Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 6 2021 06 10 1088 1096 EN Vita Widyasari 1. Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan 2. Cluster of Public Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Ferry Rahman 1. Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan 2. Public Health Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia Kuan-Han Lin Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan Jiun-Yi Wang 1. Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan 2. Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 2020 10 11 2021 04 21 Background: The number of elderly and the burden of non-communicable diseases increase with time. Community involvement is expected to be an important prevention agent for their neighbors. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of health services delivered by community health workers (CHWs) which focus on physiological indices related to non-communicable diseases among elderly people and to explain the health services or interventions carried out by CHWs. Methods: This systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, ProQuest Science Database, Scopus, EBSCOhost CINAHL, and Web of Science were taken as the source of databases. Manual search was also conducted for articles published before March 2019 without time restriction. The quality of each study was assessed using Critical Checklist by Joanna Briggs Institute. Results: Of the 3,275 initial studies retrieved, 4 studies were included in qualitative synthesis analysis. Three studies arranged a face-to-face interview, while the other study was conducted over the phone. All the 4 studies were intervention studies. Three of them showed a significant improvement in mean systolic blood pressure for the intervention group compared to the control group. The other study showed a significant improvement in weight loss for the intervention group. Conclusion: Health services delivered by CHWs was beneficial to elderly people in rural areas on some physiological indices. It suggested that health services delivered CHWs could contribute toward secondary prevention programs. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/22482 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/22482/7244

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 6 2021 06 10 1097 1107 Wenna Li Medical Insurance Office, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan 250013, China Qiuhong Cao Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan 250013, China 2021 02 16 2021 03 06 Background: The efficacy of graded emergency nursing on acute pancreatitis (AP) patients was evaluated by the Meta-analysis system. Methods: The databases of CNKI, WanFang, VIP, PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched by computer in January 2021. The references were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were extracted and the quality of those references was evaluated. Meta-analysis was made by RevMan 5.4 software, publication bias was detected by funnel chart, and sensitivity analysis was carried out. Results: Thirteen papers were included, including 11 waiting time indexes, 7 disease judgment accuracy indexes, 13 rescue success rate indexes and 5 patient satisfaction rate indexes. Meta-analysis showed that compared with conventional emergency nursing methods, graded emergency nursing methods had shorter waiting time (MD=-11.97, 95%CI (-15.74, -8.21), P<0.00001), higher accuracy in judging illness (OR=6.6, 95%CI (3.13, 13,93), P<0.00001) and rescue success rate (OR=7.12，95%CI (4.16, 12.20), P<0.00001), and patients’ satisfaction was higher (OR=8.79, 95%CI (3.59, 21.56), P<0.00001). Conclusion: Graded emergency nursing can optimize the allocation of emergency resources, effectively shorten the waiting time of AP patients. It also improves the accuracy of disease judgment, the success rate of rescue and the satisfaction of patients. It is an efficient emergency nursing method and is worthy of clinical application. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23886 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23886/7245

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 6 2021 06 10 1108 1119 EN Fusheng Bai Department of Neurology, Liaoning Province Jinqiu Hospital, Shenyang 110016, China Xinming Li Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China 2020 10 27 2021 01 19 Background: We aimed to review relevant randomized controlled trials to assess the relative clinical effects of antibiotic treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: In this meta-analysis, we identified relevant studies from PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase using appropriate keywords. Key pertinent sources in the literature were also reviewed and all articles published through Oct 2019 were considered for inclusion. For each study, we assessed the risk ratios (RRs) or mean difference combined with the 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess and synthesize outcomes. Results: Overall, 36 studies were consistent with the meta-analysis, involving 17,076 patients. There was no significant difference in the mortality after subgroup analysis: individualized treatment vs. standard treatment; β-lactams plus macrolides vs. β-lactam and/or fluoroquinolone; ceftaroline fosamil vs. ceftriaxone; combination therapy vs. monotherapy or high-dose vs. low-dose. The drug-related adverse event incidence was significantly higher in the ceftriaxone group than in the other drug groups (P<0.05) and also higher in the tigecyline group than in the levofloxacin group (P<0.05). Compared with ceftriaxone, ceftaroline fosamil significantly increased the clinical cure rate at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit in the clinically evaluable population, modified intent-to-treat efficacy (MITTE) population, microbiologically evaluable (ME) population and the microbiological MITTE (mMITTE) population (all P<0.05). Compared with ceftriaxone, ceftaroline fosamil significantly increased the clinical cure rate at the TOC visit in the mMITTE population of Gram positive-Streptococcus pneumoniae (P<0.05) and multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was a limited number of included studies in the subgroup analysis, but it will still be necessary to conduct more high-quality randomized controlled trials to confirm the clinical efficacy of different antibiotics used to treat CAP. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/22668 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/22668/7246

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 6 2021 06 10 1120 1134 EN Maryam Selk- Ghaffari Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sakineh Shab-Bidar Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farzin Halabchi Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 01 22 2021 02 06 Background: Due to widespread abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids among professional athletes and amateur sportsmen and their health-related problems, determining the prevalence and the pattern of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse at the national level seems to be vital for designing efficient preventive and educational measures. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted via comprehensive searches of the electronic databases including PubMed, MedLine, Scopus, Google Scholar and National Persian Databases including SID, Magiran, IranDoc (between 1980 and Dec 2019 in English and Persian languages) and also from citations in the selected papers. Overall, 39 articles met the criteria and were included in qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Results: The overall prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse in the Iranian athletic population was 36.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 29-43) with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2=99.0%, P<0.001). Prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse among elite, male and younger athletes was higher (P<0.05). Moreover, prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse among body-building athletes (36.3%) was higher compared to other athletes (30.9%), (P<0.001). Conclusion: Due to the higher prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids misuse in Iran compared to global statistics and the potential for serious adverse effects, preventive strategies and policies should be regarded as a real concern for public health. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19510 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19510/7247

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 6 2021 06 10 1135 1142 Arshid Yousefi Avarvand Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mehrdad Halaji Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Donya Zare Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Meysam Hasannejad-Bibalan Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Hadi Sedigh Ebrahim-Saraie Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 2019 05 01 2019 10 20 Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen of children, mostly in developing countries. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of invasive S. pneumoniae among Iranian children using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic search was carried out to identify papers published by Iranian authors in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar electronic databases from January of 2010 to December of 2017. Then, seven publications that met our inclusion criteria were selected for data extraction and analysis. Results: Totally, one study was multicenter, and six were single-center based studies. Meanwhile, all of the included studied performed among hospitalized patients. Seven studies reported the prevalence of invasive S. pneumoniae isolated from children, of these the pooled prevalence of S. pneumoniae was 2.5% (95% CI: 0.7%-9.1%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of invasive S. pneumoniae infections among Iranian children is low (2.5%). However, further clinical studies are required to elucidate the burden of infections among Iranian children, especially in eastern regions. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17011 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17011/7248

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 6 2021 06 10 1143 1155 Elham Ghazanchaei Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Davoud Khorasani-Zavareh 2. Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Javad Aghazadeh-Attari Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iraj Mohebbi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran 2020 05 26 2020 11 08 Background: Patients with non-communicable diseases are vulnerable to disasters. This is a systematic review describing the impact of disasters on non-communicable diseases. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA standards. Relevant articles published from 1997 to 2019 collected by searching the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, databases. We specifically examined reports describing NCDs and including the key words “non-communicable disease and Disasters”. NCDs included cardiovascular, respiratory, diabetes, cancer and mental health diseases. Results: Of the 663 studies identified, only 48 articles met all the eligibility criteria. Most studies have shown the impact of all natural disasters on non-communicable diseases (39.8% n=19). The largest study was the effect of earthquakes on non-communicable diseases (29.2% n=14). For the NCDs targeted by this research, most of the included studies were a combination of four diseases: cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, diabetes and cancer (44% n=21). Followed by cardiovascular disease (14.6% n=7), chronic respiratory disease (12.5% n=6), diabetes and cancer (6.2% n=3) and mental health (12.5% n=6). Conclusion: The incidence of disasters affects the management of treatment and care for patients with NCDs. Specific measures include a multi-part approach to ensuring that patients with non-communicable diseases have access to life-saving services during and after disasters. The approach of the health system should be expanded from traditional approaches to disasters and requires comprehensive planning of health care by policy makers and health professionals to develop effective strategies to enable patients to access medical, therapeutic and diagnostic services in natural disasters. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20917 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20917/7249

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 6 2021 06 10 1156 1166 Farzaneh Valizadeh Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Reza Chaman Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Zahra Motaghi Department of Reproductive Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Ali Mohammad Nazari Department of Reproductive Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran 2020 09 10 2020 12 28 an Afshin ZARGHI Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeed SAFARI Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Emergency Department, Shohadye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teh-ran, Iran Behrooz HASHEMI Emergency Department, Shohadye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Mehdi FOROUZANFAR Emergency Department, Shohadye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa HOSSEINI Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 06 29 2020 07 14 Background: We aimed to examine the available evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of corticosteroids on the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). Method: An extensive search was conducted in Medline, Embase, and Central databases until the end of March 2020, using keywords related to corticosteroids, COVID-19, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The main outcome was considered to be the mortality rate, length of stay, virus clearance time, symptom improvement, and lung function improvement. The findings are presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Fifteen paper compromising 5 studies on COVID-19, 8 studies on SARS-CoV and 2 studies on MERS-CoV were included. One study was clinical trial and the rest were cohort. The analyses showed that corticosteroids were not reduce the mortality rate of COVID-19 (OR=1.08; 95% CI: 0.34 to 3.50) and SARS-CoV (OR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.3) patients, while they were associated with higher mortality rate of patients with MERS-CoV (OR = 2.52; 95% CI: 1.41 to 4.50). Moreover, it appears that corticosteroids administration would not be effective in shortening viral clearance time, length of hospitalization, and duration of relief symptoms following viral severe acute respiratory infections. Conclusion: There is no evidences that corticosteroids are safe and effective on the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Therefore, corticosteroids prescription in COVID-19 patients should be avoided. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21297 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21297/6934

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1571 1572 Moon-Hyon HWANG Division of Health & Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea AND Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea 2019 04 23 2019 05 29 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16934 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16934/6953

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1455 1466 ChunHuan HUANG College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China Xin DENG College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China Hailin YANG College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China Xinhui ZHOU College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China Qi JIA College of Arts and Design, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China 2020 06 14 2020 07 11 Background: We explored the spatio-temporal characteristics of urban heat island (UHI) effect on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Methods: The land surface temperatures (LST) were retrieved from four Landsat remote-sensing images’ data, the temperature data from 95 meteorological stations, and analysis data on CVDs mortality. Based on these data, landscape pattern indexes were used to analyze the pattern-process-function and the mechanism. Results: During 1984–2017, the effects of UHI on CVDs increased, thereby increased the mortality by 28.8%. The affected areas gradually expand from the central area of the city and undergo three evolution stages; the highly affected areas are mainly distributed in central and southern regions, and patches increase in number. The areas and ratio of high-level patches also show an upward tendency, increasing dominance in the overall landscape. Patches of the overall landscape become more complicated in shape, whereas those of high-level ones become less complicated. Concentration degree of the overall landscape decreases gradually with the types of landscapes patches increasing, reaching a rather even space distribution. Conclusion: Increased temperatures exacerbated by UHI lead to increased CVD mortality. As cities expand, the effects of UHI on CVDs increase in terms of both intensity and areas, with the overall landscape in uneven distribution, high-level affected areas in point distribution, and low-level ones in large-area concentration. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21122 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21122/6939

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1422 1431 Abbas HOMAUNI Department of Health Economics and Management, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sanaz ZARGAR BALAYE JAME Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ebrahim HAZRATI Department of Anesthesiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nader MARKAZI-MOGHADDAM Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 12 23 2020 05 29 Background: It is of paramount importance to reduce the probability of clinical risks to improve the quality of health care services, make the relationship between service providers and patients more effective, enhance patient satisfaction, and decrease the rate of complaints regarding medical errors in hospitals. This study aimed at detecting potential and unacceptable risks occurring in the hospital ICUs. Methods: In this systematic review, all studies examining the risk assessment of ICUs in hospitals using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis method were reviewed. Google scholar, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran and Web of Science databases were searched to find relevant articles published from 1980 to 2019. Results: The most frequent failures detected in the reviewed articles consisted of high risk of infection inwards for medical and nursing operations, high infection rates inwards for medical devices’ operation within the unit, and early discharge. Moreover, the processes through which potential high-risk Failures were examined in these studies were injection or prescription process, suction process, the process of inserting or removing endotracheal tubes, the process of transferring patients from the operation room to the unit or vice versa, pressure ulcers, and processes related to the medical devices’ operation. Conclusion: There are many possible reasons for failure occurring throughout these processes, and the failure modes occurring in these processes are more probable to cause serious damages to patients, have high repeatability with low probability of failure detection as the failures cannot be discovered by the personnel. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19259 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19259/6935

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1573 1575 EN Miroslava IVANOVA Department of Informatics and Mathematics, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Lilko DOSPATLIEV Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Denitsa GRIGOROVA Department of Probability, Operations Research and Statistics, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria Penko PAPAZOV Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Food Technology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria 2018 09 19 2018 09 30 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14755 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14755/6954

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1467 1475 Jin Ho YOON Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea Ki-Jae SONG Department of Sports Medicine, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea Mu-Yeop JI Department of Sports Medicine, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea Bang-Sub LEE Department of Sports Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Chungcheongbok-do, Korea Jae-Keun OH Department of Sports Medicine, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea 2020 06 08 2020 07 30 Background: The shoulder joint has a wide range of motion, but is vulnerable to sport-related injuries. We aimed to evaluate the differences in the proprioception of the shoulder should instability, and shoulder pain in high school baseball players with shoulder instability following a 12-week rehabilitation exercise program. Methods: We enrolled 13 baseball players with shoulder instability who visited the Orthopedics Department at Konkook University Hospital in Seoul, South Korea and 12 controls without shoulder instability. We examined the dominant shoulder and the non-dominant shoulder for both groups. We restricted participation to individuals who had no other orthomechanical disease in the past six months, except for instability of the shoulder, and no physical limitation to participate in the exercise. We measured the proprioception of the shoulder and shoulder instability, and we also evaluated pain with the Visual Analog Scale before and after the rehabilitation program. To verify the differences between groups, we used a two-way analysis of variance, and a two-way analysis of covariance was used when a significant difference was found at the pretest (baseline between groups). Results: Proprioception was associated with shoulder instability. The Visual Analog Scale rating improved in the dominant shoulder with instability; and a positive change was found in the dominant shoulder without instability after the rehabilitation program (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The 12-week rehabilitation exercise program might improve the proprioception and pain of patients with shoulder instability. However, further studies with more participants and a rehabilitation exercise program should be undertaken. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21057 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21057/6940

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1432 1438 Sanaz MUSAVI Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Hossein MASHHADI ABDOLAHI Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Morteza GHOJAZADEH Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mahdieh ABBASALIZAD FARHANGI Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Zeinab NIKNIAZ Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Leila NIKNIAZ Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2019 06 08 2019 10 20 Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis of the observational studies aimed at evaluating the infertile women’s attitude toward gestational surrogacy. Methods: Published studies until Jan 2019 were searched using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, Proquest and Google scholar, MagIran, SID and IranMedex. Studies in English or Persian language surveyed attitudes toward surrogacy for infertile women published until Jan 2019. Animal studies and studies with poor methodological quality were excluded from the review. Results: Six eligible studies including 1359 infertile women were identified. Of these, 559 and 742 women agreed and disagreed with surrogacy respectively. The overall event rate of positive attitude for surrogacy in infertile women was %39.7 (%95 CI=24.5 to 57.1, P=0.245). Conclusion: The infertile women’s attitude toward surrogacy is not strongly positive. We believe, more studies should be conducted among different socioeconomic, religious and cultural groups. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17403 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17403/6936

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 8 2020 07 30 1576 1578 Cosmin VESA Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Carmen RADU Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania AND Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Loredana POPA Clinical County Emergency, Hospital of Oradea, Oradea, Romania Clausychological burden to the community. The prevalence of Hepatitis B is useful for evaluating the blood products' safety and donor selection methods. We aimed to predict the prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors from 2000-2016. Methods: Positive cases of hepatitis B from 2006 to 2014 were collected from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization. This database was classified according to the age, provinces, and type of donation. Data was not existed in all subnational levels and all years, therefore, for predicting the hepatitis B prevalence, two separate, Spatio-temporal and mixed model (GLMM) were developed. Results: At the national level, the hepatitis B prevalence declined from 0.69 (0.51 to 0.90) in 2000 to 0.27 (0.21 to 0.33) in 2016. In first-time, regular, and repeated donors, this prevalence declined from 2.31 (1.74 to 2.31), 0.26 (0.19 to 0.34), and 0.51 (0.38 to 0.68) in 2000 to 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09), 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12), and 0.19 (0.14 to 0.24) in 2016. At the provincial level, the highest and lowest prevalence in 2016 was observed in North Khorasan and Gilan. With increasing age, the average prevalence of hepatitis B, increased. Conclusion: Prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors has been reduced significantly over 17 years, but still new cases of hepatitis B are reported. By precise monitoring the donor selection process and implementing more sensitive laboratory screening, we can reduce the risk of new infectious agents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20587 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20587/7352

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1863 1871 Hossein-Ali Nikbakht Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Abbas Rezaianzadeh Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mozhgan Seif Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Haleh Ghaem Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sci-ences, Shiraz, Iran 2020 03 01 2020 06 24 Background: We aimed to estimate the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of metabolic syndrome components based on variables including gender, BMI, and age groups in a population-based study with large sample size. Methods: This study was conducted on 10663 individuals 40-70 yr old in Phase 1 of the Persian Kharameh cohort study conducted in 2014-2017. EFA of the metabolic syndrome components, including waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and fasting blood sugar (FBS), was performed on all participants by gender, BMI (Body Mass Index), and age groups. Results: EFA results in the whole population based on eigenvalues ​​greater than one showed two factors explaining 56.06% of the total variance. Considering factor loadings higher than 0.3, the first factor included: DBP, SBP, and WC, named as hypertension factor. The second factor also included TG, negative-loaded HDL, FBS, and WC, named as lipid factor. Almost similar patterns were extracted based on subgroups.  Conclusion: MetS is a multi-factorial syndrome. Both blood pressure and lipid had a central role in this study and obesity was an important factor in both ones. Hypertension, having the highest factor loading, can generally be a valuable screening parameter for cardiovascular and metabolic risk assessment. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19864 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19864/7353

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1872 1881 Niloofar Rashidi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sassan Rezaie Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Jamal Hashemi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Aziziollah Habibi Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hadi Baghersad Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Roshanak Daie Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Khodavaisy Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Heidar Bakhshi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Salimi Nanobiotechnology Reserch Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Muhammad Ibraim Getso Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Rafat Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 02 18 2020 05 08 Background: Candida albicans remains the main cause of candidiasis in most clinical settings. Available drugs for candidiasis treatment have many side effects. In this work, novel nitroglycerin derivatives were synthesized and their cytotoxic and antifungal effects evaluated against fluconazole susceptible and resistant clinical C. albicans isolates. Methods: This experimental study was performed in Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Baqiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran between Feb to Dec 2019. The in vitro activities of two novel nitroglycerin derivatives (1b and 2b) against 25 clinical fluconazole-susceptible and resistant C. albicans isolates and four standard C. albicans strains were determined according to CLSI reference M27-A3 documents. The cytotoxicity of chemical compounds was investigated near the SNL76/7 cells by colorimetric assay. Real-time PCRs were performed to evaluate the alterations in the regulation of ERG11 and CDR1 genes under nitroglycerin derivatives-treated and untreated conditions. Results: The derivatives 1b and 2b exhibited potent antifungal activity against C. albicans isolates; MICs and MFCs varied from 18 μg/ml to 72 μg/ml and 36 μg/ml to 144 μg/ml, respectively. The cell viability evaluation demonstrated that both chemical compounds are safe within 24h. The nitroglycerin derivatives were able to reduce the transcription level of CDR1 and ERG11 genes in all susceptible and resistant C. albicans isolates. Conclusion: Considering the potential and efficacy of these compounds against clinical C. albicans isolates, the complementary in vivo and clinical trials should be investigated. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19775 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19775/7354

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1882 1886 Ramin Hamidi Farahani Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Emran Esmaeilzadeh 1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Fetal Health Research Center, Hope Generation Foundation, Tehran, Iran Amir Nezami Asl Department of Aerospace Medicine, School of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Foad Heidari Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ebrahim Hazrati Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 02 13 2021 03 06 Background: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system composed of a group of related proteins with important functions in the immune system. Several studies have reported that there is a significant association between specific HLA alleles and the susceptibility to different infectious diseases. This study aimed to detect the specific HLA alleles that cause higher susceptibility to COVID-19, we analyzed the HLA allele frequency distribution in Iranian patients with a severe form of COVID-19. Methods: Overall, 48 severe cases of COVID-19 that were hospitalized and required intensive care unit (ICU) admission between Oct and Dec 2020 were included in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples and HLA typing (Locus A, B, and DR) was performed for the patients. Results: After analyzing and comparing the results with a reference group of 500 Iranian individuals, a significant association was found for HLA-B*38, HLA-A*68, HLA-A*24, and HLA-DRB1*01. Conclusion: These results may be valuable for studying the potential association of specific HLA alleles with susceptibility to COVID-19 and mortality due to the disease. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23866 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23866/7355

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1887 1896 Mina Nejati The Cancer Institute at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Moaven Razavi The Schneider Institutes for Health Policy at the Heller School of Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA Iraj Harirchi The Cancer Institute at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marzieh Zanganeh Deputy of Medical Affairs, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Salari Iran Small Businesses and Industrial Parks Organization, Qazvin, Iran Seyed Mosa Tabatabaee Deputy of Medical Affairs, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran 2019 09 19 2020 02 05 Background: To estimate the resource use and costs associated to the initial phase of treatment for colorectal cancer in Iran. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using routinely collected data within Electronic Health Records System (SEPAS), a national database representing public hospitals in Iran between March 20, 2016 and March 19, 2017. Primary end points included healthcare resource use, direct medical and non-medical costs of care in the 12-month study period. Results: The study population included 657 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery and the follow-up chemotherapy. We estimated a total direct cost of $21,407 per patient. The results indicated that direct medical costs were primarily driven by inpatient hospital care, followed by surgery, chemotherapy, and diagnostic services. Conclusion: The initial 12-month of treatment for colorectal cancer, including surgery and the follow-up chemotherapy, is resource intensive. The total direct costs associated to the disease are remarkable, with Inpatient hospital services being the main contributor followed by surgery and chemotherapy. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18401 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18401/7356

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1897 1901 Ali Mardi Department of Medical Genetics, Ali Asghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamed Heidary Department of Medical Genetics, Ali Asghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi Department of Medical Genetics, Ali Asghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ghasem Khazaei Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eskandar Taghizadeh Department of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2020 07 05 2020 10 14 Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the renal reabsorption of cystine, arginine, lysine and ornithine are disturbed. The two genes, the pathogenic forms of which are responsible for the disorder, are SLC7A9 and SLC3A1. In this study, we describe a disease that has a new c.916A> T variant (p. K306 *) in exon 5 of the SLC3A1 gene. This variant results in the NMD phenomenon in which the protein product is not produced because of mRNA destruction. In 2020, blood sample of a 41-yr-old man from east Azerbaijan, Iran together with his parents were collected to be studied. PCR and direct sequencing were performed to detect the possible SLC3A1 variant. Whole-gene sequence analysis done by Mutation surveyor Software revealed a novel nonsense homozygous variant in exon 5 of the gene. Parental Sequence Analysis shows that they are heterozygous. According to ACMG guideline, this variant is considered as pathogen. Finding serious mutations can allow rapid screening for cystinuria by analyzing common mutations. It should also be considered as a pathogenic variant in patients’ cystinuria. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/21346 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/21346/7357

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1902 1903 Jung Hun Lee National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea Tae Yeong Kim National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea Sumera Kausar Malik National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea Jeong Ho Jeon National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea Young Bae Kim Biotechnology Program, North Shore Community College, 1 Ferncroft Road, Danvers, MA 01923, USA Sang Hee Lee National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Re-public of Korea 2019 03 17 2019 04 20 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16594 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16594/7358

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1904 1906 Liying Yao 1. School of Sport, Shangrao Normal University, Jiangxi Shangrao, 334000, China 2. Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia Yiqiong Zhang Department of Physical Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China Yuqiang Li College of Physical Education & Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China Jinkui Lu School of Sport, Shangrao Normal University, Jiangxi Shangrao, 334000, China Garry Kuan 1. Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia 2. Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK 2018 12 31 2019 01 13 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15757 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15757/7359

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1907 1909 EN Tae-Young Kim Department of Dance Art, College of Convergence Culture and Art, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea Sang-Ho Lee College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS), Seoul, Korea Me-Suk Kim College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS), Seoul, Korea 2021 05 31 2021 09 02 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25120 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25120/7360

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1910 1912 Huijun Zhao Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Yiwen Lu Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Xuan Wang Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Hong Chen Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Feng Yao Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Xuepeng Sun Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China Xingya Kuang Department of Occupational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China 2019 03 17 2019 04 27 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16595 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16595/7361

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1913 1915 EN Hye-Suk Somg Department of Emergency Medical Technology, Daejeon Health Institute of Technology, Daejeon, Korea So Hee Lim Department of Nursing, Kyungmin University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea 2019 04 03 2019 04 27 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16714 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16714/7362

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1916 1918 EN Parisa Vosough Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Iraj Saadat Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2019 10 02 2019 11 03 No abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18506 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18506/7363

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1919 1921 EN Nebojsa Mitic Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina/Kosovska, Mitrovica, Serbia Ljiljana Popovic Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina/Kosovska, Mitrovica, Serbia Marija Milic Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina/Kosovska, Mitrovica, Serbia Ivan Radic Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina/Kosovska, Mitrovica, Serbia Brankica Popovic Department of Informatics and Computer Sciences, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, Belgrade, Serbia 2019 03 12 2019 04 20 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16550 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16550/7364

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1922 1923 EN Zahra Kakooei Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Mowlavi Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iraj Mobedi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zabih Zarei Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farzaneh Zahabiun Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 04 22 2019 05 29 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16928 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16928/7365

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1924 1925 Nageen Hussain Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2019 04 05 2019 04 24 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16734 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16734/7366

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1926 1929 Mohsen Bayati Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2020 11 30 2020 12 28 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23030 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23030/7367

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1930 1931 Asiyeh Dejkam Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran Kareem Nahavandi Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran 2019 04 06 2019 04 20 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16742 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16742/7368

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 9 2021 09 02 1932 1934 Maryam Askari Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Seied Mohammad Reza Aghaee Meybody Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Un