any significant correlation with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio. Conclusion: Despite significantly high levels of Cr and UA in the case group, no significant correlation was found between serum Cr, UA, sUA/Cr ratio, BUN, and GFR with spirometric values. Further studies are required to reveal the underlying molecular and clinical significance of these findings.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15162 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15162/6202

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 1734 1741 Yasaman GARME Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Mahdiyeh MOUDI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Ramin SARAVANI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Hamidreza GALAVI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran 2018 10 29 Background: Nitric oxide (NO) has been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). NO is synthesized enzymatically from l-arginine (l-Arg) by three NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, Neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS1), Inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS2), and Endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS3). The impact of NOS2 gene polymorphism was investigated on the susceptibility of T2D in a sample of Iranian population (Southeastern of Iran). Methods: In 2015, the present case-control study was conducted on 152 T2D patients and 157 healthy control subjects (HCs) referring to Bu-ali Hospital of Zahedan, eastern Iran. Genotyping of NOS2 rs2779248T/C and rs1137933C/T variants were done using the Tetra-Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction (Tetra-ARMS PCR) method. Results: CT genotype of rs1137933C/T was significantly associated with increased risk of T2D (P<0.0001). The T allele of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was also strongly associated with T2D risk (P<0.0001). For rs2779248 T/C, TC genotype of this SNP decreased the risk of T2D (OR=0.25 95%CI= 0.15-0.42, P<0.0001); however, CC genotype of this SNP increased the risk of T2D (P<0.005). There was no significant association between clinical-demographic characteristics of T2D group with respect to both SNPS in dominant. Conclusion: CT genotype and C allele of NOS2 rs1137933 C/T polymorphism were associated with a higher risk of T2D, and no association was observed between T allele of NOS2 rs2779248 T/C polymorphism and T2D while TC genotype of this SNP decreased the risk of T2D in the study participants.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15163 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15163/6203

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01 1742 1748 Elham MOGHADDAS Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Abdolmajid FATA Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AND Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mehdi ZAREAN Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran . AND Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Majid DERAKHSHANI Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Mahdi FAKHAR Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Seyed Aliakbar SHAMSIAN Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2018 10 29 Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), so-called Kala-azar is a life threating parasitic infectious disease caused by Leishmania spp. L. infantum is the main causative agent for Mediterranean form of Kala-azar which is endemic in northeastern Iran. This study attempted to investigate existence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Khorasan Razavi. Methods: Between 2014 and 2016, tissue samples collected from spleen and liver of 192 stray dogs were examined to investigate existence of L. infantum. Kinetoplast DNA (k-DNA) PCR was performed to identify the species of parasites. The positive PCR products were sequenced in both directions to confirm the kDNA PCR results Results: Among samples obtained from 192 dogs, kinetoplast DNA of L. infantum was detected in two female dogs. L. infantum was confirmed by sequence analysis of PCR products. Conclusion: Our data confirm stray dogs play as potential reservoirs for VL in this province. Further investigation will be necessary to clear role of stray dogs in the transmission of L. infantum to human and domestic dogs.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15164 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15164/6204

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 11 2018 11 01