Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1440 1452 Lun LI Dept. of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China An RU National Training Office, Shandong Sport University, Shandong, China Ting LIAO Dept. of Swimming Teaching and Research, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China Shisi ZOU Dept. of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China Xiao Hong NIU Dept. of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China Yong Tai WANG College of Nursing and Health Sciences, The University of Texas, Tyler, Texas, USA 2018 10 06 Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to systematically determine the effects of rock climbing on College Students’ physical fitness by means of Meta-analysis. Methods: Studies investigated the possible fitness benefits of rock climbing were identified through a computerized search of six electronic databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science Periodical Database, PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and PsycINFO. Effects of rock climbing exercise intervention trials >4 wk, published in English and Chinese between Jan 1996 and May 2016, including between subject and within subject designs, were reviewed. Nine studies were included in this meta-analysis. Ten selected variables in this meta-analysis were: Body fat percentage, VO2max, Heart rate, Handgrip strength, Lower limb pedaling power, Vertical Jump, Push-Ups, Pull-Ups, Sit-Ups, and Sit-and-reach. The effect sizes of these ten variables were calculated (P<0.05) and forest plots along with effective sizes were presented. Results: Rock climbing can significantly improve Handgrip strength, Lower limb pedaling power, Vertical Jump, Push-Ups, Pull-Ups, Sit-Ups and Sit-and-reach (P<0.01), and significantly increase VO2max (P<0.05), however, rock climbing did not show significant improvement on Heart rate and Body fat percentage. Conclusion: As a newly popular physical exercise, rock climbing has a significantly positive impact on the physical fitness among college students. Rock climbing may be more effective if the college students engage in it for a longer term.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14904 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14904/6150

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1453 1457 Faezeh SHABANI AZIM Student Scientific Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamidreza HOURI Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zohreh GHALAVAND Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bahram NIKMANESH Zoonosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, AND Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 10 06 Abstract Background: The aim of this mini-review is to highlight the potential applications of next-generation sequencing technology to the field of clinical oncology with respect to genetic diagnosis, cancer classification, predictive biomarkers and personalized medicine. Methods: Scientific databases were searched to collect relative data. Results: Effective systematic analysis of whole-genome sequence and whole-exome sequence of tumors, targeted genome profiling, transcriptome sequencing and tumor- normal comparisons can be performed using NGS in order to diagnosis of several types of cancer. Conclusion: NGS technology can be powerful enough to discover new and infrequent gene alterations, identify hereditary cancer mutation carriers and provide a reliable molecular portrait of wide range of cancers in a quick and cost-effective manner.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14905 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14905/6153

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1458 1465 Gholamhossein YAGHOOBI Dept. of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Gholamreza ANANI SARAB Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran 2018 10 06 Background: Trachoma as a common cause of infectious blindness is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. This study aimed to review the available data from variety of sources and provide an overview of the epidemiological situation of Trachoma in Iran focused on the past seventy five years. Methods: A literature search of English and Farsi articles regarding trachoma in Iran from the electronic databases and paper documents was performed. Original articles, case reports and letters were included. Results: By the early and mid-20th century, trachoma was widely endemic with the prevalence rate of more than 60% in Iran. Currently, trachoma prevalence is significantly lower than in the past and the elimination of trachoma is achievable in the near future. The decline in active disease is mainly attributed to improvement of socio-economic situation and personal and environmental hygiene rather than targeted interventions for epidemic control. Conclusion: Elimination of trachoma in Iran is achievable. However, trachoma prevalence estimation is required to be interpreted with some caution. Uncertainty around these estimates is partly because of the mismatch between the presence of infection and clinical findings.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14907 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14907/6154

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1466 1475 Susan Jaccoud Ribeiro DE SOUZA Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Andrea de Castro DOS SANTOS Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Milena Binhame ALBINI Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Marilisa Carneiro Leão GABARDO School of Life Sciences, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Antonio Adilson Soares DE LIMA Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Maria Ângela Naval MACHADO Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 2018 10 06 Background: This study investigated the association between sociodemographic, behavioral, oral health, variables of drug consumption, and the short version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), in Southern Brazilian drug users. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 202 drug users aged 18 or over admitted for treatment at the Institute for Research and Treatment of Alcoholism (Instituto de Pesquisa e Tratamento do Alcoolismo -IPTA) from the municipality of Campo Largo, PR, Brazil, from 2012 to 2014, were involved. They answered a questionnaire and were examined by a calibrated researcher. Data were collected and bivariate (Chi-square test) and multivariate (logistic regression and Wald’s test) analyses were performed. Results: There was statistical difference (P<0.05) in bivariate analysis and the worst impacts were reported by non-whites, those who reported feeling metallic taste in mouth and tooth mobility, which use cigarettes for over 15 yr and consume more than 3 g of crack/day, with DMFT >10, and number of teeth in mouth ≤27. In the multivariate analysis, statistical difference remained, except for ethnicity (P=0.207). Conclusion: Self-perception of oral health was associated with the variables explored, which suggests the need for strategies focused on this population.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14908 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14908/6155

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1476 1483 Zhuo Li TAO Dept. of Medical Humanities, School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing, China Yi LIU Health Education Institute, Yunnan Health Department, Kunming, China 2018 10 06 Background: There are few reports about relationship between parents’ age of onset of substance use and their children’s age of onset. The aim of this study was to explore the association between parents’ age of onset of substance use and that of their children, the influence of parents’ factor on their children’s age of onset of substance use. Methods: Overall, 2036 Chinese college students from ten universities in five cities were assessed for their alcohol and tobacco’s use, and they reported on their parents’ alcohol and tobacco’s use, their parents’ attitudes towards their substance use and their parental education level. Among current substance users, multiple regression analyses were used to test whether their parents’ age of onset of substance use and their parents’ attitudes towards their substance use predict their age of onset of substance use. Results: Parents of children who used substances earlier showed significantly more tolerance towards their children’s substance use than parents of children with a later onset of substance use. Among current substance users, their parents’ age of onset of substance significantly predicted children’s age of onset. The parents’ attitudes had a significant impact on their children’s age of onset of substance use. Conclusion: Parental factors (attitudes towards their children’s substance use and parents’ age of onset of substance use) are related to age of onset and substance use in children. Prevention program for parents is necessary, especially for those parents who have a tolerant attitude towards their children’s substance use.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14909 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14909/6156

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1484 1492 Praba GINANDJAR Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia AND Doctoral Program of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Lintang Dian SARASWATI Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Dedy SUPARYANTO Master Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia AND District Health Office, Pekalongan District, Central Java, Indonesia Mateus SAKUNDARNO Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia AND Master Program of Epidemiology, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Taniawati SUPALI Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia 2018 10 06 Abstract Background: WHO initiated lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination globally. Pekalongan District, as LF endemic area, started a program of mass drug administration (MDA) to combat LF in 2015. This study aimed to determine prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection prior to the MDA. Methods: LF infection was detected by the existence of circulating filarial antigen (CFA) W. bancrofti using immunochromatographic card test (ICT). The study population consisted of 1404 elementary school (ES) students living in Pekalongan District. Overall, 1033 were selected as study subjects. Prevalence survey was also conducted on 436 general population in areas where infected students were found. Results: The subjects ranged from 7-17 yr old (mean 9.85±1.296) and equally distributed between both sexes. Prevalence of W. bancrofti infection was 1.98% in children. Infection was mostly found in older students (12 yr old), male, in 6th grade, but did not differ significantly (P=0.129, 0.376, and 0.212 respectively). On the other hand, distribution of infection was significantly different by school (P=0.009) and sub-district (P=0000). Most of children with LF infection were found in Tirto Sub District. In general population, the prevalence of W. bancrofti infection in Tirto was 4.4%. Proportion of infection in males (12.2%) was greater than females (3.8%), with 78.9% of positive cases were in adult over 20 yr old. Conclusion: Cases of W. bancrofti infection exist in Pekalongan District, both in children and adults. Implementation of MDA must be carefully monitored in order to achieve elimination target.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14910 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14910/6151

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1493 1503 Jinjing ZENG School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China AND Library, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China Wende ZHANG School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China Qingming TANG Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 2018 10 06 Background: The participation of enterprises and governments in the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) improves the disease management levels by enhancing the accessibility of medical resources. Non-participation of the stakeholders restricts the development of the MPP. Hence, systematic analysis of the key factors influencing MPP participation is necessary. Methods: A system dynamics model of the market before and after enterprises and governments join the MPP was constructed by considering the economic benefits of both stakeholders. The effects of generic drug prices, royalty rates, pooling subsidies, and enterprise scale on the relevant benefit difference were analyzed. Data from the China Medical and Economic Network for the period 2003-2016, as well as the 2017 annual report of Celgene Corporation, were used as test data. Results: The proper pooling subsidy coefficient ranges between 0.05 and 0.08 when the generic drug price ratio and royalty rate are lower than 36% and 34%, respectively. These factors could enhance the willingness of both stakeholders to join the MPP. Initial R&D investments and the relative drug patent intensity of enterprises respectively exert positive and negative impacts on their willingness to join the MPP. Conclusion: To encourage stakeholders to join the MPP, generic drug prices should be lowered, license fees and subsidies should be adjusted appropriately, and the R&D scale and strength of original drug enterprises should be taken into account. The research results provide a reference for formulating the rules of MPP and other policies aiming to facilitate the sharing and innovation of medical resources.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14911 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14911/6157

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1504 1510 Hülya KÖK EREN Dept. of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey Özlem ÖRSAL Dept. of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to determine the level of computer game addiction and loneliness among 9-10-yr-old children. Methods: The study was conducted with 4th-grade students at a primary school, located at the city center, during 2017-2018 academic years. There was no sampling in the research, all 4th-grade students of the school were reached. “Personal Information Form”, “Computer Game Addiction Scale” and “UCLA Loneliness Scale” were used for collecting data. Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test, and Correlation Analysis were used to evaluate the data of the research. Results: 50.7% (n=104) of the students were female, most frequent number of sister/brother was one 39.0% (n=80), both their mother 31.7% (n=65) and their father 34.1% (n=69) were mostly high school graduated. The average scores that students got from the scales were; 48.66±.27.02 (min.: 21.00, max.: 105) for “Computer Game Addiction Scale” and 40.55±8.50 (min: 22.00, max.: 64) for “UCLA Loneliness Scale”. A weak, positive and significant relationship was found between students’ loneliness scale scores and computer game addiction scale scores (r=0.357; P<0.000). Conclusion: A significant relationship was found between students’ computer game addiction and loneliness. It is suggested to perform children’s loneliness and computer game addiction assessments, evaluate effectiveness and establish a rehabilitating treatment system among school-hospital-family for abnormal cases.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14912 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14912/6158

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1511 1519 Wenxiang LI Dept. of Gynecology, Women & Children’s Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, China 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to investigate the influence of nursing intervention on recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) patients treated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-infrared bio-effect technique. Methods: Sixty eight RVVC patients of Women & Children’s Health Care Hospital of Linyi were randomly divided into intervention group (n=34) and control group (n=34) from to June, 2016 to June 2017. Patients in intervention group received the one-to-one intervention based on ATP-infrared bio-effect technique; the individualized nursing intervention program was developed. Patients in control group were treated with routine nursing for vaginitis and follow-up. The intervention effect was evaluated via clinical efficacy and MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) scale. Results: After the total course of treatment, there was significant difference in the cure rate between the two groups of patients (P<0.05). 1 month after all courses of treatment, the scores of physical functioning (PF), mental health (MH), vitality (V) and bodily pain (BP) in intervention group were higher than those in control group, displaying statistically significant differences (P=0.029; P=0.049; P=0.042; P=0.039, respectively). 6 months after the total course of treatment, the score of each dimension in intervention group was higher than that in control group during the same period (P<0.01). Conclusion: Nursing intervention can increase the cure rate, change the adverse cognition and improve the quality of life of RVVC patients treated with ATP-infrared bio-effect technique.        https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14913 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14913/6159

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1520 1528 Selen YILMAZ IŞIKHAN Vocational School of Social Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey AND Dept. of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Dilek GÜLEÇ Polatlı Vocational School of Health Services, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to determine how many clusters, WHO member countries would be grouped based on the causal rates of disease-specific deaths and preventable risk factors, and evaluated the cluster memberships using some sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors. Methods: We constructed a dataset relating to 146 WHO countries using reports and some official websites. An explanatory factor analysis was implemented to reveal the underlying patterns of the dataset. The Ward Hierarchical clustering method and gap statistical analyses were used to group countries that have similar causes of death. Clusters were then compared using subgroup analysis based on some socioeconomic and sociodemographic indicators. Results: We divided 146 countries into six meaningful clusters. In a comparative analysis, the differences between clusters were found to be statistically significant according to disease-specific causes of death, risk factors, socioeconomic, and sociodemographic indicators (P<0.001). Conclusion: Income levels, expenditure rates on health, educational levels, and causes of death in a country are directly proportional to one another. Furthermore, it was surprising that the country clusters regarding causes of death and health risk factors showed regional distributions.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14914 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14914/6160

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1529 1536 Jing WANG Clinical Laboratory, Weihaiwei People’s Hospital, Weihai 264200, China Xiaofeng LIU Clinical Laboratory, Pingdu People’s Hospital, Pingdu 266700, China 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to investigate the correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and the development and prognosis of gastric cancer. Methods: Retrospective analysis was used to collect 120 paraffin-embedded specimens and 42 paracancerous specimens of gastric cancer patients archived in Department of Pathology, Weihaiwei People’s Hospital from 2010-2012. All patients with gastric cancer were followed for 5 years. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative H. pylori infection in gastric cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues. The relationship between clinicopathological parameters and H. pylori relative infection was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier was used for survival analysis. Results: The relative amount of H. pylori infection in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in paracancerous normal tissues (P<0.001). The relative H. pylori infection was related to tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and depth of invasion (P<0.05). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of gastric cancer patients were negatively correlated with the relative H. pylori infection. The relative H. pylori infection, age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, clinical stage and depth of invasion were positively correlated with the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Conclusion: The relative H. pylori infection and clinical stage of patients could increase the risk of death in gastric cancer patients. H. pylori is one of the independent risk factors for the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer. It is also an index to evaluate the development process and prognosis of gastric cancer.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14915 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14915/6161

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1537 1545 Nazish IMRAN Dept. of Child & Family Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan Atif RAHMAN Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Nakhshab CHAUDHRY Dept. of Basic Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan Aftab ASIF Dept. of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to explore inner city school teachers’ perceptions of problems faced in schools, it causes and role of schools and teachers in promoting child social and emotional well-being, using qualitative approach. Methods: Following ethical approval and informed consent, In-depth interviews were conducted in 2017 with twenty teachers belonging to four private schools in inner city area of Provincial capital, Lahore, Pakistan. Inclusion criteria were at least 12 years of formal education and minimum of 5 years’ experience in teaching profession. Framework Analysis was used to analyze data. Results: Teachers identified learning problems, inattention, disobedience, aggression, lying & disrespect as the most commonly encountered problems of children, with very few teachers mentioning emotional difficulties. Teachers view the family, parenting practices and home environment alongside media (in particular social media) as being the main causes of child behavioral problems. With prompts, however, they did identify various school and teacher-related factors having negative impact on children. Fair conceptualization of good school and good teacher was observed. Need for teacher awareness and training for strategies promoting child emotional and social wellbeing was highlighted. Conclusion: As perceived by teachers, children studying in inner city schools have several behaviour problems. Study results and the gaps identified will help in ensuring that teachers receive training targeted towards their needs. Findings of the study also substantiate the need for targeting whole school-wide preventive approach as efforts begin to implement school mental health initiative in Pakistan.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14916 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14916/6162

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1546 1551 Yao CHEN Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Zhihuai MO Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Jianyong CAO Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Zhaojuan SU Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Yuexia ZHANG Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Fang CHEN Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Jianying WANG Dept. of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China 2018 10 06 Background: To investigate the effect of applying doctor-nurse-patient integration management mode to patients with endometriosis (EMT). Methods: A total of 160 patients with EMT from the Department of Neurology of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2017 to October 2017 were selected. They were divided into control group and experimental group according to the time sequence of hospitalization, with 80 patients in each group. The traditional nursing management mode was implemented in the control group, and doctor-nurse-patient integration mode was implemented in the experimental group. The psychological status, quality of life, and satisfaction of the 2 groups of patients were compared one year after surgery. Results: The anxiety and depression scores in the observation group were (41.89±7.50) and (42.40±7.40) points, respectively, and those in the control group were (57.55±9.68) and (55.00±9.35) points, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=-11.44, -9.42, P<0.05). The improvement rate of quality of life (sleep, work and sexual life) in the observation group was 87.5%, which was higher than that in the control group (63.8%). The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (U=583, P<0.01). The satisfaction rate in the observation group was 90.00%, which was higher than that in the control group (78.75%) (U=592.00, P< 0.01). Conclusion: The doctor-nurse-patient integration management mode can effectively improve the negative psychological status and quality of life of patients with EMT and improve patient satisfaction, which is worth popularizing.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14917 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14917/6163

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1552 1557 Masoud BEHZADIFAR Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tina BEYRANVAND Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi JAFARI Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Meysam BEHZADIFAR Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Masood TAHERI MIRGHAED Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mariano MARTINI Dept. of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of History of Medicine and Ethics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Nicola Luigi BRAGAZZI Dept. of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy 2018 10 06 Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure directly impacts on poverty and household welfare, especially when there is a decline in healthcare financing. This study was aimed to describe the temporal pattern of OOP expenditures related to Iranian healthcare services during 1995-2014. Methods: For describing the trend of OOP spending in Iran, the database of the World Bank was mined for the period under study. Further, the trend analysis has been complemented by an exhaustive and comprehensive review of the extant literature. Results: From 1995 to 2014, out-of-pocket decreased from 53.59% to 47.8% of the total health expenditure, probably because of the different health reforms implemented throughout the years. However, out-of-pocket expenditure in Iran remains higher than the world average (roughly 3 times higher) Conclusion: It is an onus of the Iranian government to make serious attempts in order to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure, as well as to protect particularly poor and vulnerable subjects against catastrophic health expenditure. In order to ensure an equitable and affordable access to the healthcare system, decision- and policy-makers in Iran should implement a review of health care costs, insurance tariffs, and healthcare services packages covered by insurance organizations as well as introduce a progressive tax-based financing scheme as soon as possible.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14919 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14919/6164

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1558 1566 Mohammad Hosein KALANTAR MOTAMEDI Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abolfazl ABOUIE Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nima HAFEZI-NEJAD Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Soheil SAADAT Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Afarin RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas MOTEVALIAN Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh AMIN-ESMAEILI Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vandad SHARIFI Dept. of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad HAJEBI Research Center for Addiction & Risky Behavior (ReCARB), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Psychiatric, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali EBRAHIMI Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vafa RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 10 06 Background: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence, predictors and cost of CAM practitioner use among traumatic patients in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional household survey of a nationally representative sample of Iranians 15 to 64 yr old was conducted in 2011, using a three-stage cluster sampling. Short Form Injury Questionnaire 7 (SFIQ7) was utilized through face-to-face interviews and data on demographics, history of injuries, mechanism, site and type of injury, type and place of the treatment were attained. Via telephone calls, service use and costs of treatment were also collected. Results: The prevalence of CAM practitioner use in injured people and victims seeking medical care was 0.7% and 4.1%, respectively in 3-month interval in 2011. There were no significant sociodemographic differences between victims who seek unconventional settings and those who seek conventional treatment. The most common injury description treated by CAM providers was as follows: fracture (type of injury), upper limb (site of injury), fall (mechanism of injury) and cast, splint, and physiotherapy (type of treatment). The average medical cost of CAM practitioner was US$14.7 while this amount in the conventional setting was US$195.5. Conclusion: Use of CAM is not very common among injured people in Iran. However, due to lack of formal training, CAM usage has possible side effects.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14920 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14920/6165

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 07 1567 1574 Davood YARI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Ramin SARAVANI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Samira SARAVANI Dept. of Biology, School of Fundamental Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Kamran EBRAHIMIAN Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Hamid Reza GALAVI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/27782 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/27782/7828

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 1 2023 01 07 138 146 Draginja Vuksanovic Stankovic Faculty of Law, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro Bojan Masanovic Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro 2022 10 04 2023 01 07 Background: The aim of this study was to quantify perceived human rights status and put it into perspective to identify areas for monitoring action and progress. Methods: The subjects of this cross-sectional study included a sample of 703 respondents (369 males and 334 females) aged between 18 and 82 yr, divided into four age groups. The research was conducted from 23 Apr to 9 Nov 2021 and respondents from all 24 municipalities of Montenegro were included. The sample of variables contained the system of 19 general attitudes, which give a review of human rights accomplishments (modeled by a seven-point Likert scale). The variables were analyzed using ANOVA, MANOVA, and LSD Post Hoc test. Results: There were differences in the perceived human rights status for different age groups when the interindividual level of interaction (most negative answers in-group IV) and the principle of human rights legislation participation (most negative answers in group I) were considered. Conclusion: This fact indicates the existence of vulnerable age groups. Members of the oldest age category do not succeed in accomplishing adequate interpersonal communication with the persons from their nearest environment, while the opinion of the youngest age category is not respected enough and the possibility to participate equally in the making of important decisions is not being provided to them.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29995 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29995/7835

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 1 2023 01 07 147 158 Wenli Xie Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China Xin Shi Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China Hewang Lee Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National In-stitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Lili Wang Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China Nan Niu Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China Peng Qu Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China 2022 07 21 2022 09 02 Background: We aimed to determine whether NLRP3 inflammasomes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were associated with carotid plaque instability in carotid atherosclerosis patients. Methods: Consecutive 38 carotid atherosclerosis with vulnerable plaques, 22 carotid atherosclerosis with stable plaques, and 40 healthy subjects with no carotid or coronary artery stenosis were enrolled. They were referred to the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University from 2013-2019. Carotid plaques were evaluated by modified plaque vulnerability risk score (MPVRS) and pathological assessment. The mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components in PBMC were determined by quantitative real time PCR and Western blot analysis or ELISA. Results: When consecutive study subjects undergoing carotid endarterectomy were divided into stable (≤4) and unstable (>4) plaque groups according to the MPVRS, the unstable plaque group had significantly raised mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components in PBMC as compared with the stable plaque group and healthy subject group. Furthermore, subjects with higher NLRP3 protein expression in PBMC had greater incidence of cerebrovascular events. Conclusions: Increased NLRP3 inflammasome components in PBMC is associated with instability of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting NLRP3 inflammasome as a potential biomarker for monitoring carotid plaque instability. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29361 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29361/7836

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 1 2023 01 07 159 165 Duygu Yengil Taci Department of Family Medicine, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey Selin Yılmaz Department of Family Medicine, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey İsmail Arslan Department of Family Medicine, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey İzzet Fidancı Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Mustafa Çelik Department of Family Medicine, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey 2022 05 30 2022 10 23 Background: We aimed to evaluate the frequency of frailty and the affecting factors in people living in our society over 65 yr old. Methods: Our descriptive and cross-sectional study included 261 individuals aged 65 and over who applied to Ankara Training and Research Hospital family practice centers and district polyclinics from 1 Jan to 1 Feb 2020. The participants were asked to complete a sociodemographic data form, FRAIL Scale, Katz Daily Living Activities Scale, Lawton&Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form. Results: According to the FRAIL Scale results: 35 people were found to be frail (13.4%), 115 to be pre-frail (44.1%). No frailty was observed in 111 people (42.5%). While the mean score of the Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale was found to be 5.65±0.71, the mean score of the Lawton&Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale was found to be 6.65±1.69. In the geriatric depression evaluation, mild, medium or severe depression was detected in 87 participants (33.2%). As the level of frailty increased, the Geriatric Depression Scale score climbed significantly (P<0.001). In frail individuals, Lawton&Brody Scale scores were significantly lower (P<0.001). In our study: a correlation was found between frailty and female gender, being single, low income, low educational level, obesity, polypharmacy and decreased physical activity. Additionally, as the number of children increase frailty in women increases therewithal. Conclusion: Elderly people had high frailty. Polypharmacy, depression and reduced physical activity were the more frequent in frail elderly. In frail females, the number of children was significantly higher.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/28897 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/28897/7837

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 1 2023 01 07 166 174 Simin Darvish Noori Kalaki Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Darabi Department of Public Health, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran Mohammed Gubari Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq Mehdi Yaseri Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Esmail Motlagh Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Ramin Heshmat Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sci-ences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa Qorbani 1. Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran 3. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Michael Jones Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK Saeed Safari Emergency Department, Shohadye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Baratloo 1. Pre-Hospital and Hospital Emergency Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Emergency Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoud Baikpour Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Yousefifard 1. Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, The Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sci-ences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa Hosseini 1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, The Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Roya Kelishadi Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2021 07 23 2023 01 07 Background: In 2017, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) updated clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hypertension in children. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension in Iranian children based on the latest guidelines. Methods: Data on 7301 student participants (3589 boys and 3712 girls) aged between 7-12 yr were assessed. The data were extracted from the fifth Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non-communicable Disease (CASPIAN V) school-based study conducted in the 30 provinces of Iran in 2015. Blood pressure (BP) was classified as normal, elevated BP, and stage 1 and 2 hypertension using weighted analysis and the 2017 AAP guidelines. All analyses were performed in STATA 14.0 statistical software, with findings presented in terms of prevalence. Results: The overall prevalence of high BP in Iranian children was 14.7%. In addition, 15.1% of boys had high BP, with 9.4% and 1.7% of them with stage 1 and 2 hypertension, respectively. Moreover, 14.3% of girls had high BP, of which 10% had stage 1 and 1.3% with stage 2 hypertension. For elevated hypertension, it was observed in 4% of boys and 3% of girls. Conclusion: Using the 2017 AAP guidelines demonstrated a higher prevalence of hypertension in children (14.7%) in Iran. The prevalence of hypertension in boys was slightly higher compared to girls. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25668 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25668/7838

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 1 2023 01 07 175 183 Mitra Montazeri Medical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehdi Ahmadinejad Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mahdieh Montazeri 1. Medical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2. Department of Health Information Sciences, Faculty of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy Medical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohadeseh Montazeri Department of Computer, Technical and Vocational University, Kerman, Iran Leila Ahmadian Kerman University of Medical Science 2020 10 10 2021 06 21 Background: Intensive Care Unit (ICU) has the highest mortality rate in the world. ICU has special equipment that leads to the hospital's most costly parts. The length of stay in the ICU is a special issue, and reducing this time is a practical approach. We aimed to use artificial intelligence to help early and timely diagnosis of the disease to help with health. Methods: We designed a rule-based intelligent system to predict the length of stay and the mortality rate of trauma patients in ICU. A neuro-Fuzzy and eight machine learning models were used to predict the mortality rate in trauma patients in ICU. The performances of these techniques were evaluated with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve. Decision-Table was used to predict the length of stay in trauma patients in ICU. For comparison, eight machine learning models were used. The method is compared based on Mean absolute error and relative absolute error (%). Results: Neuro-Fuzzy expert system and Decision-Table showed better results than other techniques. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and ROC Area of Nero-Fuzzy are 83.6735, 0.9744, 0.3000, 0.8379, and 1, respectively. The mean absolute error and Relative absolute error (%) of the Decision-Table model are 4.5426 and 65.4391, respectively. Conclusion: Neuro-Fuzzy expert system with the highest level of accuracy and a Decision-Table with the lowest Mean absolute error, which are rule-based models, are the best models. Therefore, these models are recommended as a valuable tool for prediction parameters of ICU as well as medical decision-making.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/22473 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/22473/7839

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 1 2023 01 07 184 192 Hossein Ali Rangkooy Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Shahla Mokaramian Department of Occupational Health, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Behrooz Zargar Department of Chemistry, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 2021 02 15 2021 10 18 Background: The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial and urban areas has adverse effects on the environment and human health. Toluene, the main pollutant among the VOCs, has wide applications in different industries such as plastics, adhesives, silicone sealant, paint, etc. This study aimed to remove of toluene from the air by using TiO2 nanoparticles supported on the natural zeolite using the photocatalytic process. Methods: This is an experimental study that was conducted in 2017 in the Chemical Agents Laboratory of the Occupational Health Engineering Department at Jundishapur University in Ahvaz. Toluene vapour decomposition was carried out using UV/ZE, UV/TiO2, and UV/TiO2-ZE under continuous flows conditions. The effects of toluene initial concentration, retention time, and nanocomposite surface weight on toluene vapour decomposition were also investigated. Results: When UV/TiO2 and UV/TiO2-ZE systems are performed, increasing the initial toluene concentration reduces the efficiency of photocatalytic decomposition. The SEM images of TiO2-ZE catalyst show that zeolite pores were occupied by titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Moreover, the combination of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and zeolite has an incremental effect on toluene decomposition. Increasing retention time raises toluene decomposition, and the increased nanocomposite surface weight raises decomposition to the maximum level (70%) at 33.68 mg/cm2 weight and then decreases. Conclusion: The increasing toluene decomposition rate by using the TiO2-ZE nanocomposite can be due to the incremental effect of absorption and photocatalytic decomposition.   https://ijph.tums