Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 4 2021 04 05 701 709 EN Susumu Fukita 1. Faculty of Nursing & Medical Care, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan 2. Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan Hiromi Kawasaki Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan Satoko Yamasaki Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan 2019 06 07 2019 09 15 Background: Type A behavior pattern has been presented as a risk for coronary heart disease and defined as a psychological-behavioral construct. This study aimed to identify the influence of type A behavior pattern on blood pressure in the current cultural context of Japan. Methods: This study utilized a cross-sectional design. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to community residents aged 40-59 yr in western Japan from Aug to Sep 2017. The data included participant’s demographic information (including socioeconomic variables); information related to blood pressure, type A behavior pattern, psychological factors, and health-related behaviors. Logistic regression was used to identify the influence of type A behavior pattern on systolic blood pressure after adjusting for behavioral, psychological, and socioeconomic factors. Results: The sample included 362 participants with a mean age of 51.5 years (SD = 5.96); 148 (41.2%) men. A logistic regression demonstrated that type A behavior pattern was negatively associated with systolic blood pressure (OR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.22, 0.83]) after adjusting for sex and age. Similar results were observed after adjusting for other covariates. Conclusion: There may be a negative association between type A behavior pattern and systolic blood pressure among adults living in the current cultural context of Japan. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17398 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17398/7188

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 4 2021 04 05 640 648 EN Fei Chen Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China Yingjie Liu Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China Bailiu Ya Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China Jiarui He Jining Medical University Taiyang Leng Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China Yike Sun Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China Qing Xin Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, 272067, China 2021 01 14 2021 04 05 More and more people realize that implementation of preventive measures is the only option left to counteract the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) before specific antiviral drugs are developed. Hence, a number of behavioral, clinical and state interventions have been conducted by dozens of countries to stop or slow down the spread of the virus in the early stages of the epidemic. At present, with the evolution of COVID-19 pandemic getting worse, synthesizing and implementing all measures available are of paramount importance. However, some measures are still being controversial. We aimed to assist policymakers in decision making for better pandemic preparedness. We reviewed the literature that reported accumulated scientific experience to date and summarized the epidemic prevention and control measures in three aspects: control the source of infection, cut off the routes of transmission and protect the susceptible population. First of all, some new approaches were introduced to control the source of infection, such as implementing contact-tracing apps, nucleic acid mixed detection, repeated testing and the establishment of some specialized laboratories. Second, we need to take various measures to cut off all possible routes of transmission, especially persistently pay close attention to checking cold chain foods. Third, due to no valid vaccine has yet been developed, some measures that can cut development time of more conventional vaccines should be implemented or considered. By synthesizing the scientific experience in fighting the COVID-19 epidemic, we suggested the latest effective measures should be carried out concurrently from three aspects, so as to avoid making grim situation even worse. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23484 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23484/7183

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 4 2021 04 05 831 832 Jung Hun Lee National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Jeong Ho Jeon National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Kwang Seung Park National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Tae Yeong Kim National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Ji Hwan Kim National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea Sang Hee Lee National Leading Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea 2019 02 02 2019 02 19 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16105 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16105/7203

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 4 2021 04 05 710 720 EN Deqing Zhu Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China Xuan Li Institute of Clinical Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China Hao Gong Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China Jing Li Tianjin Medical College, Tianjin 300222, China Xike Lu Department of Thoacric Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China Honggang Xia Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China Xia Chen Department of Thoacric Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China Lan Ma Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China Zhongyi Sun Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China Xun Zhang Department of Thoacric Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China Dongbin Wang Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China 2020 09 11 2020 12 28 Background: The effects of transthyretin (TTR) over-expression on the proliferation and cell cycle of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells and its possible mechanism were verified. Methods: A total of 196 LC patients and 20 healthy controls were enrolled at Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China between Apr 2017 and Oct 2017. The serum TTR content was detected by ELISA. Through lentiviral transfection method, NSCLC cells were divided into non-transfected group (group A), negative control group (group B) transfected with empty vector and experimental group (group C) transfected with TTR over-expression. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 method, TTR mRNA expression was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and TTR protein expression was tested by Western blot (WB). Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry, Wnt3a/β-catenin protein expression was detected by WB, and mRNA expression was detected by RT-qPCR. Results: The serum TTR content in early, middle and late LC group was remarkably lower than that in healthy group (P<0.05). Compared with late stage, TTR content in early and middle stages of LC group was higher, and the difference was statistically marked (P < 0.05). The absorbance value of group C was lower than that of groups A and B, indicating that the cell proliferation activity dramatically decreased, with statistically marked difference (P<0.05). LC A549 cells in group C were obviously blocked in G2M, with statistical significance (P<0.05).  Conclusion: TTR over-expression can inhibit the proliferation of NSCLC A549 cells, and the expression is related to Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway. TTR in serum of patients was helpful for diagnosing LC and has certain clinical value.  https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/22144 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/22144/7189

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 4 2021 04 05 649 664 Ayhan Tabur 1. Emergency Medical Specialist, SBÜ Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Eğt.ve Araş.Hst., Diyarbakır, Turkey ALİ Arslanoğlu Department of Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey 2020 12 10 2021 01 25 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic from the coronavirus family is the most important agenda of today's world, also called the “New World”. In this outbreak period, declared a pandemic by WHO and affected the whole world and humanity on a global scale, all kinds of scientific information and evidence-based sharing on the subject gained great importance. Methods: Overall, 12,301 articles from the web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database were analyzed using SciMAT software, conducted to examine the development of coronavirus publications in the process and to reveal the scientific mapping related to the subject. To analyze the development in the process based on periods, the articles covering the 50 years were compared as five periods of 10 years. Results: The most publications with the Coronavirus theme were made between 2010 and 2020 (n=1020), the total number of citations of these articles was 15,966 and the h-index value was 54. The theme "Coronavirus” was associated with the themes “infection” (w=0.04), “SARS” (w=0.03), “virus” (w=0.04), “identification” (w=0.05) and "swine" (w=0.03). Due to the recent emergence of the COVID-19 theme, it was found to be directly related to the “outbreak” theme (w=0.01). In terms of the distribution of the articles on coronavirus by country, most articles were published by the USA. This country is followed by China, Germany, England and the Netherlands. Conclusion: This research on the coronavirus family can offer a holistic view of the virus family in the scientific world and can make a scientific contribution to the fight against the virus by creating awareness on this issue. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23117 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23117/7184

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 4 2021 04 05 833 834 EN Urszula Religioni Collegium of Business Administration, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland Aleksandra Czerw Department of Health Economics and Medical Law, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Michał Budzik Department of Cancer Prevention, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Andrzej Deptała Department of Cancer Prevention, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Anna Badowska-Kozakiewicz Department of Cancer Prevention, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 2019 12 17 2020 01 18 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19226 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19226/7204

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 4 2021 04 05 721 727 Hümeyra Aslaner Kayseri City Hospital, Family Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey Hacı Ahmet Aslaner İncesu County State Hospital, Internal Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey Mebrure Beyza Gökçek Health Directorate of Kayseri, Kayseri, Turkey Ali Ramazan Benli Health Directorate of Kayseri, Kayseri, Turkey Orhan Yıldız Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey 2021 01 04 2021 01 25 Background: We aimed to reveal how chronic diseases, age and gender affected morbidity and mortality in patients with Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: Medical records of all reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive COVID-19 patients followed up in hospital and home isolation between 13th of Mar 2020 and 12th of May 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. kim Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2019 09 10 2021 07 01 Background: We aimed to compare demographic, health-related characteristics, and quality of life between adults with cardiovascular or metabolic diseases and the general population. Methods: Data from 25,712 adults assessed on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V & VI (2010–2013) were analyzed for differences in health-related quality of life. Results: The corrected EuroQol-5 Dimension score mean among participants with cardiovascular or metabolic diseases was significantly lower than for the general population across all five dimensions (P<0.001). Individuals with cardiovascular disease had lower quality of life than those with metabolic diseases. Conclusion: Adults with cardiovascular or metabolic diseases reported lower health-related quality of life in all domains when compared to adults in the general population. Therefore, interventions and management to improve quality of life among patients with cardiovascular or metabolic diseases are necessary.           https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18332 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18332/7279

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1361 1371 EN Minmin Tian Department of Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China Qiong Zhang Department of Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China Zhigang Zhang Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China Juanjuan Meng Department of Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China Longzhu Liu Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China 2020 12 16 2021 02 13 Background: There is a lack of specific study of the suboptimal health status (SHS) in software programmers. The aims of the present study were to investigate the prevalence of SHS and analyze the influencing factors among Chinese software programmers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a programmer SHS scale was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of SHS, as well chi-square test and multi-factor logistic regression were applied to analyze the relationship between suboptimal health and personal basic information, living and work habits in software programmers. Results: The prevalence of SHS was 18.67% in software programmers. Single factor analysis found that there were differences in suboptimal health prevalence among different work cities (P = 0.031), hours of sleep per day (P = 0.046), overtime days per month (P = 0.010) and exercise frequency per week (P = 0.015). The factors for suboptimal health such as hours of sleep per day (OR = 0.307, 95% CI = 0.096~0.984) and exercise frequency per week (OR = 0.190, 95% CI = 0.054~0.671) significantly affected subjects of SHS via multi-factor logistic regression analysis, indicating that adequate sleep and exercise decreased the chance of SHS up to 30.70% and 19.00%, respectively. Conclusion: Suboptimal health had become a serious public health challenge in Chinese software programmers. Whilst, the health status of the programmers could be effectively elevated by improving lifestyles. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23220 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23220/7280

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1372 1380 Jin Hyuk Lee Graduate School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea J. Huber Jr. Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA 2019 09 03 2021 07 01 Background: Multiple Imputation (MI) is known as an effective method for handling missing data in public health research. However, it is not clear that the method will be effective when the data contain a high percentage of missing observations on a variable. Methods: Using data from “Predictive Study of Coronary Heart Disease” study, this study examined the effectiveness of multiple imputation in data with 20% missing to 80% missing observations using absolute bias (|bias|) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of MI measured under Missing Completely at Random (MCAR), Missing at Random (MAR), and Not Missing at Random (NMAR) assumptions. Results: The |bias| and RMSE of MI was much smaller than of the results of CCA under all missing mechanisms, especially with a high percentage of missing. In addition, the |bias| and RMSE of MI were consistent regardless of increasing imputation numbers from M=10 to M=50. Moreover, when comparing imputation mechanisms, MCMC method had universally smaller |bias| and RMSE than those of Regression method and Predictive Mean Matching method under all missing mechanisms. Conclusion: As missing percentages become higher, using MI is recommended, because MI produced less biased estimates under all missing mechanisms. However, when large proportions of data are missing, other things need to be considered such as the number of imputations, imputation mechanisms, and missing data mechanisms for proper imputation. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18232 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18232/7281

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1381 1388 Huiting Yu Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, China Chan Nie Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, China Yanna Zhou Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, China Xue Wang Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, China Haiyan Wang Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, China Xiuquan Shi 1. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, China 2. Center for Injury Research and Policy & Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA 2019 06 23 2020 02 02 Background: To analyze whether the area differences of RTIs (road traffic injuries, RTIs) caused by unequal development in China, provide suggestions for the prevention of the RTIs. Methods: The data of RTIs in China was collected from the authoritative official website and yearbook of China. Results: Total RTIs in the East was the highest (RTIs frequency: 591789; injured people: 600611; death toll: 168885; economic loss: 27.22 billion RMB), followed by the Center (RTIs frequency: 321807; injured people: 352769; death toll: 91966; economic loss: 23.90 billion RMB) and the lowest in the West (RTIs frequency: 289482; injured people: 332517; death toll: 101095; economic loss: 16.35 billion RMB). The multivariate linear correlation and regression showed that the characteristic of RTIs was highly related with GDP (r=0.99, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The economically developed areas had a large amount of traffic damages. The government should focus on preventing high RTIs in the East and high death tolls in the West. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17530 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17530/7282

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1389 1397 EN Betül Battaloğlu İnanç Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey 2019 06 26 2020 01 15 Background: This study was planned to investigate the cause, method, age group and gender of suicides between 2009 and 2017 in Turkey. Methods: Data on suicide deaths between the years 2009-2017 were obtained from the death data of the Turkish Statistical Institute. Results: Suicide data were evaluated according to age group, gender, reason and method. The most common suicide methods among people living in Turkey were hanging oneself, using a firearm and throwing oneself from a high place whereas common causes and unknown causes were found to be illness and economic problems. Gender showed statistical significance in the cause of suicide in all suicide methods (illness, economic problems, job failure). According to age groups the reasons were  family disharmony, emotional relationship and not being able to marry the desired person, Education failure were found to be statistically significant. Less used methods to commit suicide in Turkey were determined as using firearms, using natural gas or LPG, throwing from a train or motor vehicle. Conclusion: It is a very sad situation for an individual to end his/her life conspiratorially. Appropriately collected suicide information can guide the design of suicide prevention strategies. Because previous suicide attempts seem to be an important risk factor for future attempts and death by suicide. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17564 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17564/7283

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1398 1404 Lina Gong 1. Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China 2. Department of Nursing, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China Chunhong Ruan 1. Department of Nursing, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China 2. Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China Xuan Yang Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China Wanli Lin Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China 2020 12 15 2021 02 06 Background: To explore the effects of predictive nursing intervention among patients with acute stroke. Methods: One hundred and sixty participants were included. They were hospitalized in the Department of Neurology of a third-level first-class hospital in Changsha, Hunan Province, from January to August 2019. They were categorized into control group and intervention group by random number table, with 80 patients in each group. General nursing for patients in Neurology Department was offered to the control group. On the basis of general nursing, predictive nursing intervention was offered to the intervention group. The effectiveness of predictive nursing intervention were evaluated by disparity in neurologic function, movement function, daily life ability and sleep quality before intervention and 2 weeks after intervention. The neurologic function, movement function, daily life ability and sleep quality were evaluated by National Institute of Health acute stroke scale (NIHSS), Fugl-Meyer scale, Barthel indicator, and Pittsburgh sleep quality indicator (PSQI), respectively. Results: There was no significant difference in gender, age, complications and treatment methods between two groups. There was no significant difference in the scores of NIHSS, Fugl-Meyer scale, Barthel indicator, and PSQI before intervention. The scores of NIHSS and PSQI were significantly lower in the intervention group than those in the control group, and the scores of Fugl-Meyer scale and Barthel indicator were significantly higher in the intervention group than those in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: Predictive nursing intervention could help improve not only neurologic function, movement function, and daily life ability, but also sleep quality among patients with acute stroke. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23204 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23204/7284

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1405 1415 Jin Jia Information Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China Mingming Liu Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China Zhigang Xue Information Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China Zhe Wang Information Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China Yu Pan Medical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China 2020 12 10 2021 02 10 Background: We aimed to compare the prediction efficiency of back propagation (BP) network and grey model (GM) (1.1) for mumps infectious diseases and compare the application effect of the two models. Methods: By calculating the average incidence rate of mumps in January 2014 -2016, we conducted the modeling of the BP time series, GM (1,1) grey model and the combination models of them, and predicted the incidence rate in June 2016 in comparison with the actual one. We compared the quarterly incidence rate to test the two prediction models, and compared the advantages and disadvantages of these models. Results: R value of BP model was 68.45%, for GM (1,1) was 58.49%, and for combined forecasting model was 86.95%. We used the principal component analysis clustering method to control the samples, and found that the samples were close to the population mean. We found that the GM (1.1) model was more suitable for the prediction of mumps infection mode. We carried out dimension reduction analysis on the model data, and the accuracy of the data after dimension reduction is within the range of Da. For the discrete degree of the data in the combined model, matlab pipeline was used to verify the reliability of the data and results. By calculation after manifold optimization small error probability was P=0.875 and semi mean relative error 2.43%. Conclusion: BP, GM (1,1) is a better method for modeling the epidemic trend of mumps in China, but the efficiency of prediction is not as high as the combination of them. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23122 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23122/7285

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1416 1420 Xiuping Zhang Department of Blood Supply, Linyi City Central Bloodbank, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China Yanli Zhang Birth Defect Study Laboratory, Linyi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China Cao Qi Birth Defect Study Laboratory, Linyi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China Chunling Ma 1. Birth Defect Study Laboratory, Linyi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China 2. Experimental Center of Molecular Biology, Shandong Medical College, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. 2021 03 02 2021 05 06 Background: We aimed to explore the influencing factors of clinical adverse blood transfusion reactions, to provide theoretical basis and support for clinical safe blood transfusion, and to minimize the occurrence of adverse blood transfusion reactions. Methods: The method was to retrospectively analyze the report of adverse blood transfusion reports from 6 hospitals in Linyi area, Shandong, China to the blood station in Linyi City center from 2013 to 2020. We aimed to classify factors, analyze the occurrence of adverse transfusion reactions, and discuss the correlation between the occurrence of adverse transfusion reactions and the above factors. Results: Overall, 248 patients (77.98%) had a history of blood transfusion. The difference between this group and the group with no history was statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse transfusion reactions in middle-aged and elderly patients was relatively high, especially for those over 50 yr old, with an adverse reaction of 135, for example, the proportion reached 42.45%. In addition, a retrospective analysis found that the occurrence of adverse transfusion reactions was mostly concentrated from Mar to Sep, a total of 228 cases, accounting for 71.69% of all adverse reactions, which was the highest incidence of adverse transfusion reactions. Conclusion: The main adverse reactions of transfusion were allergic reactions, followed by non-hemolytic febrile reactions, mainly caused by transfusion of suspended red blood cells. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/24044 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/24044/7286

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1421 1427 EN Abbas Basiri Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammadreza Zafarghandi Islamic Republic of Iran Medical Council, Tehran, Iran Shabnam Golshan Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Babak Eshrati Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Fattahi Islamic Republic of Iran Medical Council, Tehran, Iran Amir Kashi Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 03 04 2021 04 03 Background: We aimed to provide data regarding COVID-19 infection and mortality rates within different specialties of physicians and general medical practitioners in a longitudinal nationwide study and to compare the results with general population. Methods: Data on COVID-19 infection and mortality of medical physicians in Iran was actively gathered through the Iranian Medical Council (IRIMC). Population COVID-19 cumulative incidence and mortality data were extracted from WHO situation analysis reports and data on Iranian population were obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran. Results: As of Jul 27th 2020, COVID-19 infection and mortality rates were 0.680% and 0.0396% among 131223 physicians. The highest cumulative infection rates as of 27th July 2020, were observed in specialists of infectious diseases (3.14%) followed by neurology (2.18%), and internal medicine (2.13%). The highest cumulative mortality rates as of Nov 3rd 2020 were observed in specialties of forensic medicine (0.314%), anesthesiology (0.277%), urology (0.237%), and infectious diseases (0.20%). Male physicians comprised 95% of cumulative mortality as of Nov 3rd. The physicians’ COVID-19 mortality in July and November were 49% and 23% higher than the general population respectively. Conclusion: Infection and mortality rates in Iranian physicians were higher than the general population, however the magnitude of difference was narrowing in longitudinal investigation. Provision of personnel protective equipment should be prioritized to specialists of infectious diseases, forensic medicine, anesthesiology, internal and emergency medicine, and urology. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/24038 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/24038/7287

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1428 1435 Farnaz Etesam Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sci-ences, Tehran, Iran 2. Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mitra Akhlaghi 1. Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2.Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Zahra Vahabi 1. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Division of Memory and Behavioral Neurology, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Samaneh Akbarpour Occupational Sleep Research Center, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hossein Sadeghian 1. Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Spiritual Health, Cultural Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 02 21 2021 03 06 Background: Paying attention to the issue of mental health in the workplace, especially with current pandemic conditions of COVID-19 is of significant importance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors affecting occupational burnout among health care center staff during the pandemic of coronavirus infection. Methods: The present study was a case-control study carried out in the first half of the year 2020 on medical staff working in hospitals in Tehran. The sample size was 324 individuals, including 175 employees working in general (non-COVID) wards and 149 people working in COVID-19 wards. Demographic characteristics questionnaire and two standard questionnaires of Maslach Burnout Inventory and Parker and DeCotiis Job Stress Scale were distributed. Results: Total score of job stress and its two dimensions (time and pressure) had a significant relationship with different levels of occupational burnout. Logistic regression analyses showed significant relations between job stress with emotional exhaustion (95% CI, 1.11-1.19, OR=1.15) and depersonalization. Participants in both wards experienced statistically significant increasing trends given the different components of occupational burnout concurrently by increasing their total stress score. Conclusion: Hospital staff’s levels of stress and occupational burnout regardless of where they worked (COVID-19 wards or general wards) were not significantly different and existed among the members of both groups. On the other hand, job stress and its dimensions (time pressure and anxiety) had a significant relationship with the main dimensions of occupational burnout. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23956 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23956/7288

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1436 1444 Naser Mohtavinejad Department of Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Baqiyatallah, Tehran, Iran Alireza Nakhaee Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran Honey Harati Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran Nazila Gholipour Department of Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Baqiyatallah, Tehran, Iran Yavar Mahmoodzade Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Ardabil, Ardabil, Iran 2019 09 08 2020 05 12 Background: Chemokines are proinflammatory cytokines that play key roles in development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Chemokine-induced recruitment of peripheral leucocytes to tissues is a crucial step in the CVD progression. CC chemokines ligand 5, 2 (CCL5 and CCL2), have been characterized as emerging inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerotic CVD. The aim of this study was to find out whether genetic polymorphisms of CCL5 -403 G>A (rs2107538) and CCL2 –927 G>C, (rs3760396) were associated with the risk of CVD. Methods: In this case-control study, 500 Iranian individuals including 250 CVD patients and 250 healthy subjects as the control group participated in 2017. Genotyping of CCL5 -403 G>A and CCL2 –927 G>C polymorphisms were executed using Tetra-ARMS PCR method. Results: At genotypic level both CCL5 -403 G>A and CCL2 –927 G>C polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of CVD (P>0.05), even after adjustment by age, sex, race, and history of hypertension, DM and smoking. However, the CCL2 –927 C allele was associated with an increased risk of CVD (OR=1.42, P=0.050) with a higher prevalence in CVD patient than in controls (17% vs. 12%). Moreover, the haplotype analysis revealed that CCL5/CCL2 haplotype (G/C) was a risk factor for CVD (OR=2.13, P=0.001), and that carriers of this haplotype were at 2.13-fold higher risk of CVD than subjects with G/G haplotype. Conclusion: CCL2 –927 C variant and CCL5/CCL2 haplotype (G/C) were associated with susceptibility to CVD, and were risk factors for CVD in our population but more studies with large sample size are recommended. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18321 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18321/7289

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1445 1453 Be-Ikuu Doglikuu 1. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran 2. Ministry of Health, Nursing and Midwifery Training College, Twifo Praso, Central Region, Ghana Abolghassem Djazayery Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Atieh Mirzababaei Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Seyedeh Forough Sajjadi Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Negin Badruj Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Khadijeh Mirzaei Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran 2018 11 14 2019 08 10 Background: Although major dietary patterns and sleep quality independently affect psychiatric disorders, their interactive association on depression is not clear. This study assesses the independent association of dietary patterns and sleep quality on depression, and also investigates their interactive associations on depression among overweight and obese women in Iran Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted among 304 participants, age 18 and above in 2018 at Tehran Iran. Usual dietary intake was collected with 174-FFQ. Participants’ biochemical parameters and depression were measured using standard protocol. Major dietary patterns were extracted by factor analysis and grouped into Fruits&Vegetable group (healthy dietary pattern), High Fat diary&Red Meat group (unhealthy dietary pattern) and Crackers&High Energy Drinks group (western dietary patterns). Results: After adjusting for confounders poor sleep was associated with moderate and high depression; AOR (95%CI): 0.41(0.19-0.90) and 0.29(0.13-0.60) respectively. However, healthy dietary patterns (tertiles 2nd and 3rd) interact with sleep for depression; AOR (95%CI): 4.168(1.166-14.992) and 2.966(1.068-8.234) respectively. Unhealthy dietary pattern tertiles 2nd and 3rd interact with sleep for depression; AOR (95%CI): 2.925(1.055-8.113) and 4.216(1.182-15.042) respectively and Western dietary pattern tertile 3rd interacts with sleep for depression; AOR (95%CI): 4.264(1.494-12.169). Conclusion: Sleep deprivation could be associated with depression. However, sleep quality could interacts with dietary patterns to be associate with depression among overweight and obese people. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15326 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15326/7290

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1454 1462 EN Samaneh Saedi Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Azadeh Safarchi Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Faranak Tayebzadeh Moghadam Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Siamak Heidarzadeh Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Vajihe Sadat Nikbin Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Fereshteh Shahcheraghi Pertussis Reference Laboratory‚ Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2019 09 16 2019 12 14 Background: Bordetella pertussis, a highly contagious respiratory. Notably, the resurgence of pertussis has recently been associated with the lacking production of vaccine virulence factors. This study aimed to screen pertactin (Prn) and filamentous hemagglutinin (Fha) production in Iran with 50 years' whole cell vaccine (WCV) immunization program. Methods: Overall, 130 B. pertussis isolates collected from Pertussis Reference Laboratory of Iran during 2005-2018. Real-time PCR was performed by targeting IS481, ptxP, IS1001 and IS1002 for species confirmation of B. pertussis. Western-blot was used to evaluate the expression of virulence factors (pertactin and filamentous hemagglutinin). Results: All tested B. pertussis isolates expressed Prn and all except two isolates expressed Fha. We have sequenced genomes of these strains and identified differences compared with genome reference B. pertussis Tohama I. Conclusion: Many countries reporting Prn and Fha-deficiency due to acellular vaccine (ACV) pressure. Our results demonstrate in a country with WCV history, Fha-deficient isolates may rise independently. However, Prn-deficient isolates are more under the ACV pressure in B. pertussis isolates. Continues surveillance will provide a better understanding of the effect of WCV on the evolution of the pathogen deficiency. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18376 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18376/7291

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1463 1473 Gholamhossein Salehi Zalani Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Azad Shokri Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sci-ences, Sanandaj, Iran Elmira Mirbahaeddin Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Tahereh Kashkalani Center for Health Human Resources Research & Studies, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Roghayeh Khalilnezhad 1. Center for Health Human Resources Research & Studies, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran 2. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahboubeh Bayat Center for Health Human Resources Research & Studies, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran 2019 09 17 2019 12 08 Background: This study was conducted with a long-term vision (2014-2025) targeted workforce requirement projection by occupational groups in Iran’s health sector. Methods: The “modified & combined model” used including Hall Model and Australian health workforce estimation model. It was a need-based approach with three components of estimation; requirements, supply with current growth and net required workforce. Requirement estimated by three assumptions: active workforce calculation; the growth of health service delivery resources and facilities; and daily individual working hours, created eight different scenarios. Economic feasibility of each scenario determined. To forecast the supply, used accurate numbers of the existing pool of practicing workforce in addition to inflows, minus losses from the profession. To calculate total recruits required, base year stock deducted from projected requirement and by adding Net flow, recruits required calculated. Results: The health sector will need 781,887 workforces to realize service's needs. Workforce supply with the existing trend in the target year was 799,347. Therefore, workforce balance would be 17,460 surpluses. Moreover, to estimate required workforce and substitution number for the exited ones during the study periods till the target year, 547,136 individuals should be recruited mostly nurses and physicians. Conclusion: Limiting the workforce required to economic feasibility challenge workforce accessibility in the future as it is sensed in present tense as well. Therefore, in addition augmenting GDP and health funds, it is necessary alternative policies such as increasing share of health sector from GDP, prioritization of workforce needs or moving towards other proper policies. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18384 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18384/7292

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1474 1482 Nafiseh Ghorbani Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran Mehdi Assmar 1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran 2. Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Nour Amirmozafari 1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran 2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Khosrow Issazadeh Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran 2019 07 06 2019 12 09 Background: Bacterial spores are among the most efficient vaccine delivery vehicles. Because of their safety and efficacy, Bacillus subtilis spores are increasingly used in this regard. The negatively charged surfaces of the spores allow antigens to be adsorbed onto these structures. In this study, a candidate vaccine against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was adsorbed onto B. subtilis spores and the immunogenicity of the formulation was investigated in BALB/c mice. Methods: This work was performed during 2018-2019 in Islamic Azad University of Lahijan. FliC protein was recombinantly expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells and purified by affinity chromatography. On the other hand, B. subtilis strain PY79 (ATCC1609) was cultured in DSM medium and after the sporulation, FliC protein was adsorbed onto the spores in three different pH values (4, 7 and 10) and the adsorption was verified using dot-blot assay. FliC-adsorbed spores were then administered to BALB/c mice through the subcutaneous route. Mice immunization was evaluated by serum IgG assessment and challenge study. Results: FliC protein was successfully expressed and purified. Sporulation was controlled by phase-contrast microscopy. Serum IgG assay showed significant stimulation of the mice's humoral immune system. Immunized mice were able to resist bacterial infection. Conclusion: The results showed the efficiency of spores as natural adjuvants for the stimulation of mice immune system. The formulation can be exploited for the delivery of recombinant vaccines against bacterial pathogens. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17687 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17687/7293

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1483 1485 Chen Li Medical Service Department, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China Lei Wei Medical Service Department, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China Junyuan Tan Medical Service Department, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China Xinglong Yang Medical Service Department, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China 2021 02 20 2021 03 06 none https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23937 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23937/7294

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1486 1487 EN Umar Saeed Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), F8 Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan Sara Uppal Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), F8 Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan Zahra Piracha Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), F8 Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan Rizwan Uppal Department of Research and Development, Islamabad Diagnostic Center (IDC), F8 Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021 05 18 2021 06 03 None https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/24987 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/24987/7295

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1488 1490 Wei Xiong 1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, P.R. China Xiaozhi Huang Department of Radiation Oncology, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, P.R. China Shuhui Yao Department of Radiation Oncology, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, P.R. China Liquan Wang Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, P.R. China Jing Wang Department of Radiation Oncology, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, P.R. China Xiaohong Wang Department of Radiation Oncology, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, P.R. China 2020 12 03 2020 12 28 None https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/23057 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/23057/7296

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1491 1492 Koroush Holakouie-Naieni Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shahrzad Nematollahi Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Reza Shamshiri Department of Oral Health and Community Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Ansari Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, ‎Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Majid Mirmohammadkhani Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran 2019 02 16 2019 03 17 None https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16265 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16265/7297

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1493 1494 Ang Hua School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Quest International University Perak (QIUP), Perak, Malaysia 2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, Malaysia Paran Gani School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Quest International University Perak (QIUP), Perak, Malaysia 2018 09 04 2019 03 17 None https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14640 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14640/7298

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1495 1496 Pavlina L. Gidikova Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Gospodinka R. Prakova Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Gergana N. Sandeva Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Kamelia H. Haracherova Occupational Medical Service "Zagora Medical" Ltd, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Tanya T. Tacheva Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Tatyana I. Vlaykova Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria 2019 01 21 2019 03 17 None https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15998 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15998/7299

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1497 1498 Farahnaz Mirzaei Department of Educational Management, Planning and Policy, Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia Marjan Mohammadzadeh 2. Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany 2019 02 17 2019 03 17 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16272 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16272/7300

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1499 1501 Arezoo Chouhdari 1. Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Omidvar Rezaei Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kaveh Ebrahimzadeh Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 02 05 2019 03 17 None https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16149 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16149/7301

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 50 7 2021 07 01 1502