Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 1 2020 01 07 14 20 Bangsub LEE Department of College of General Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Wooyoung CHUNG Department of College of General Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2020 01 07 Background: Regular physical activity lowers or prevents the risk of heart disease, diabetes, some cancers, the development of hypertension, and death from these diseases through a reduction in inflammation. Cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) are major markers representing the inflammatory process. This study aimed to investigate cytokine mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and CRP in hepatocytes from breast cancer xenograft mice with or without moderate exercise. Methods: Each of the 5 mice at SP Korea Company, Seoul, Korea in 2015 were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (CTL), breast cancer (BC), and breast cancer exercise (BCEX). The inflammatory markers were analyzed in 10-week-old female Balb/C nude mice hepatocytes (n = 15; CTL = 5, BC = 5, BCEX = 5). Moderate intensity physical activity in mice was performed on a treadmill at an intensity of 18 m/min for 12 weeks, at 30 min for 5 days per week. Results: IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and CRP mRNA expression levels of the BCEX group were significantly decreased compared to those of the BC group (P < 0.05), with no difference to the CTL group. Conclusion: There might be a reduced inflammatory process via a reduction in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, and CRP expression in breast cancer mice that were subjected to moderate intensity exercise. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19354 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19354/6625

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 1 2020 01 07 1 13 Mahmoud KHODADOST Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Khadije MAAJANI Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas ABBASI-GHAHRAMANLOO Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Morteza NASERBAKHT Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ebrahim GHODUSI Mental and Social Health Office, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh SARVI Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran Azar MOHAMMADZADEH Clinical Research Development Center, Aliasghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Abbas MOTEVALIAN Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad HAJEBI Research Center for Addiction & Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Psychiatric Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 01 07 Background: The rise in popularity of waterpipe smoking among younger people cause increase its deleterious effects on health in recent years. The aim of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of water-pipe smoking in university students in Iran. Methods: We performed the literature search from 1946 to January 21, 2019, in several international and national databases such as Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Magiran, Iranmedex, and IranPsych. To investigate the between-study heterogeneity we used the chi-squared test and I2 index. We used a random-effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence of water-pipe smoking. The potential source of heterogeneity was assessed by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results: According to the eligibility criteria, we included 37 relevant studies in our meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of lifetime water-pipe smoking was 25% (95% CI: 22-29) and in male and female subgroups was 37% (95%CI: 30-45), 17% (95%CI: 15-19) respectively. The pooled prevalence of water-pipe smoking in last year was 21% (95%CI: 16-25) and in last month was 8% (95%CI: 5-11). Results of meta-regression analysis showed that there was not any significant association between suspected variables and the prevalence of water-pipe smoking. Conclusion: The higher prevalence rate of water pipe smoking among university students indicates the emergency need for planning preventive program. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19353 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19353/6624

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 1 2020 01 07 186 188 Jung-Hwa KIM Gwangju Buk-Gu Addiction Management Center, Gwangju, Korea Young-Ran KWEON Department of Nursing, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea 2020 01 07 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19380 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19380/6645

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 1 2020 01 07 167 172 Vahid MASHAYEKHI GOYONLO Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Abdolreza NOROUZY Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mohsen NEMATI Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Pouran LAYEGH Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Saeed AKHLAGHI Deputy of Research, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Ahmad Reza TAHERI Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Bita KIAFAR Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2020 01 07 Background: Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is known as a self-healing cutaneous parasitic infection. Host immunity has a fundamental role in the course of this infection. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between nutritional status and vitamin A intake with the clinical course of CL. Methods: Overall, 250 patients with CL attending a dermatology clinic in Imam Reza Hospital Mashhad, Iran, were enrolled from Apr 2011 to Aug 2012. For data gathering, a semi-quantitative 302-item food frequency questionnaire was utilized. They received routine treatment protocols for leishmaniasis and 1 year of follow-up Results: As for the 149 patients who completed the study, a deficiency of macro and micronutrients, particularly vitamin A, was significantly related to a chronic clinical disease course. Conclusion: Imbalanced or insufficient nutritional intake including vitamin A deficiency, may influence the clinical course of CL. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19375 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19375/6642

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 1 2020 01 07 21 29 Xiaofei WU Department of Neurology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China 2020 01 07 Background: We aimed to investigate the expressions of miR-21 and miR-210 in the breast cancer tissue and their correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 68 patients with breast cancer treated surgically in Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military in 2014-2015. The breast cancer tissue and the adjacent normal tissue were collected from the patients. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-210 in the breast cancer and adjacent normal tissues. Results: According to qRT-PCR, the expression levels of miR-210 and miR-21 in the breast cancer tissue were significantly higher than those in the adjacent normal tissue (P<0.05), which were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, clinical staging and differentiation of patients (P<0.05). miR-21 and miR-210 were significantly positive correlated in both breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues (r=0.7014, 0.7502, P<0.001). The survival rate in the miR-210 high expression group was significantly lower than that in the miR-210 low expression group (P<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference between the miR-21 high and low expression groups. Conclusion: miR-21 and miR-210 are highly expressed in the breast cancer tissue and significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, clinical staging and differentiation. miR-210, the up-regulated expression of which is related to the poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer, may be a potential prognostic indicator for breast cancer, which can be used to judge the prognosis. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19355 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19355/6626

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 1 2020 01 07 189 190 Di WU School of Economics and Management, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China Juhong CHEN School of Economics and Management, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China Ruijun ZHANG School of Economics and Management, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China 2020 01 07 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19381 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19381/6646

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 1 2020 01 07 173 180 Neveen Magdy RIZK Environmental Virology Lab., Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt Abdou Kamal ALLAYEH Environmental Virology Lab., Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt 2020 01 07 Background: In 2013, WHO estimated the annual diarrheal mortality rate among children less than five years in Egypt was 24 deaths per 100.000, 2% was due to rotavirus infection. Methods: Eight water samples were collected monthly from the Nile water stream passing through Giza over 12 months during June 2016 to May 2017. Totally, ninety-six water samples were collected and concentrated for the detection of rotavirus group A (RV-A) using RT-PCR. Multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR was performed to identify the genotypes P and G of RV-A. Results: The detection rate of RV-A was 18.75% (18/96), whereas the rate of rotavirus genotypes G and P were 61% (11/18) and 50% (9/18), respectively. Rotaviruses G1P[8] and G1P[4] were the most common genotypes identified in our survey. In addition, the seasonal distribution findings demonstrated that the highest detection rate was 37.5% in the winter season, followed by 20.8%, 12.5% and 4% in spring, autumn and summer, respectively. Conclusion: Multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR is a useful method for rapid detection and genotyping of RV-A in surface water samples. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19376 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19376/6655

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 49 1 2020 01 07 30 36 Jianxin MA Department of Health Care, 305 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100017, P.R. China Lian CUI Department of Health Care, 305 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100017, P.R. China Wenjin HUO Department of Health Care, 305 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100017, P.R. China Guanghui WANG Department of Health Care, 305 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100017, P.R. China Xin QUAN Department of Echocardiography, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100017, P.R., China Jinping ZHANG Medical Department, 305 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100017, P.R. China 2020 01 07 Background: The correlation between postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and inflammation in patients with permanent cardiac pacemaker implantation was analyzed. Methods: A total of 130 cases undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation in the 305 Hospital of Chinese PLA and Fuwai Hospital from May 2014 to February 2017 were selected. Of the 130 cases, 60 patients complicated with DVT were selected as the observation group, and the remaining 70 cases without complications of DVT were selected as the control group. The relationship and influence of various factors were explored. Results: The number of patients smoking and the number of subjects with DVT history in the observation group were higher than those in the control group. In the observation group, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1: Ag, PAI-1: Ac, thrombin-activated fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI): Ag, and TAFI: Ac levels were higher than those in control group (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory factors of the peripheral blood of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). In the correlation analysis of serum inflammatory factors and coagulation factors, CRP, IL-6, IL-10 were positively correlated with PAI-1: Ag level. Age, BMI, smoking history, number of implanted electrodes, DVT history, duration of immobilization and inflammatory factor levels had independent predictive value on postoperative complicated DVT. Conclusion: The serum inflammatory factors are closely associated with postoperative DVT in patients implanted with permanent cardiac pacemaker, and the serum inflammatory factors are a good reference for the evaluation of DVT. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/19356 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/19356/6627

Tehran University of Medical iliation locale="en_US">Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Majeed NAKHAEE Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farideh MORADI Life Style Modification Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12698 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12698/5935

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 350 356 Phuong Kim TRUONG Dept. of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam AND National University, Ho Chi Minh, VietnamDept. of Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Thuan Duc LAO Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Thuy Ai Huyen LE Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam 2018 03 04 2018 03 04  Background: The infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been considered as the common cause of cervical cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death in women, in Vietnam. Recently, hypermethylation at tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) has been also demonstrated to be an early epigenetic event and cofactor in human cancer, including cancer of cervix. This study evaluated the frequency of DcR1 gene promoter hypermethylation status as well as whether did or not an association between patterns of DNA hypermethylation and high-risk HPV infection, led to risk of cervical cancer. Methods: Methylation-Specific-PCR (MSP) was performed to analyze hypermethylation status from 109 liquid-based Papanicolaou test samples, archived and admitted from the Medic Medical Center and Au Lac Clinic Laboratory, Vietnam, from 2011–2014, a kind of non-invasive samples identified whether HPV/or non-HPV, high-risk/low-risk HPV infection. Results: DcR1 promoter was differentially methylated in 50% cases of high-risk HPV genotype 16 and 18 infected samples. In contrast, a low frequency of hypermethylated DcR1 promoter was found in low risk HPV genotype infected sample (16.0%), and non-HPV infected sample (14.6%). A trend toward positive association was found between hypermethylation of DcR1 gene and HPV exposure was observed (P=0.0005). Moreover, the odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were found in statistical significant value (OR=5.63 (95%CI = 2.25 - 14.07, P<0.01), RR=3.31 (95%CI = 1.75 - 6.26, P<0.01)). Conclusion: The hypermethylation of DcR1 gene promoter is a significant characteristic of high-risk HPV infected samples in Vietnamese cervical patients. The OR and RR values showed that the strong correlation between DcR1 hypermethylation and high-risk HPV infection, in which increased the risk of cervical cancer. The combination of DcR1 hypermethylation and HPV detection based biomarker could be used in non-invasive samples obtained from high-risk cancer patients, offer significant practical advantages.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12681 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12681/5920

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 455 457 Raziyeh KARAMI ESHKAFTAKI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Effat FARROKHI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Fatemeh HEYBATI GOJANI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Najmeh SALEHI VANANI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Maryam KARAMI ESHKAFTAKI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Ezzatollah MEMARZADEH Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Morteza HASHEMZADEH CHALESHTORI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12699 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12699/5936

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 357 366 Yat YEN School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China AND Dept. of Social Work, National Institute of Social Affairs, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Yumin SHI School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China Bunly SOEUNG Faculty of Social Sciences, Svay Rieng University, Svay Rieng, Cambodia Rathny SUY School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China Muhammad Tayyab SOHAIL School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei, China 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: We examined the current prevalence of substance abuse and sexual behaviors among junior high school students and the relationships between substance abuse, sexual behaviors, and victimization using multiple mediations. Methods: Overall, 1703 junior high school students from the 2013 Cambodia Global School-based Health Survey were selected for the study. The descriptive statistics were performed in IBM SPSS to determine the prevalence of substance abuse, sexual behaviors, and victimization. The Process Macro was installed in Regression of the SPSS to test the hypotheses and mediations. Results: The majority of students who used alcohol (15.4%), drugs (3.05%), and had sexual intercourse (12.45%), were male aged 14-15, and in grade 7. These students were very vulnerable to many risky behaviors, including bullying (22.20%), physical attacks (20.96%) and fights (14.50%), unintentional accidents (21.32%), and suicidal attempts (5.05%). All three hypotheses were significantly supported. Of the potential mediators examined, drug use is the most important mediator. Conclusion: The substance abuse and reproductive health are national problems, but abusive behaviors among students are of particular concern. Explicit policies and awareness programs of such problems at the high school level need to be made and called for public participation, particularly the school authorities and parents.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12682 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12682/5921

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 458 459 Mahtab KARAMI Health Information Management Research Center, Dept. of Health Information Technology and Management, School of Allied-Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Ali HOSSEINI SHAHMIRZADI Primary Healthcare System, SART Distract PHC Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, ‎Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12700 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12700/5942

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 367 372 Jian ZHANG Dept. of Obstetrical, Binzhou Central Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China Ning LI Dept. of Obstetrical, Binzhou Central Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China Wenling GUO Dept. of Obstetrical, Binzhou Central Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China Chuanyan MA Dept. of Obstetrical, Binzhou Central Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China Guangcheng ZHAO Dept. of Imaging, Binzhou Central Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: We aimed to explore the diagnostic value of urinary microalbumin (mALB) level in postpartum acute kidney injury. Methods: A total of 127 maternity patients were selected from December 2013 to January in 2016 in Binzhou Central Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China and divided into two groups: the kidney injury and normal kidney group. The dynamic changes and diagnostic value of urine microprotein in postpartum acute kidney injury were analyzed. Results: The postpartum mean arterial pressure of maternity patients in the kidney injury group was 104.3 ± 11.6 mmHg, which was significantly higher than that of the normal kidney group (P<0.05). The mean age of the kidney injury group was 32.3 ± 11.6 years, which was significantly higher than that of the normal kidney group (P=0.006). In the kidney injury group, the postpartum glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 78.4 ± 11.5 mL/min, which was significantly lower than the normal group (P=0.001), and urinary microalbumin was 2.87 ± 1.24 mg/mmol·Cr. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.002). mALB/GFR, Cr, urinary mALB, and GFR were the independent risk factors of postpartum acute kidney injury. The area under the ROC curve for mALB/GFR was 0.759, whereas the area under the ROC curve for Cr was 0.681, which was smaller (P = 0.042). The area under the ROC curve of mALB was 0.785 (P=0.027), which was close to the area under the ROC curve of mALB/GFR. Conclusion: Urinary mALB test is noninvasive and has high diagnostic value for postpartum kidney injury.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12683 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12683/5922

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 460 461 Forouzan ROSTAMI Dept. of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Chalous Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chalous, Iran Syed Tajuddin SYED HASSAN Dept. of Medicine, Nursing Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Farideh YAGHMAEI Dept. of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12702 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12702/5939

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 373 381 Chunyu YANG Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Zhiyuan ZHANG Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Juntao MA Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Ting CHEN Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China 2018 03 04 2018 03 04  Background: The increasing worldwide incidence of depression causes massive economic losses to the country and society. Insufficient sun exposure aggravates depressive symptoms in patients with depression. Preventive light replenishment is provided to patients with depression and the potential population. In addition, we studied the applicable spectrum, which is crucial in the prevention of depression. Methods: Forty depressed male rats were randomly divided into five groups of 8 rats each: depressive model, microwave sulfur lamp, halogen lamp, fluorescent lamp, and LED lamp groups. Rats in the illuminated groups were exposed to light for 45 days for 2 h daily. Eight healthy rats were selected for the control group. The body weight and general behaviors of rats were recorded. After the experiment, peripheral blood was collected from the tail vein, and the concentrations of MT, 5-HT, NA, and BDNF in serum were detected by ELISA. Results: After the model was established, the body weight of rats in the depressive model group increased slowly. Compared with those of the control group, the results of the three behavioral tests were significantly different (P<0.05); the contents of MT, 5-HT, NA, and BDNF were relatively low (P<0.05). In addition, depression characteristics were significant. Rats regained their pleasant sensation after microwave sulfur lamp intervention. Compared with the rats in the depressive model group, the levels of MT, 5-HT, NA, and BDNF increased sharply. Conclusion: The spectral energy distribution of microwave sulfur lamp is similar to the solar spectrum, which can alleviate depressive symptoms in depressed rats.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12684 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12684/5923

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 462 463 Ahmad KALATEH SADATI Dept. of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Shadi HAJIZAMANI Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Reza SADEGHIMEHR Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Saeid AGHAJANIAN Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mahbobeh AMOZAGAR Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12703 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12703/5940

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 382 389 Marziyeh VAHID DASTJERDI Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bita ESLAMI Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam ALSADAT SHARIFI Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ashraf MOINI Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Leila BAYANI Dept. of Radiology, Arash Women’s Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hoda MOHAMMAD KHANI Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sadaf ALIPOUR Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Surgery, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: Phytoestrogens treatment to relieve hot flushes in menopausal women was considered recently. However, the actual effectiveness and safety are not clear. Methods: Randomized clinical trial (IRCT#20100706004329N5) was performed in 204 patients who complained of hot flushes in Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2013-2015. The first group received 50 mg isoflavone (group A) once daily and the second group received placebo (group B) in the same regimen. Patients were evaluated for breast examination (BE) and breast sonography (BS) as well as vaginal sonography at initial presentation and at 6th and 12th week follow-ups. Patients were educated to record frequency and severity of hot flushes. Results: Group A experienced less hot flushes attack (6 vs 9 patients with 5< attacks in 6 wk (P= 0.05), 7 Vs 13 patients with 5< in 12 wk (P=0.01)) which was also less severe (8 vs 12 patients with severe symptoms in 6 wk (0.04) and 3 Vs 10 patients with severe symptoms in 12 wk (0.001). Isoflavone had no effect on neither breast density nor nodularity (in 6 wk, P=0.50 and 0.80, respectively and in 12 wk, P=0.32 and 0.43) and neither breast tenderness nor nipple discharge (in 6 wk, P=0.40 and 0.34 respectively and in 12 wk, P= 0.31 and 0.26). There were no significant differences in endometrial thickness in 6 and 12wk. Conclusion: Effects of isoflavone on frequency and severity of hot flushes in perimenopausal women is observed. Some clinical and ultrasonographic benign non-significant changes of the breast and endometrium are noted after isoflavone intake.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12686 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12686/5924

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 464 465 Zahra KIANI Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masuomeh SIMBAR Midwifery and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahrokh DOLATIAN Dept. of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farid ZAYERI Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12704 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12704/5941

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 390 396 Abbas ASSARI ARANI Dept. of Development and Planning, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbriat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran Tohid ATASHBAR Dept. of Health Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbriat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran Joseph ANTOUN Center for Health Policy, Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA Thomas BOSSERT Dept. of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: Two years after the implementation of the Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP), this study evaluated the effects of the plan on health equity indices. Methods: The main indices assessed by the study were the Out-of-Pocket (OOP) health expenditures, the Fairness in Financial Contribution (FFC) to the health system index, the index of households’ Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE) and the headcount ratio of Impoverishing Health Expenditure (IHE). Results: The per capita share of costs for total health services has been decreased. The lowered costs have been more felt in rural areas, generally due to sharp decrease in inpatient costs. Per capita pay for outpatient services is almost constant or has slightly increased. The reform plan has managed to improve households’ Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE) index from an average of 2.9% before the implementation of the plan to 2.3% after the plan. The Fairness in Financial Contribution (FFC) to the health system index has worsened from 0.79 to 0.76, and the headcount ratio of Impoverishing Health Expenditure (IHE) index deteriorated after the implementation of plan from 0.34 to 0.50. Conclusion: Considerable improvement, in decreasing the burden of catastrophic hospital costs in low income strata which is about 26% relative to the time before the implementation of the plan can be regarded as the main achievement of the plan, whereas the worsening in the headcount ratio of IHE and FFC are the equity bottlenecks of the plan.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12687 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12687/5925

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 397 406 Safoora PORDEL Dept. of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Kazem NEMATI Dept. of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad Hossein KARIMI Shiraz Blood Transfusion Center, Shiraz, Iran Mehrnoosh DOROUDCHI Dept. of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: In the human evolutionary history, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) frequencies are valuable in terms of finding connections between different populations. Due to the pronounced role of the immune system in combating pathogens and environmental stressors, polymorphisms in the immune genes are subject to selection pressure of the diseases as well. The functional polymorphisms in NF-kB1 promoter (-94 ins/del) are associated with different diseases; therefore, we aimed to establish the frequencies of NF-kB1 rs28362491 alleles in a population of Southwestern Iranians in comparison with the world populations. Methods: We assessed the polymorphism of -94 ATTG ins/del (rs28362491) in 201 Iranian healthy blood donors from Fars Province, central Iran in a one year period between 2015 and 2016 by PCR-RFLP method using DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: The frequency of ins/ins homozygote genotype was found to be 46.97%. The frequency of heterozygote individuals was 42.42% and the percentage of del/del homozygote genotype was 10.61%. We observed a genetic similarity based on the genotype frequencies of NF-kB1 -94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism between our sample of Iranians with American Jewish, Turkish, American non-Jewish, Chinese-Uyghurs and Germans. Conclusion: The results confirmed genetic interrelation of Iranians with some ancient neighbors and their admixture with countries along the Silk Road. We suggest that mapping the distribution of NF-kB1-94 ATTG ins/del along with HLA genes may help to better define the relations between human populations and design population-specific vaccines for pathogens with a high rate of variation.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12688 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12688/5926

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 407 412 Hadi HAYATI Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran AND Dept. of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas KEBRIAEEZADEH Pharmaceutical Administration, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali EHSANI Dept. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bahrami Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shekoufeh NIKFAR Pharmaceutical Administration, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali AKBARI SARI Dept. of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Azim MEHRVAR MAHAK Pediatric Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Tehran, Iran Elham SHAHGHOLI Dept. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bahrami Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: There is a requirement to assess the effectiveness and resources used in two protocols United Kingdom (UK-ALL) and Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM-ALL) that are most commonly used to treatment of ALL patients by oncologists in Iran. Accordingly, we analyzed the cost of treatment and utility of children treated with two protocols in Iran. Methods: The entire medical direct costs of patients in "BFM ALL" protocol and "UK ALL" protocol in multi-centers calculated from Apr 2010 to Jun 2015. For calculating utility and Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) of the patients, we used standard questionnaire Health Utilities Index 3 (HUI3). The patients and their parents were interviewed. Data were analyzed using software SPSS18 and EXCEL. Results: The average direct medical cost for each patient for BFM-ALL was 15026 USD and UK-ALL was 8282 USD which showed a significant difference in the total cost of the treatment in the two protocols (P≤0.02). Finally, there was a significant difference in the utility score of the maintenance phase of these two methods (P≤0.003). Conclusion: UK-ALL is dominant and BFM protocol is dominated by both sides total costs and utility and QALY. Mainly, more hospital stay in "BFM ALL" protocol is the cause of raised costs in this protocol. Consequently, by considering different QALYs in the methods and low costs in "UK ALL" protocol, "UK ALL" protocol is more preferred.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12689 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12689/5927

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 413 417 Arezoo MIRFAZELI Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Nafiseh KAVIANY Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Kanizreza HOSSEINPOOR Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Mohammad ARYAIE Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Mohammad Jafar GOLALIPOUR Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: Congenital anomalies are important medical and public health conditions. The pattern and prevalence of birth defects may vary over time or with geographical location. We investigated the live birth prevalence and occurrence pattern of birth defects in Golestan Province, northern Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 144920 live newborns in 13 hospitals in Golestan Province, northern Iran, from 21 Jan 2008 to 19 Mar 2013. The newborns were examined for the presence of birth defects and mothers were interviewed for variables such as maternal age and ethnicity. In addition, data for each newborn was filed in a questionnaire and the coding of birth defects was translated to the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision–clinical modification (ICD-10-CM). Results: Overall, 1690 infants were diagnosed as having birth defects among 144920 live newborns. The prevalence rate of birth defects was 11.66 per 1000 live births, the prevalence of birth defects per 1000 was11.62 in males and 11.42 in females. The prevalence of congenital anomalies among native Fars, Turkmen and Sistani were 13.03, 11.16 and 13.07, respectively, per 1000 live births. Anomalies of the cardiovascular system were the most common defects; the prevalence rate of cardiovascular system was 8.34 per 1000 live birth. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of birth defects in this area was lower than in the other regions in Iran (20.3 per 1000 live births) but higher than in some parts of Asia (7.33 per 1000 live births).     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12690 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12690/5928

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 418 426 Farzad EBRAHIMZADEH Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Ebrahim HAJIZADEH Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Reza BAGHESTANI Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza NAZER Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: Growth failure, constituting one the health problems in children below 2 yr of age, can lead to major complications such as death or mental, emotional and physical disabilities. The present study aimed to investigate effective factors on growth failure in the height and weight of less than 2 yr old children of Khorramabad, Iran in 2013. Methods: This present longitudinal retrospective study used stratified and clustered sampling. Based on growth curves in family records, the incidence times of growth failure in height and weight of each child were recorded. In the next stage, using recurrent events model (proportional rate model), along with SAS software (version 9.2), the data were modeled. Results: According to proportional rate model, the effect of mothers’ educational level on the rate of growth failure in the height and weight of children was significant (P=0.046, P=0.049) and the effect of fathers’ job was significant only on growth failure in children’s weight (P<0.001). However, the effect of other variables, including gender, birth order and exclusive breastfeeding status on children’s growth failure rate was not significant. Conclusion: Enhancing mother’s awareness in low-income families, in tandem with changing educated mothers’ attitude towards the required skills and guiding principles for feeding children below 2 yr of age, can be conceived of as the most important approach in dealing with growth failure of children.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12692 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12692/5929

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 427 434 Ghobad MORADI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Farideh MOSTAFAVI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Mohammad HAJIZADEH Faculty of Health, School of Health Administration, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Mohammad AMERZADE Dept. of Health Services Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amjad MOHAMMADI BOLBANABAD Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Cyrus ALINIA Dept. of Public Health, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Bakhtiar PIROOZI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: This study measured socioeconomic inequalities in different types of disabilities in Iran. We also examined the prevalence of disabilities across different socio-demographic groups in Iran in 201 Methods: This was cross-sectional study using secondary data analysis on all Iranian. Data related to disability prevalence and socioeconomic status (SES) of each province was extracted from the 2011 National Census of Population and Housing (NCPH) and the 2011 Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES), conducted by Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). The concentration index and concentration curve were used to measure and illustrate socioeconomic inequalities in different types of disabilities. Chi-squared test was also used to examine the relationship between the socio-demographic variables (age-groups, sex, education level, employment status) and disability. Results: The results suggested the existence of socioeconomic inequalities in blindness, deafness, vocal disorders and hand disorders in Iran. The concentration index for these four disabilities were -0.0527 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.0881, -0.0173), -0.0451 (CI: -0.0747, -0.0156), -0.0663 (CI: -0.1043, -0.0282) and -0.0545 (CI: -0.0940, -0.0151), respectively. There were also significant associations between the demographic variables such as age-groups, sex, education level, employment status and disability (P<0.05). Conclusion: There were significant socioeconomic inequalities in different types of disabilities in Iran with poorer provinces having higher prevalence of disabilities in blindness, deafness, vocal disorders and hand disorders. Strategies to address the higher prevalence of different types of disabilities among poorer provinces should be considered a priority in Iran.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12693 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12693/5930

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 435 440 Elham BANIMEHDI-DEHKORDI Dept. of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Behnaz SAFFAR Dept. of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Mostafa SHAKHSI-NIAEI Dept. of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: We analyzed the Y-chromosome haplogroups of six documented Arab subpopulations that accommodated separately in different counties of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province but nowadays speak Indo-European language (Luri and Farsi). Methods: This was an outcome study conducted in 2015 to test whether there was any genetic relatedness among some Indo-European-speaking Arab subpopulation accommodated in a geographically similar region, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Seven main Y-chromosome bi-allelic markers were genotyped in six documented Arab subpopulations. Therefore, after DNA extraction from blood samples, PCR reaction carried out by designed primers for J1-M267, J2-M172, and J-M304, I-M170, IJ-M429, F-M89 and K-M9 markers. Then PCR products after quality control on agarose gel were sequenced. Results: Most subjects (83.3%) belonged to F-M89 haplogroup. These subjects belonged to K-M9 (40%), J2-M172 (40%) and I-M170 (20%). Generally, there were at least three genetically distinct ancestors with a divergence date of about 22200 yr for I, 429000 for J and 47400 before present for K haplogroup and may show separate historical migrations of studied populations. As the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of most of these populations, haplogroup F, lived about 40000-50000 yr ago, the data do not support a nearly close genetic relationship among all of these populations. However, there were populations with same haplogroups J2 (n=2), K (n=2), or with a closer MRCA, IJ haplogroups, among I and J2 haplogroups. Finding haplogroup I, a specific European haplogroup, among Arab populations was not expected. Conclusion: Identification of various haplogroups in Arab subpopulations despite its small area and geographically conserved region of this part of Iranian plateau was unexpected.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12694 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12694/5931

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 441 448 Kourosh HOLAKOUIE-NAIENI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Bandar Abbas Health Research Station, WHO Regional Malaria Training Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Shahrzad NEMATOLLAHI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali MANSOURNIA Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad SHEKARI Dept. of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Teimour AGHA-MOLAYI Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Azin ALAVI Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Abdul-Hussain MADANI Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Nadereh HOLAKOUIE-NAIENI Bandar Abbas Health Research Station, WHO Regional Malaria Training Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Hossein SHABKHIZ Bandar Abbas Health Research Station, WHO Regional Malaria Training Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Elham TORABI Bandar Abbas Health Research Station, WHO Regional Malaria Training Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Hasan AHMADI-GHARAEE Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 03 04 evels of miRNAs. Results: The results indicated no significant differences in the expression of miR-21 and miR-31 between different groups; however, in patients with active TB, the expression of miR-21 (P=0.03) and miR-31 (P=0.04) were significantly increased after stimulation with PPD compared to the unstimulated condition. The expression of miR-146 in response to PPD in both LTBI (P=0.02) and TB (P=0.03) groups compared to the HC group was increased. No significant differences were found in the expression level of miR-155 in response to PPD between LTBI and HC groups. However, the fold change was significantly higher in the TB group in comparison with the HC (P=0.03) and LTBI (P=0.05) groups. Conclusion: The results confirm the main role of miR-146 and miR-155 in TB infection and suggest a role for miR-146 and miR-155 as infection and activation markers in tuberculosis infection, respectively. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28684 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28684/8018

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 8 2023 08 07 1758 1763 Zahra Karimi Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Ranjbar Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Najafi Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 02 13 2022 07 06 Background: Salmonella is one of the most leading causes of food-born infection and death among infants and people with the poor immunity system. Because Salmonella spp. have diversity in the genome composition and pathogenicity, access to rapid identification and genotyping is necessary to control of salmonellosis. The CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) typing is a genotyping method that checks these variable sequences in the bacterial genome in a specific species. This study aimed to differentiate Salmonella strains using CRISPR region. Methods: Salmonella isolates, previously identified via standard microbiological and molecular tests, were subjected to the study. Bacterial DNA was extracted and PCR was done using specific primers. The different PCR products were sequenced and the repeats patterns were used to identify additional or degenerate repeat clusters in the CRISPR region. All different sequences were analyzed using CRISPRtionary tool for dendrogram generation using the binary file. Results: Overall, 119 strains of various Salmonella serovars were used. The result showed unique CRISPR and diversity in spacer both in sequence and the number. Analysis of the extracted sequence and band patterns illustrated that, except for S. infantis, both S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates were classified as a separate cluster. Conclusion: CRISPR genotyping could provide serotype/spacers dictionary and it is performed at low cost and high speed in comparison to the other typing methods. Therefore, the assessment of CRISPR and spacer content can be considered as a powerful and practical discriminatory method for subtyping of Salmonella isolates. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/27861 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/27861/8019

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 8 2023 08 07 1764 1772 Fatemeh Sadat Sadjjadi School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tahereh Mohammadzadeh Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baghiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Hamed Jafari Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Yosef Sharifi Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Hamed Nikoupour Dailami Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Fatemeh Hafezi Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2022 07 14 2022 09 02