Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 53 61 Onesimo CUAMEA Facultad de Turismo y Mercadotecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico Karen RAMOS Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion. Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico 2019 01 16 Background: The problem consists in the lack of knowledge of the factors that tourists choose the clinics of a foreign city for their aesthetics treatments, especially at a frontier where a developed and developing country coexist and interact. Methods: The information was obtained on 2016, by applying an exit pool survey to a selected sample of 385 visitors- patients from clinics in the Tijuana, Mexico. Sixteen items were included in the exploratory factor analysis. Results: Four key factors influenced the decision: Quality & Prestige of Clinic and Surgeon, Integration with Tourism Sector, Destination Image and Border Interaction. All the elements had a load factor greater than 0.56 which proved the actual fit in the factor analysis and none of the included variables is trivial. Conclusion: Allow maintaining or increasing the attractiveness of a border city for aesthetic tourism, the administrators of the clinics establish cooperation agreements with entrepreneurs of the tourism sector to benefit their patients.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15938 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15938/6253

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 1 8 Rui ZHANG School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China AND Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China Ling CHEN The Center of Experimental Teaching Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, China Ya-Deng CUI School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China AND Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China Ge LI The Center of Experimental Teaching Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, China 2019 01 16 Background: The aim of our study was to identify the association between Human papillomavirus (HPV) positive rate and smoking in lung cancer (LC) patients. Meanwhile, to analyze differences among gender, age differences on HPV infection rate in LC patients. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search through PubMed, Wan Fang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), MEDLINE, EMBASE (OVID), and Web of Science databases from 1991-2017, and we searched these keywords such as “lung cancer”, “HPV”, “smoking”, and “human papillomavirus”. Review Manager 5.3 software was used to analyze. An estimate of the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. Results: In China, a statistical significance was observed between HPV positive rate and smoking in LC patients (OR=2.34, 95%CI: 1.76–3.09, P<0.001; I2 =25%). However, after stratified by region, no significance was observed in other regions, gender, and age. Conclusion: HPV infections are associated with smoking in LC patients. The association between HPV infection and smoking in LC patients may relate to different regions. There were no differences between gender and age among HPV infection rates in LC patients. To identify the etiology of smoking, HPV, and LC, a further experimental research needs to be conducted.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15933 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15933/6248

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 171 172 Sungyung CHUN Department of Football Science, School of Health Science, Honam University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea Kyoungkyu JEON Division of Sport Science, College of Arts and Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea and Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea 2019 01 16 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15953 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15953/6268

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 62 68 Feng GUO Department of Rheumatism, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China Jianmei CHEN Department of Rheumatism, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China Yu XIE Department of Rheumatism, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China Xueping ZHOU Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China 2019 01 16 Background: This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of noninfectious fever in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the underlying causes through multivariate analysis. Methods: Clinical data of 128 patients with SLE who were admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China from January 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The following factors were closely associated with fever: patient age, treatment history, SLEDAI score, enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes, low hemoglobin, leukopenia, CRP, complement C3, albumin, anti-dsDNA antibody, glucocorticoids, and cyclophosphamide. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors, such as enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes, digestive system involvement, low hemoglobin, leukopenia, CRP, decreased albumin, anti-dsDNA antibody, glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide, were closely associated with noninfectious fever in SLE. Conclusion: Noninfectious fever is a common clinical manifestation of SLE. Factors, such as enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes, digestive system involvement, low hemoglobin, leukopenia, CRP, decreased albumin, anti-dsDNA antibody, glucocorticoids, and cyclophosphamide, were independent risk factors for noninfectious fever in SLE.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15939 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15939/6254

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 9 19 Mohamed H. ELSHAHIDI Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt 2019 01 16 Background: During the past 20 years, the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased by ∼10%-100% in several race/ethnicity groups. There is an association between ambient air pollution (AAP) and GDM. This study aimed to summarize the evidence about the association between AAP and GDM. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched from inception till Oct 2017. Studies about the association between ambient air pollutants levels and GDM were included. Pooled effect estimates and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using R. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The odds of developing GDM upon exposure to CO (per 1 ppm), NO (per 1 ppb), NO2 (per 10 µg/m3), NOx (per 1 ppb), O3 (per 10 ppb), SO2 (per 10 ppb), PM10 (per 10 µg/m3) and PM2.5 (per 10 µg/m3) were 1.47 (95% CI 0.88-2.06), 1.04 (95% CI 1.03-1.06), 1 (95% CI 0.93-1.08), 1.02 (95% CI 1-1.04), 1.05 (95% CI 0.94-1.16), 1.39 (95% CI 1.04-1.73), 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.99) and 1.12 (95% CI 0.93-1.31), respectively. Conclusion: The current literature showed evidence for an association between AAP and GDM. However, further well-designed studies are needed.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15934 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15934/6249

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 173 175 Tigran PETROSYAN Department of Speech Therapy and Rehabilitation, Armenian State Pedagogical University after Khachatur Abovyan, Yerevan, Armenia Hasmik MKRTCHYAN Department of Speech Therapy and Rehabilitation, Armenian State Pedagogical University after Khachatur Abovyan, Yerevan, Armenia Zvart HARUTYUNYAN Department of Speech Therapy and Rehabilitation, Armenian State Pedagogical University after Khachatur Abovyan, Yerevan, Armenia Armenuhi AVAGYAN Department of Speech Therapy and Rehabilitation, Armenian State Pedagogical University after Khachatur Abovyan, Yerevan, Armenia 2019 01 16 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15954 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15954/6269

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 69 76 Saejong PARK Department of Sports Sciences, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul, Korea Dong-Sik CHUNG Department of Sports Sciences, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul, Korea Byoung-Goo KO Department of Sports Sciences, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul, Korea Hong-Sun SONG Department of Sports Sciences, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul, Korea Kwang Jun KIM Department of Sports Sciences, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul, Korea Jin-Wook CHUNG Department of Sports Culture, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea Seunghee LEE Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Korea Chul-Hyun KIM Department of Sports Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea Younshin NAM Department of Sports for All, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea Seungyun SHIN Department of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Yongin, Korea Hyo LEE Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea Sochung CHUNG Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Hong-Yup AHN Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea Jeong Hun OH Seoul Physical Education Middle School, Seoul, Korea Wi-Young SO Sports and Health Care Major, College of Humanities and Arts, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si, Korea 2019 01 16 Background: This study aimed to identify percent body fat cut-off points related to metabolic syndrome in a large sample of Korean adolescents. Methods: The subjects (n=2120; boys=1107, girls=1013) were middle and high school students aged 12–17 yr who participated in the Korean National Fitness Award Project in 2013. Percent body fat was estimated via eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis. Metabolic syndrome was classified using established standards based on the National Cholesterol Education Program with the definition modified for age. Age- and sex-specific percent body fat z-scores were calculated for every adolescent using skewness, median, and coefficient of variation curves to account for growth and development. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to identify the percent body fat cut-off points using percent body fat z-scores from skewness, median, and coefficient of variation curves as the test and metabolic syndrome as the criterion. Results: Based on the modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria for metabolic syndrome, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for percent body fat were 0.882 and 0.893 for boys and girls, respectively. The percent body fat percentiles were 82.2 and 87.3 for boys and girls, respectively. According to the skewness, median, and coefficient of variation curves, the percent body fat cut-off points based on the modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria were 23.6%-25.7% for boys and 32.8%-37.3% for girls, both aged 12-17 yr. Age- and sex-specific percent body fat cut-off points were identified in relation to the metabolic syndrome status of Korean adolescents. Conclusion: These percent body fat cut-offs might be useful for identifying metabolic abnormality due to obesity in Korean adolescents.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15940 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15940/6255

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 20 31 Farshid NOORBAKHSH Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kamal ABDOLMOHAMMADI Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran AND Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran Yousef FATAHI Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein DALILI Department of Pediatrics, Breastfeeding Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrnaz RASOOLINEJAD Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farshid REZAEI Center for Control of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Mostafa SALEHI-VAZIRI Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Nazanin Zahra SHAFIEI-JANDAGHI Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Shamsi GOOSHKI Department of Medical Ethics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Morteza ZAIM Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hossein NICKNAM Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 01 16 Background: Zika virus infection has recently attracted the attention of medical community. While clinical manifestations of the infection in adult cases are not severe and disease is not associated with high mortality rates, Zika virus infection can have an impact on fetal development and lead to severe neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Methods: To gain insight into different aspects of Zika virus infection, a comprehensive literature review was performed. With regard to epidemiology and geographical distribution of Zika virus infection, relevant information was extracted from CDC and WHO websites. Results: In this review, we discuss different basic and clinical aspects of Zika virus infection including virology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of disease. Laboratory methods required for the diagnosis of disease together with ethical issues associated with Zika virus infection will also be discussed in detail. Conclusion: Herein, we have tried to provide a multi-faceted view of Zika virus infection, with greater emphasis on disease status in Eastern Mediterranean Region. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15935 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15935/6250

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 176 178 Sangwook SEO Gyeongsangbuk-do Government Public Institute of Health and Environment, Yeongcheon, Republic of Korea Kisok KIM College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea 2019 01 16 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15955 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15955/6270

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 77 84 Pei-Quan WANG Department of Intensive Care Unit, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255400, China Jing LI Department of Geratology, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255400, China Li-Li ZHANG Department of Intensive Care Unit, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255400, China Hong-Chun LV Department of Intensive Care Unit, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255400, China Su-Hua ZHANG Department of Health Care, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China 2019 01 16 Background: The study aimed to detect critical metabolites in acute lung injury (ALI). Methods: A comparative analysis of microarray profile of patients with sepsis-induced ALI compared with sepsis patients with was conducted using bioinformatic tools through constructing multi-omics network. Multi-omics composite networks (gene network, metabolite network, phenotype network, gene-metabolite association network, phenotype-gene association network, and phenotype-metabolite association network) were constructed, following by integration of these composite networks to establish a heterogeneous network. Next, seed genes, and ALI phenotype were mapped into the heterogeneous network to further obtain a weighted composite network. Random walk with restart (RWR) was used for the weighted composite network to extract and prioritize the metabolites. On the basis of the distance proximity among metabolites, the top 50 metabolites with the highest proximity were identified, and the top 100 co-expressed genes interacted with the top 50 metabolites were also screened out. Results: Totally, there were 9363 nodes and 10,226,148 edges in the integrated composite network. There were 4 metabolites with the scores > 0.009, including CHITIN, Tretinoin, sodium ion, and Celebrex. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate, triphosadenine, and tretinoin had higher degrees in the composite network and the co-expressed network. Conclusion: Adenosine 5'-diphosphate, triphosadenine, and tretinoin may be potential biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of ALI.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15941 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15941/6256

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 32 42 Batoul AHMADI Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh SALAVATI Department of Public Health, School of Nursery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran 2019 01 16 Background: National plans have an important role in defining vision, goals, priorities, and action plans. The present paper examined the international experience in developing upstream documents concerning women's health; it regards the necessity of developing Iranian women's health plan. Methods: This review, conducted with search in electronic databases and literature of no limitation in terms of years conducted. The phrases such as "woman health policy", "woman health promotion", "woman health strategy" and "woman health plan” were searched. The criteria based on which the countries were chosen were the degree to which they were developed in health system, health indexes, the accessibility of required information, and the possibility of benchmarking the new methods. Results: Emphasize on gender as a determinant of health, increasing the economic activities of women, decreasing the violence against women, gender-based researches, and inter-sectorial approach are some common items in the women’s health plans in selected countries. The main upstream documents about women health in Iran such as ‘Research policies and principles of women issues’, “Women Charter of Rights in Iran” were not developed and implemented in form of a comprehensive plan so we need to formulate a full women health national plan that summarizes all previous policies with addition of new needed strategies inclusion. Conclusion: Developing a national plan for Iranian women’s health regarding with selected countries experiences makes a long-term vision for health and obtains the institutional and organizational efforts and resources necessary for women health promotion in Iran.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15936 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15936/6251

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 179 180 Marian MARAK Faculty of Social Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia Pavol BENO Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia Martin SAMOHYL Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia 2019 01 16 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15956 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15956/6271

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 85 94 Besey ÖREN Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey Neriman ZENGIN Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey 2019 01 16 Background: This study determined the occupational exposure and health problems experienced by nursing and midwifery students during their clinical internships. Methods: The study population consisted of 1719 nursing and midwifery students studying at the health sciences faculties of six Turkish universities in 2016. Data were collected using a questionnaire prepared by researchers, namely Occupational Exposure and Health Problems in Clinical Environment Questionnaire, and the State-Trait Anxiety Scale. The data were analyzed using Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis variance analysis, and Spearman correlation analysis. Significance was accepted in a 95% confidence interval and a level of P<0.05. Results: The students had a mean age of 20.86 yr (1.72), and 48.6% had midwifery and 51.4% had nursing major. More than 17.8% of the students were experienced occupational exposure during their clinical internships. Total score for students was 2.15 ±0.71. The scores of the students examined for exposure to hazards and verbal violence was 2.13 ± 1.17, for needle stick injury it was 2.10 ± 1.13. In addition, when the scores of the students' health problems were examined, insomnia 3.57 ± 1.22, low back pain 2.84 ± 1.29, shoulder or arm pain 2.68 ± 1.29 were determined statistically. There was a positive significant relationship between the mean clinical occupational hazardous exposure and health problems and state-trait anxiety scores (P<0.01). Conclusion: Approximately one-fifth of the students were exposed to occupational hazardous at the hospital while they were on their clinical internship programs. Students rarely experience occupational exposure, but often suffer from insomnia, sometimes musculoskeletal pains (back, shoulder arm, neck), rarely have skin problems.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15942 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15942/6257

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 43 52 Sedighe FOROUHARI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Saeed HOSSEINI TESHNIZI Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Mohammad Hasan EHRAMPOUSH Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Seyed Saeed MAZLOOMY MAHMOODABAD Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Hossein FALLAHZADEH Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Seyed Ziaeddin TABEI Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Health, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad NAMI Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Masoud MIRZAEI Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Bahia NAMAVAR JAHROMI Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Seyyed Mehrdad HOSSEINI TESHNIZI Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, School of Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA Jalil GHANI DEHKORDI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Maryamsadat KAZEMITABAEE Isfahan Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2019 01 16 Background: Religious obligation helps people to develop mental health by creating internal commitment to special rules. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the relationship between religious orientation and anxiety among college students. Methods: Major scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO, ProQuest and PsycINFO were searched for original research articles published 1987-2016.   A random effect model was used to combine Correlation coefficient. All analyses were performed using Stata MP. Results: After screening of 7235 documents, 13 articles including 5620 participants met inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis. Correlation coefficient was -0.08 (95% CI= -0.19, -0.03) which indicated with increasing religious orientation, anxiety and depression reduced (P<0.001). Characteristics such as sex, geographic region, and type of religions were potential sources of heterogeneity. Based on fill-and-trim method the adjusted pooled r was obtained, -0.06 (95% CI= -0.16, -0.04). Conclusion: There was a weakness relationship between religious orientation and mental anxiety and depression. Therefore, it needs to improve knowledge of student about advantages of religious orientation.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15937 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15937/6252

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 181 183 Marta DĄBROWSKA-BENDER Dept. of Clinical Dietetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland and“Fundation Onko Cafe-Together Better”, Warsaw, Poland Robert SŁONIEWSKI Dept. of Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Urszula RELIGIONI Collegium of Business Administration, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland Anna SŁONIEWSKA Masovian Oncological Hospital, Wieliszew, Poland Magdalena2017 04 26 Background: Estimating the burden of non-communicable diseases particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) is essential for health management and policymaking. In this paper, we used a regression model to estimate the future impact of demographic changes on the burden of CVD in Iran during the next two decades. Methods: Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were used to estimate the future burden of CVD in Iran. A regression model was used to estimate DALY caused by CVD in the Iranian population aged 30–100 yr, stratified by age group and sex. The predicted population of Iranians aged ≥ 30 yr was entered into the model and DALY were calculated over 2005-2025. To assess the areas of uncertainty in the model, we did sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation. Results: In the year 2005, there were 847309 DALYs caused by CVD in Iranian adults aged ≥ 30 yr. This figure will nearly be 1728836 DALYs in 2025. In other words, just because of the aging, DALY related to CVD will increase more than two-fold in 2025 compared with 2005. The burden of CVD was higher in men (443235) than in women (404235) in 2005; but in 2025, the difference will be less (867639 vs. 861319). Conclusion: The burden of CVD will increase steeply in Iran over 2005–2025, mainly because of the aging population. Therefore, more attention is needed to deal with the impact of CVD in the following decades in Iran.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9759 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9759/5630

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 577 578 Gordana MIHAJLOVIC Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia AND Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Miljanka VUKSANOVIC Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Nebojsa DESPOTOVIC Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia AND Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Maja NIKOLIC-DESPOTOVIC Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Predrag ERCEG Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia AND Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Dragoslav P. MILOSEVIC Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia AND Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Tomislav JOVANOVIC Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Thyroid Dysfunction in the Elderly with Hearth Failure https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9772 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9772/5668

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 517 524 Nazila FATHI MAROUFI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Amir GHORBANIHAGHJO Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Manizheh SAYYAH MELLI Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Maryam VAEZI Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Zohreh HEKMATI AZAR MEHRABANI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Maryam BANNAZADEH AMIRKHIZ Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Nadereh RASHTCHIZADEH Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Background: Pregnancy Associated Osteoporosis (PAO) can lead to serious difficulties such as fragility fractures, elongated back pain and height loss in affected women. Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B ligand (sRANKL) to Osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio is chosen as a bone metabolism equation in many bone diseases characterized by bone resorption, such as post-menopausal osteoporosis and would be modified with folic acid supplementation. This study was done to compare the effects of high dose (5mg/day) and low dose (0.5 mg/day) folic acid in the RANKL/OPG ratio and Tumor Necrosis Factorα (TNFα) concentration during pregnancy. Methods: Forty-five pregnant women who visited the AL-Zahra Hospital, Tabriz Iran, from September 2013 to November 2014 were assigned into two groups in this randomized, double-blind, clinical trial, included women who took 5 mg/day (group1) and who took 0.5 mg/day (Group 2) folic acid supplementation before pregnancy until 36th pregnancy. The biochemical variables in serum of pregnant women were measured before and at the end of the study. The study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) as ID, IRCT2013122315903N1. Results: OPG levels were significantly higher compared with the baseline value (P=0.008), although sRANKL (P<0.001), TNFα (P=0.005) and sRANKL/OPG ratio (P<0.001) reduced significantly with high dose of folic acid supplementation. A significant positive correlation was observed between the decreased RANKL and TNFα levels (r=0.451, P=0.031) at the end of study in high dose group. Conclusion: High dose of folic acid supplementation could decrease bone resorptive biomarkers and may prevent PAO in pregnant women by increasing OPG and decreasing sRANKL and TNFα.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9760 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9760/5631

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 579 580 Ali Asghar VALIPOUR Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran Mahdi MOHAMMADIAN Dept. of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran Mahin GHAFARI Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Abdollah MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AND Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Predict the Future Incidence and Mortality of Breast Cancer in Iran from 2012-2035 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9773 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9773/5669

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 525 529 Mehdi NATEGHPOUR Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali HOSSEININASAB Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehrdad FARROKHNIA Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Foroughieh DASTOURI Kerman Province Health Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Katayun ALIDOOSTI Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Dadkhoda SADEQUI Kahnouj Health Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran Asadollah AHMADI Kahnouj Health Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Background: Malaria is a big problem of public health in many tropical countries where socioeconomic development is deficient. Four species of plasmodium are capable of infecting human: P. falciparum, P. malaria, P.vivax, P. ovale. Southeastern corner of Iran, including Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan and the tropical part of Kerman Province, are endemic region of malaria. This study aimed to find out clinical findings in malaria caused by various plasmodium species in moderate transmission area of southern Kerman Province. Methods: This study was conducted in health centers of Kahnooj, Manujan, Ghale-Ganj, Roudbar and Fariab in south of Kerman Province, Southeastern Iran during 2005-2009. Three hundred and thirty patients with positive malaria parasite slides entered the study. Frequencies of several malaria clinical presentations were investigated in four plasmodium species. Results: 54.2% of considered patients were male. Mean age of patients was 22.8±17.8 yr. Younger and older patient were 6 months and 80 yr, respectively. Ten patients were infected with P. falciparum, 314 with plasmodium vivax and 6 with mixed infection. The symptoms of fever, chills and sweating were present in 74.6% of subjects. Other complaints were joint pain, headache, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea. Splenomegaly was detected in 17.57% of the individuals. Conclusion: Malaria should be considered in differential diagnosis of all acutely febrile patients in endemic area. Classic symptoms of fever, chills and sweating may not present in all of patients.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9762 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9762/5708

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 581 582 Mohamad ZARENEYESTANAK Dept. of Psychology and Education of Exceptional ‎Children, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Masoud Gholamali LAVASANI Dept. of Psychology and Educational Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Gholamali AFROOZ Dept. of Psychology and Educational Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Predicted Weight of Infants According to Biological, Psychological and Social Variables of Mothers in Iran https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9774 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9774/5670

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 530 536 Ravan AHMADI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mehrzad HAJIALILO Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Amir GHORBANIHAGHJO Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Ali MOTA Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Sina RAEISI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Nasrin BARGAHI Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad VALILO Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Farahnaz ASKARIAN Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Background: Scleroderma is a chronic connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) that play particular functions in calcium and phosphate homeostasis may be involved in the etiology of this disorder. Klotho, the co-receptor of the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), can interfere with calcium and phosphate metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum Klotho, FGF-23, intact PTH (iPTH) and vitamin D levels in scleroderma patients compared with the healthy controls. Methods: The study was performed in Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) from 2014-2015. Sixty scleroderma patients based on the classification criteria of systemic sclerosis and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Serum Klotho, FGF-23, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH Vit D), and iPTH levels were analyzed using ELISA. Results: Serum levels of Klotho and 25-OH Vit D in the scleroderma patients were lower than those in the healthy controls (P˂0.001). In addition, scleroderma patients had higher serum iPTH levels than the controls (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in serum FGF-23 levels between the patients and controls (P=0.202). Conclusion: The decreased serum Klotho, 25-OH Vit D, and increased iPTH levels in the scleroderma patients may be associated with the pathogenesis of this disease and could be considered a future therapeutic target.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9763 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9763/5633

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 583 584 Ahmad KALATEH SADATI Dept. of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Sami Najmaddin SAEED Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali HOSSEINI Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 10 05 Absracts Absracts Absracts Absracts https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18568 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18568/6557

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1855 1860 Zeinab TAVAKKOL AFSHARI Department of Immunogenetic and Cell Culture, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Zahra GHOLIZADEH Department of Immunogenetic and Cell Culture, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Amin Reza NIKPOOR Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Jalil TAVAKKOL AFSHARI Department of Immunogenetic and Cell Culture, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Rashin GANJALI Department of Immunogenetic and Cell Culture, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Fatemeh HOMAEI SHANDIZ Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Khadijeh JAMIALAHMADI Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2019 10 05 Background: The tumor protein p73 (TP73) is a homolog of TP53 family. Ectopic p73 overexpression largely mimics p53 activities as a tumor suppressor and activates the transcription of p53-responsive genes and as a result induce apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the association between p73 G4A polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer in a northeastern Iranian population. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 105 patients who admitted in educational hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran during 2013-2015, with breast cancer as case group and 120 healthy women as the control group. PCR-CTPP method was used to investigate the relationship between the p73 G4A polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer. Results: There was no significant association between the AA genotype of the p73 G4A polymorphism and breast cancer in case and control groups. Although G allele frequency was higher in the case group, the abundance of this allele between case and control groups was not statistically meaningful and, as a result, not associated with the risk of breast cancer in this study group. Conclusion: There was no association between G4A p73 polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer in a northeastern Iranian population. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18545 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18545/6538

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1861 1869 Morteza JOSHANI KHEIBARI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran Reza ESMAEILI Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran Mahmood KAZEMIAN Department of Health Economics, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran 2019 10 05 Background: Health reform in Iran began in 2014, aimed at improving financing pattern of health services. We assessed the reform by changes in variables representing distribution of health payments and catastrophic expenditures. Methods: Using data from households’ income-expenditure survey, this study computed the financial variables, representing poverty line and households at poor state, household’s catastrophic health expenditure, fairness in financial contribution (FFC) index, and household’s impoverishment state, in the years 2010-2016, in urban and rural areas. The variables were computed by special software designed for this study, based on C-Sharp(C#) programming language, with yearly data on more than 38000 households, each with 1072 information sources. Results: The food share-based poverty line after sharp rise in 2010-2013, in 2014-2016 raised slowly, and the average percent of households facing catastrophic health expenditure, after sharp rise in 2011-2013, left at 3.25 in 2014-2015 and raised to 3.45 in 2016. The average FFC index remained at 0.839 to 0.837 in 2013-2016. However, interestingly, the average percent of households impoverished after out-of-pocket payments improved from 1.36 to 0.912 in 2013-2016. Conclusion: In three years of health reform, the major impact of reform was considerable improvements in the rate of the impoverished after out-of-pocket payments. The reform had limited impacts on the rates of households facing catastrophic health expenditure, and on FFC indexes, for the rural and urban residents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18546 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18546/6539

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1870 1878 Fatemeh ESFARJANI Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hedayat HOSSEINI Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ramin KHAKSAR Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Roshanak ROUSTAEE Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Haleh ALIKHANIAN Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marjan KHALAFI Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amin MOUSAVI KHANEGHAH Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil Fatemeh MOHAMMADI-NASRABADI Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 10 05 Background: Food safety and food security are interrelated concepts with a profound impact on the quality of human life. The current study, for the first time, was set to identify associations between home food safety practice and household food insecurity a structural equation modeling approach. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, urban households were selected from among 10 health centers of five districts of Tehran, Iran (2015). The following questionnaires were completed: socioeconomic status (SES), food security and food safety. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied for predicting the relationships between SES, food insecurity, and food safety in households. Results: Food security was observed in 56% of households. Mild, moderate and severe food-insecure households were determined to be 29%, 12%, and 3%, respectively. In addition, the scores of home food safety practice in 37.5%, 33% and 29.5% of the households were classified as desirable, acceptable and weak, respectively. Low-educated mothers having husbands with low educational and occupational level had a weaker food safety practice compared to high-educated ones. Based on the SEM results, an inverse association between food safety practice and food insecurity score was observed (t= -2.89, ɣ= 0.16). Conclusion: Food insecurity and undesirable food safety practice were relatively prevalent among households. In addition, the economic and social factors could inversely affect both food insecurity and food safety practices. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18549 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18549/6540

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1879 1884 Reza RANJBAR Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Davoud AFSHAR Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran 2019 10 05 Background: Klebsiella pneumonia is one of the common causes of pneumonia and bacteremia in intensive care patients. The present study was aimed to determine the capability of (GTG) 5-PCR assay for molecular typing of K. pneumonia strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Methods: In this descriptive-sectional study, K. pneumoniae strains were collected from hospitalized patients with urinary tract infection in Baqiyatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran during 2017-2018. Isolates were identified by conventional microbiological tests. Bacterial DNA was extracted using boiling method and (GTG) 5-PCR assay was used for subtyping of the isolates. For clustering of isolates, dendrogram was generated according to the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic (UPGMA). Results: Overall, 88 K. pneumoniae isolates were isolated and subjected to the molecular typing study. The (GTG) 5–PCR assay was able to differentiate the K. pneumoniae strains into 9 clusters including G1-G9. Genotype clusters G4 and G9 consist of highest (26) and lowest (1) number isolate, respectively. Conclusion: The K. pneumonia strains isolated under the study belonged to various clones and the (GTG) 5-PCR assay as simple and rapid method can be a powerful tool for molecular typing of K. pneumoniae strains. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18550 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18550/6541

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1885 1892 Mohammad Reza SHIRZADI Communicable Diseases Management Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Mohammad JAVANBAKHT Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, School of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Nahid JESRI Remote Sensing & GIS Centre, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Abedin SAGHAFIPOUR Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 2019 10 05 Background: Nowadays, geographic information system (GIS) is one of the most useful epidemiological tools for identifying high-risk areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, information on positive cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the three provinces located in northeastern Iran during Jul 2011 to Jul 2017 was obtained from the Iranian Ministry of Health. Based on the postal address of each case, the geographical coordinates of each patient were determined for spatial analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. For spatial analysis, Moran’s index autocorrelation and Kriging interpolation method were used in GIS software. Results: Moran’s index autocorrelation showed that spatial distribution of disease incidence in the study area was cluster pattern (Z-score > 1). In addition, Kriging interpolation method revealed that 90% of southern parts of North Khorasan province and northern parts of Razavi Khorasan Province formed hot spots. Conclusion: The CL incidence is a function of spatial and geographical trends. In addition, spatial trends in the disease incidence distribution indicate that it is not greatly increased or decreased from one area to another. It appears as hot spots areas. Spatial analysis by showing high risk areas can be useful tools for controlling and preventing CL incidence. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18551 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18551/6542

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Jo