Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 3 2020 03 01 454 462 Chul-Ho BUM Graduate School of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea John Arthur JOHNSON Department of Taekwondo, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Chulhwan CHOI Department of Golf Industry, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea 2020 03 01 Background: Leisure activities contribute to a healthy retirement and increase the life satisfaction of the elderly, who may suffer from a stronger sense of emotional isolation, depression, and loneliness. Methods: A total of 397 elderly Koreans aged 65 and over participated in this study on the differences in healthy aging and happiness depending on type of leisure activity (i.e., active, passive, and social activities). A cross-sectional survey design with a purposive sampling method to collect data were employed. SPSS 23.0 was used to conduct descriptive statistics analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis, and one-way MANOVA. Results: In terms of social health, the passive leisure participants had relatively lower mean scores than the other two groups. For the physical health factor, the active leisure participants had higher mean scores. There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of psychological health and happiness with life for the elderly participating in the active, passive, and social leisure activities. This study found that only active leisure activities help the elderly to enjoy their old age by increasing their physical health, indicating that the dissatisfaction and unhappiness incurred with the natural aging process can only be offset by a physical lifestyle. Furthermore, passive leisure activities that are enjoyed alone may impede a socially-healthy aging process. Conclusion: While all forms of leisure activity can provide emotional stability, active leisure activity was deemed the most important in this study, as it helped resolve the most significant hurdle to maintaining health. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19871 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19871/6692

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 3 2020 03 01 416 425 Baohong MAO Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China Chichen ZHANG Shanxi Medical University, School of Public Health, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China Liping YANG Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China Yanxia WANG Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China Chunhui SU Shanxi Medical University, School of Public Health, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China Huining ZHAO Shanxi Medical University, School of Public Health, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China Yawen SHAO Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China Qing LIU Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 2020 03 01 Background: Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the second most common serious birth defects and constitute a major cause of infant death. Research about NTDs has achieved tremendous progress over the last 50 years. Methods: Visualization analysis has been used to explore the hot topic and their emerging trends in NTDs research domain. The scientific literature of research for NTDs has been retrieved from Web of Science™ Core Collection (1966–2014) databases, and final acquire 9125 related bibliographic records, then analyze time trend, distribution of journals, hot keywords, and try to explore the hot topic and their emerging trends in NTDs research domain using Histcite and CiteSpace. Results: The number of publications about NTDs have shown an increased tendency over the last 50 years although there was on a slight decline. Birth Defects Research Part A published the most articles on NTDs research, followed by Lance and Teratology, and the Lancet had the greatest number of total citations. The largest cited frequency keywords was the “Folate”, followed by “Pregnancy”, “Prevention”, and “Spina bifida”. The research hotspots in NTDs research were homocysteine, anencephaly, and screening. Conclusion: With the help of visualization analysis, we explore a quantitative and efficient way of understanding the NTDs knowledge field. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19866 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19866/6688

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 3 2020 03 03 588 592 Atefeh MEHRABI School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran Dariush D. FARHUD 1. Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Basic Sciences/Ethics, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Karim NAYERNIA International Center for Personalized Medicine (ICPM P7MEDICINE), Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Hossein SADIGHI Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran Marjan ZARIF-YEGANEH Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 03 03 The Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a group of progressive disorders that affects the peripheral nerves and results in loss of sensation and atrophy of muscles in lower limbs. There are several types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth and multiple genes are associated with this disease. Distal spinal muscular atrophy is an extremely rare disorder characterized by progressive pure lower motor neuron involvement. A 24 yr old woman using wheelchair referred to Farhud Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran in 2019, with progressive muscular atrophy, pain and Electromyography test suggesting Charcot-Marie-tooth. Both feet and hands were involved. Whole exome sequencing was performed on extracted DNA from her blood sample. We report the first case of a patient with different types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth and distal spinal muscular atrophy simultaneously, which are as a result of mutations in multiple genes; this case is very uncommon. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19922 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19922/6710

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 3 2020 03 03 593 594 Yin XUELIAN Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Jiangyin People’s Hospital, Jiangyin, China Wei LIPING Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Jiangyin People’s Hospital, Jiangyin, China 2020 03 03 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19924 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19924/6711

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 3 2020 03 01 463 471 Hongliang LIU Department of Cardiology, Lianshui County People's Hospital, Huaian 223400, P.R. China Hao QIAN Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, P.R. China Junlin MA Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, P.R. China Qiming DAI Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, P.R. China Mingyue JI Department of Cardiology, Lianshui County People's Hospital, Huaian 223400, P.R. China 2020 03 01 Background: To explore the changes of miR-130a and endothelin -1 (ET-1) and their predictive value for in-stent restenosis (ISR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Overall, 253 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) treated with PCI in Lianshui County People's Hospital, Huaian, China from April 2013 to May 2016 were selected. The changes of miR-130a and ET-1 levels before and after PCI were compared. The predictive value of miR-130a and ET-1 for ISR was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and the correlation between ISR and miR-130a, ET-1 was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curve. The risk factors of ISR in CHD patients were evaluated by logistics regression analysis. Results: The postoperative levels of miR-130a and ET-1 were significantly increased (P<0.05). The levels of miR-130a and ET-1 in peripheral blood of patients with ISR were higher than those in patients without ISR (P<0.05). The ROC curves showed that the area under curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and critical value of miR-130a in predicting ISR were respectively 0.912, 92.02%, 73.47%, 1.457 pmol/L, and those of ET-1 were 0.814, 87.63%, 63.27%, 2.245 pmol/L, respectively. The K-M curve showed that the incidence of ISR in patients with high expression of miR-130a or ET-1 was significantly higher than that in patients with low expression (P<0.05). miR-130a and ET-1 were independent risk factors for ISR (P<0.05). Conclusion: MiR-130a and ET-1 have high predictive value for ISR after PCI and are independent risk factors for CHD patients, which are worthy of clinical application. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19872 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19872/6693

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 3 2020 03 01 426 436 Leila BAGHERI Department of Reproductve Health, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Ali Mohammad NAZARI Department of Reproductve Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Reza CHAMAN Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ashraf GHIASI Department of Reproductve Health, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Zahra MOTAGHI Reproductive Studies and Women’s Health Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Scienc-es, Shahroud, Iran 2020 03 01 Background: Abortion is the ending of pregnancy due to removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. Some women suffer from psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression and grief after abortion. Early detection of high-risk women after abortion and psychological intervention is one of the healing methods than can lead to improving outcomes but its effectiveness is not clear. The present meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of this approach. Methods: The international and national electronic databases were searched from Jan 1998 until Aug 2018 including Medline, Web of Knowledge, Ovid, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran. The pooled mean difference with the random-effects model was used for meta-analyses. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines adhered in this study. Results: We enrolled 7 relevant studies involving 918 subjects into the meta-analysis process. The meta-analysis of the interventions aiming at prevention of post-abortion grief yielded a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) of −0.03 (95% CI: −0.40−0.34; Z=0.16; P=0.87) at post-test and of -0.21 (95% CI:-0.53-0.10; Z=1.32; P=0.19) at follow-up. Conclusion: This systematic review found psychotherapy-based interventions are effective in post-abortion grief treatment but; we found psychotherapy-based interventions are somewhat effective in short-term post-abortion grief and it has a better effect on long-term grief. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19867 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19867/6689

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 3 2020 03 03 595 597 Eun-Young JEON Department of Dental Hygiene, Kyung-Bok University College of Health Science, Namyangju, South Korea Jin-A RO Department of Oral Anatomy, Dan-kook University College of Dentistry, Cheonan, South Korea Sang-Min LEE Department of Orthodontics, Dankook University College of Dentistry, Cheonan, South Korea Jong-Tae PARK Department of Oral Anatomy, Dan-kook University College of Dentistry, Cheonan, South Korea AND Dankook Institute for Future Science and Emerging Convergence (DIFFUSE), Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea 2020 03 03 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19926 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19926/6712

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 3 2020 03 01 472 478 Isna HIKMAWATI Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Banyumas, Indonesia Umi SHOLIKHAH Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Banyumas, Indonesia Hendro WAHJONO Faculty of Medical, University of Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia Martini MARTINI Faculty of Medical, University of Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia 2020 03 01 Background: Community vulnerability is influenced by the low participation of the community in Pemberantasaital, Jinan, China 2020 02 20 2020 06 30 Background: We aimed to investigate the changes of serum adiponectin and glycated albumin (GA) levels in gestational diabetes mellitus patients and their relationship with insulin resistance. Methods: Overall, 137 pregnant women were enrolled from Jinan City People's Hospital, Laiwu District, China from Jan 2015 to Jun 2018. Among them, 71 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus were examined as diabetes group, and 66 normal pregnant women as normal pregnant women group. In addition, 58 normal non-pregnant women of childbearing age who were examined in our hospital during the same period were selected as a control group. The serum adiponectin and GA levels of the three groups were compared, and the relationship between serum adiponectin, GA levels and insulin resistance was analyzed. Results: The serum adiponectin level of pregnant women in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) group was significantly lower than that of normal pregnant women and control group (P=0.031, P=0.027). The serum GA level of pregnant women in GDM group was significantly higher than that of normal pregnant women and control group (P<0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that GA was positively correlated with Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Fasting insulin (FINS) and Insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR) levels (P<0.001), while adiponectin was negatively correlated with FPG FINS and HOMA-IR levels (P<0.001). Conclusion: Abnormal levels of serum GA and adiponectin are closely related to insulin resistance in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Detection of serum GA and adiponectin levels can diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus quickly and effectively. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19789 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19789/6850

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1262 1268 EN Xiangyu WANG Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China Yinqi GAO Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University Electric Power Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100073, China Xue YANG Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China Xiangyi KONG Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China Zixing WANG School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China Yi FANG Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China Jing WANG Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China 2018 09 04 2018 10 14 Background: Omitting axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is recommended for early-stage breast cancer patients with 1-2 sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) macro-metastases and breast-conserving therapy. However, it is not safe for part of patients, so it is significant to find risk factors and develop a predictive model of non-SLNs metastases in breast cancer patients with 1-2 SLNs macro-metastases and breast-conserving therapy. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 228 breast cancer patients with 1-2 SLNs macro-metastases who underwent ALND and breast-conserving surgery between Jan 2012 and Dec 2017 at Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Chi-square test and backward stepwise binary logistic regression were used to find factors that influenced non-SLN metastases, then a predictive model was formulated and obtained its area under the curve. Results: Tumor pathologic invasion size, number of positive SLNs and ALN status on imaging was associated with non-SLNs metastases. The predictive model was also formulated based on these three factors to assess and the area under the curve of model was 0.708. Conclusion: We developed a predictive model to assess the high-risk cohort of patients of non-SLNs metastases which can be an auxiliary tool for doctors. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14639 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14639/6851

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1269 1277 Syrym SHAYAKHMETOV Department of Public Health, Semey State Medical University, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan Karlygash TOGUZBAYEVA Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, JSC National Medical University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Aigul ISMAILOVA Department of Ecology, Seyfullin Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan Ramin TABIBI School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran Zhypar DERBISHALIEVA Department of Public Health, International School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Kenesh O. DZHUSUPOV Department of Public Health, International School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan 2019 07 16 2019 08 25 Background: To date, there is no data available of health literacy of the population in Kazakhstan. This study was aimed to assess the health literacy of the rural population for the development of the targeted health education programs. Methods: The adapted HLS-EU-Q47 survey was carried out among 1650 respondents aged 18-76 from rural settlements in Almaty region of Kazakhstan in 2013. The health literacy competences to assess, understand, appraise and apply health information on healthcare, disease prevention and health promotion were measured. The associations between the health literacy competencies and demographic and socio-economic characteristics were shown through a multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The overall health literacy rate of the rural population of Almaty region was problematic and inadequate. With regards to their age, sex, social and economic characteristics, the health literacy competencies differ according to health literacy domain. Respondents with low education level or perceived social status had respectively low health literacy scores, especially in appraising and applying information of disease prevention. Conclusion: Low educated people and with lower income have lower health literacy in comparison to respondents with higher education level and higher income. Respondents with higher health literacy have higher rate of self-assessed health.         https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17785 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17785/6852

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1278 1288 EN Chi ZHANG Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China Bangming CAO Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China Xingmei HUANG Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China Jian GU Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China Ming XIA Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China Xiangjun YANG Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China Hongxia LI Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China 2018 04 17 2018 09 24 Background: The role of serum calcium in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with or without first incident acute myocardial infarction has not been studied previously. This study aimed to assess the relationship between serum calcium and first incident acute myocardial infarction. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from Jan 2014 to Dec 2016. All the participants were from our database, described in detail elsewhere including 1609 cases and 3252 controls. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to explore the effect of serum calcium on first incident acute myocardial infarction. Interaction between serum calcium and risk factors were evaluated. Results: Patients with first incident acute myocardial infarction have significantly lower serum calcium concentrations than those without acute myocardial infarction (2.18 (0.21) vs 2.24 (0.19) mmol/L, P<0.0001). After adjusting for sex and age, logistic regression showed that serum calcium was significantly associated with first incident acute myocardial infarction (odds ratio (OR): 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41-1.60). Further adjusted for potential confounders, serum calcium was associated with first incident acute myocardial infarction (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.22-1.42). Moreover, the association still existed when patients were divided into subgroups according to gender and age. A significant interaction was found between serum calcium and diabetes mellitus (DM), lipoprotein (a) (Lp (a)), and serum albumin. Conclusion: Serum calcium was associated with first incident acute myocardial infarction among CAD patients in both sexes and in age categories. This study provides further evidence showing the value of serum calcium levels in clinical practice.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13112 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13112/6853

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1289 1297 EN Ayla ACIKGOZ Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey Selda YORUK Department of Midwifery, Balikesir School of Health, Balıkesir University, Balikesir, Turkey Hulya TURKMEN Department of Midwifery, Balikesir School of Health, Balıkesir University, Balikesir, Turkey Gul ERGOR Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey 2018 06 21 2018 11 28 Background: This study aimed to determine the factors affecting early diagnosis and screening behaviors of healthcare workers concerning breast cancer and the breast cancer risk levels using the risk identification model and to evaluate the relationship between breast cancer risk levels and early diagnosis and screening behaviors. Methods: Overall, 466 healthcare workers from Balikesir Province, Turkey participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected thanks to a questionnaire prepared by the researchers. Cuzick-Tyrer model was utilized to determine breast cancer risk levels. Results: 78.1% of the healthcare workers regularly perform breast self-examination (BSE), 11.6% had clinical breast examination (CBE), 7.7% had breast ultrasound scan and 4.5% had mammography. BSE behavior increased, as education level got higher. Mammography screening behavior increased in those aged 40 yr and older and those with breast or ovarian cancer history in their family. There was not any relationship between breast cancer risk levels and early diagnosis and screening behaviors. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and screening behaviors of healthcare workers were low concerning breast cancer. Age, education level and family history are the most prominent factors affecting early diagnosis and screening behaviors of healthcare workers. Informing healthcare workers on breast cancer risk factors and screening can make positive contributions to them and the public through them. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13787 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13787/6854

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1298 1306 Liqin SHAO Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China Zhangxing SHENG Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China Yuefeng ZHU Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China Jianchao LI Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710020, China Rufa MENG Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China 2019 11 29 2020 06 16 Background: Effect of miR-215 on the expression of tumor suppressor gene retinoblastoma (Rb)1 in Rb cell lines was investigated. Methods: A total of 128 patients were selected. The expression of miR‑215 in cancer and adjacent healthy tissues of the 128 patients was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). HXO‑Rb44 and Y79 cell lines were transfected with miR‑215 analogs or miR‑215 inhibitors, and the expression of Rb1 protein in the cell lines was detected by western blotting. Results: The expression of miR-215 in the adjacent healthy tissues of patients was significantly lower than that in cancer tissues (P<0.001). The expression of miR-215 in Y79 and HXO-Rb44 cells was significantly higher than that in APRE-19 cells (P<0.001). The expression of miR-215 in HXO-Rb44 cells was significantly higher than that in Y79 cells (P<0.001). The expression of miR-215 was statistically different from the degree of differentiation and nerve infiltration (P<0.05). The expression of Rb1 in cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent tissues (P<0.001), the expression of APRE-19 was significantly higher than that in Y79 and HXO-Rb44 cells (P<0.001), and the expression of Rb1 in HXO-Rb44 cells was significantly higher than that in Y79 cells (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between miR-215 and Rb1 in the tissues of patients, and Rb1 expression decreased with the increase of miR-215 (r=-0.576, P<0.001). Conclusion: miR‑215 is highly expressed in Rb cell lines, and is related to the clinicopathological features of this disease. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19024 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19024/6855

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1307 1315 Elham YOUSEFI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Bagher ROKNI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Khosrow HAZRATI TAPPEH Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shahram KHADEMVATAN Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Farzaneh ZAHABIUN Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eshrat Beygom KIA Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 09 27 2019 11 11 Background: Toxocariosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Toxocara species from dog and cat. It has a worldwide distribution with higher prevalence in children. This study aimed to determine seroprevalence of Toxocara infection and its association with some risk factors among children of Aras Free Zone (Jolfa City) in Northwest of Iran. Methods: Sera were collected from 514 children aged 4–12 yr old attending to some medical centers in the study area from May 2018 to Feb 2019. Anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies assay was performed using commercial ELISA kit (Nova Tec, Germany). The seropositivity rate was determined and its association with different demographic criteria and risk factors were statistically analyzed. Results: The overall seroprevalence was 2.3% (12/514). Risk factors of children’s age group and contact with either pet animals (dog and cat) and/or soil were significantly associated with seropositivity. However, there was not any relationship between Toxocara infection and gender of children, place of residency (urban or rural) and their mothers’ education level. Conclusion: Both girls and boys are at risk of Toxocara infection in the study area. Younger age of childhood and contact with sources of infection were important associated factors. More probably, additional criteria are involved in the initiation of infection. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18474 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18474/6856

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1316 1323 Ahmad ALIPOUR Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Abolfazl GHADAMI Department of Assessment and Measurement, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran Aida FARSHAM Department of Psychology, School of Health Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Negin DORRI Department of Psychology, School of Health Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2020 04 21 2020 05 08 Background: Given the epidemic of Corona disease and its associated anxiety, it is necessary to develop a tool to measure anxiety. This study was conducted to instruct Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) to measure the level of anxiety, during the prevalence of the COVID-19 in Iran. Methods: The present study was considered as applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational research in terms of methodological. 318 individuals (aged from 18 to 60 years old) completed the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) online Results: Corona Disease Anxiety Scale had a good internal consistency (α=0.91) and good convergent validity, correlating with the GHQ-28 (r=0.49, P>0.01). Exploratory analysis revealed psychological and physical factors. These 2 factor account for 51% of the total variance and 9 items were loaded on every factor. Conclusion: This scale is reliable and valid scale for measuring Corona anxiety in non-clinical Iranian population. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20447 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20447/6857

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1324 1329 EN Keihan GHATREH SAMANI Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Effat FARROKHI Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Aliye TABATABAEE Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Narges JALILIAN Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Mahbube JAFARI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran 2018 07 15 2018 12 02 Background: Tamoxifen (TAM) is widely used for adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients. Tamoxifen therapy may lead to serious side effects. Anti-apoptotic substances in combination with chemotherapy drugs can result in additive or synergistic effects. Lauryl gallate (LG), a Gallic acid derivative, has been proven to inhibit tumor growth, without affecting normal cells. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of TAM and LG in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Methods: In this experimental study, performed in ShahreKord University of Medical Science, Iran in 2017, the MCF-7 cells were treated by final concentrations of 10 μM TAM alone, and in combination with 200 μM of LG. We also used EX-527, as SIRT-1 inhibitor to examine the role of SIRT1 in cell apoptosis. BCL-2 and SIRT1 gene expression were measured by real-time PCR method, and cell apoptosis was investigated by flow cytometry. Results: Tamoxifen alone and in combination with LG decreased BCL-2 expression 2.64±0.75 and 6.38±1.9 fold, respectively, after 48 h (P<0.05). SIRT1 expression was increased 1.67±0.22 and 2.47±0.34 - fold by TAM alone and in combination with LG, respectively (P<0.05). TAM alone and in combination with LG increased the percentage of apoptotic cells 15.79±2.81 and 60.67±6.23 percent, respectively after 48 h (P<0.001). Conclusion: The combination of LG and TAM is more effective for induction of apoptosis of breast cancer cells, compared to individual use of each. Thus, our data pave the way for new therapeutic options for suppressing breast cancer growth. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14028 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14028/6858

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1330 1338 EN Bahram HARATI Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Jamaleddin SHAHTAHERI Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sci-ences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Teh-ran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossen Ali YOUSEFI Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Ali HARATI Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran Ali ASKARI Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran Nabi ABDOLMOHAMADI Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 2018 06 11 2018 10 23 Background: Air pollution have led to severe problem of adverse health effect in the world. This study aimed to conduct the health risk assessment, cancer risk analysis, and non-cancer risk for exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in petrochemical industry. Methods: In this cross-sectional research, 123 samples were collected in the ambient air in Iran during winter 2016. For sampling and analysis of VOCs and H2S, 3 methods (numbers 1500, 1501, and 6013) presented by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) were used. For determination of risk assessment of chemical pollutants, semi-quantitative method presented by the Occupational Safety and Health Division, Singapore was used. Finally, for calculation of cancer risk analysis, Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and calculation of non-cancer risk, Exposure Concentration (EC) were used. Results: Average concentration of benzene (2.12±0.95) in breathing zone of workers were higher than the Threshold Limit Values-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) (P<0.05). Among chemical substance, benzene had very high rank of risk in petrochemical industry. Rank of risk for H2S, toluene, and xylene present in the breathing zone of workers was low. The mean cancer risk for workers exposed to benzene was estimated 8.78×10-3, in other words, 8.7 cancer per 1000 i.e. higher than the acceptable standard of 10-6. In our study, non-cancer risk for BTX was higher than the acceptable standard of 1. Conclusion: In particular, overall cancer and toxic risk can be associated with long term exposure to benzene. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13683 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13683/6859

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1339 1347 EN Alemeh KHADEMI Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Parvin MANSURI Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Daryoush PAHLEVAN Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran Mahbubeh BOZORGI Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Malihe NASIRI Department of Biostatistics, School of Paramedical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Somayeh HEJAZI Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra AZIZIAN Department of Dermatology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Laila SHIRBEIGI Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 06 29 2018 11 11 Background: Hand Eczema (HE) is chronic skin disease with a high prevalence in population. It has negative impact on the quality of life. Due to the public interest in herbal remedies, we attempt to assess the efficacy of pumpkin ointment in treatment of chronic HE in this research. Methods:  This study was conducted in an outpatient clinic at Imam-Khomeini Hospital in Tehran (Iran) from May 2015 to Nov 2016. We performed a double-blind trial on 60 patients with chronic HE randomized to four groups included pumpkin, betamethasone, eucerin and almond ointment (n=15 for each group) for 28 days. Patients were ordered to apply ointments twice a day. Hand Eczema Severity Index (HECSI) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) of the patients were evaluated by a dermatologist on the 1st, 14th and 28th d after the start of treatment. Results: Patients’ DLQI scores in pumpkin and betamethasone group was significant and pumpkin group showed a better response in quality of life (P=0.001). Betamethasone and pumpkin ointment were effective and showed significant improvement compared with almond and eucerin and reduce HECSI scores (P=0.002 and P=0.012 respectively). Betamethasone ointment outcome on HECSI scores in comparison with topical pumpkin was significant (P<0.001). No clinically adverse effects were observed. Conclusion: Although pumpkin ointment showed a better response in patients’ DLQI in HE but it was less effective than betamethasone in decreasing HECSI. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13880 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13880/6860

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1348 1354 EN Mojtaba SALIMI Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Abedin SAGHAFIPOUR Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Hadi HAMIDI PARSA Deputy of Management and Resources Development, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Majid KHOSRAVI Deputy of Management and Resources Development, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 2018 06 25 2018 09 24 Background: The head louse infestation is a public health issue in the world especially, affecting most people who live in camps, school-aged children and their families. Head lice treatment has economic ramifications that often under calculated. The aim of this study was evaluation of economic burden associated with head louse infestation in Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 500,002 infestations were diagnosed among suspected head lice infested people who referred to health care system in all provinces of Iran during 2017. Direct and indirect costs related to paid by patients and government systems were extracted by referring to accounting documents and interviews with patients and experts and were recorded in researcher-made forms. Microsoft Excel 2010 software was used for economic burden calculation. Results: The incidence rate of head lice infestation in Iran was 500,002/79,926,270 (625.5 per 100,000 populations). Economic burden of head lice in the country was calculated at 5,790,143$. Direct and indirect costs, governmental cost, out of pocket and total costs of head lice were included 3.14$, 2.84$, 5.98$, 5.60$ and 11.58$ per case respectively. Conclusion: The direct and indirect costs associated with treatment of infestations were relatively high. Therefore, the creation of medical facilities such as availability of diagnostic and treatment strategies can be effective in the control of infestation. The adoption of infestation prevention methods, such as health education to people at risk of infestation, reduces the incidence of head lice and imposition of related treatment costs on governmental health care system and head lice cases. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13821 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13821/6861

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1355 1363 EN Abbas KAMALI Food Security Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Maryam MIRLOHI Food Security Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Mahmod ETEBARI Department of Pharmacology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Sohila SEPAHI Department of Pharmacology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2018 05 26 2018 07 07 Background: This study measured tetracycline residue in table eggs sampled from Isfahan markets in 2015 and assessed the toxic effects of heated egg yolk on hepatic cells Methods: Forty commercial and six locally produced eggs were randomly collected and tested for tetracycline resides using competitive ELISA with a mean recovery value of 65.22% and limit of detection (LOD) of 4 ng/g. For the seven most contaminated samples, albumen and yolk were examined individually and, despite the very low detected level in the yolk, the samples were subjected to boiling for 10 min. Finally, the DNA damaging properties of the raw or treated egg yolks on hepatic cells were investigated using the comet assay. Results: The residue levels ranged from <LOD to 9.77 ng/g with a mean value of 4.95 ng/g, which was far below the maximum residue level (MRL) of tetracycline in eggs (200 ng/g) established by the EFSA. The concentration of tetracycline residue in the albumin and yolk of the seven most contaminated samples was 4.75 ng/g and 6.83 ng/g, respectively, while boiling reduced it by 20%. Heat treatment induces DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Heating resulted in a marked increase in the comet length, % DNA in the tail, and tail moment parameters by 60%, 3000%, and 5000%, respectively. Conclusion: Despite the low concentration of tetracycline residue in samples, heat treatment can create degenerative compounds from tetracycline that can cause DNA damage in an in vitro model. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13476 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13476/6862

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1364 1371 EN Sima SHAHROKHZADEH Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Azam SOLEIMANI Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Dor-Mohammad KORDI-TAMANDANI Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Mohammad Hossein SANGTARASH Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Omid NEJATI Department of Paramedics, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran Mohsen TAHERI Genetics of Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran 2018 05 06 2018 09 24 Background: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) disease is the most common type of urinary tract anomalies in children. Genetic risk factors may be associated with the etiology of VUR.  The role of the Glutathione S‑transferases (GSTs) as multifunctional enzymes is cellular oxidative stress handling. This is the first study aimed at evaluating the relative risk of GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms in VUR susceptibility in children and provides new important insights into the genetics of affected children. Methods: The study was done in 2013 in Sistan and Baluchestan University, eastern Iran. Genotyping of three GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genes were determined using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay in 216 reactions for 72 VUR children and 312 reactions for 104 healthy controls. Results: The presence of GSTT1 deletion was associated with high risk of VUR in children, whereas GSTP1 and GSTM1 genotypes did not show the same effect. Furthermore, the combination of GSTT1/GSTM1 and GSTT1/ GSTP1 genotypes showed a significant influence on lower risk of VUR in children. Conclusion: Deletion of GSTT1 functional gene is a genetic risk factor causing VUR in children. Interestingly, the combination of GSTM1 and GSTP1 null genotypes with GSTT1 has shown a protective role against risk of GSTT1 deletion. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13285 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13285/6863

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1372 1375 Mohammad Saeid EAEE-ZAVAREH Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, Iran Hamidreza KARIMI-SARI Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, Iran 2020 05 10 2020 05 21 N/A https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/20754 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/20754/6864

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1376 1377 EN Jing QIAN Department of Obsterics, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China Hong-Bo ZHAI Department of Obsterics, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China 2019 06 24 2019 07 20 N A https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17540 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17540/6865

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1378 1379 Jeong-Hyun LEE Department of Beauty Art, Youngsan University, Busan, Republic of Korea Yeona KIM Department of Beauty Art, Youngsan University, Busan, Republic of Korea Wi-Young SO Sports and Health Care Major, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si, Republic of Korea 2019 12 11 2020 03 29 N A https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19168 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19168/6866

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1380 1381 EN Maryam SABOUR TAKANLOU Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey Seyed Ali RAHMANI Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran Yadollah AHMADI ASR BADR Department of Urology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mehrdad PASHAZADEH Department of Immunology, Science and Research Branch, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Leila SABOUR TAKANLOU Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey 2018 08 06 2018 09 12 N A https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14368 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14368/6867

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1382 1384 EN Eun Young JEON Department of Dental Hygiene, Kyung Bok University, Namyangju, South Korea Jeong Hyun LEE Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea Jong Tae PARK Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea 2018 07 20 2018 08 04 N A https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14109 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14109/6868

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1385 1386 EN Ce ZHOU Department of Proctology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China Fu-Rong ZHANG School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China Yan-Li LIAO Department of Obstetrics, Sichuan Jinxin Women and Children's Hospital, Chengdu, China Jian KANG Department of Proctology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China 2018 09 09 2018 09 24 N A https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14681 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14681/6869

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1387 1389 EN Yuichiro OTSUKA Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan Yoshitaka KANEITA Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan Osamu ITANI Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan Sachi NAKAGOME Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan Maki JIKE Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan Takashi OHIDA Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan 2018 07 24 2018 09 24 N A https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14151 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14151/6870

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 7 2020 06 30 1390 1391 Koji WAKE Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan George IMATAKA Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan Toshihiko OHNISHI Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan Jin KIKUCHI Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan Eisei HOSHIYAMA Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan Kazuyuki ONO Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan