Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1440 1452 Lun LI Dept. of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China An RU National Training Office, Shandong Sport University, Shandong, China Ting LIAO Dept. of Swimming Teaching and Research, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China Shisi ZOU Dept. of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China Xiao Hong NIU Dept. of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China Yong Tai WANG College of Nursing and Health Sciences, The University of Texas, Tyler, Texas, USA 2018 10 06 Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to systematically determine the effects of rock climbing on College Students’ physical fitness by means of Meta-analysis. Methods: Studies investigated the possible fitness benefits of rock climbing were identified through a computerized search of six electronic databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science Periodical Database, PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and PsycINFO. Effects of rock climbing exercise intervention trials >4 wk, published in English and Chinese between Jan 1996 and May 2016, including between subject and within subject designs, were reviewed. Nine studies were included in this meta-analysis. Ten selected variables in this meta-analysis were: Body fat percentage, VO2max, Heart rate, Handgrip strength, Lower limb pedaling power, Vertical Jump, Push-Ups, Pull-Ups, Sit-Ups, and Sit-and-reach. The effect sizes of these ten variables were calculated (P<0.05) and forest plots along with effective sizes were presented. Results: Rock climbing can significantly improve Handgrip strength, Lower limb pedaling power, Vertical Jump, Push-Ups, Pull-Ups, Sit-Ups and Sit-and-reach (P<0.01), and significantly increase VO2max (P<0.05), however, rock climbing did not show significant improvement on Heart rate and Body fat percentage. Conclusion: As a newly popular physical exercise, rock climbing has a significantly positive impact on the physical fitness among college students. Rock climbing may be more effective if the college students engage in it for a longer term.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14904 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14904/6150

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1453 1457 Faezeh SHABANI AZIM Student Scientific Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamidreza HOURI Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zohreh GHALAVAND Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bahram NIKMANESH Zoonosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, AND Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 10 06 Abstract Background: The aim of this mini-review is to highlight the potential applications of next-generation sequencing technology to the field of clinical oncology with respect to genetic diagnosis, cancer classification, predictive biomarkers and personalized medicine. Methods: Scientific databases were searched to collect relative data. Results: Effective systematic analysis of whole-genome sequence and whole-exome sequence of tumors, targeted genome profiling, transcriptome sequencing and tumor- normal comparisons can be performed using NGS in order to diagnosis of several types of cancer. Conclusion: NGS technology can be powerful enough to discover new and infrequent gene alterations, identify hereditary cancer mutation carriers and provide a reliable molecular portrait of wide range of cancers in a quick and cost-effective manner.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14905 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14905/6153

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1458 1465 Gholamhossein YAGHOOBI Dept. of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Gholamreza ANANI SARAB Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran 2018 10 06 Background: Trachoma as a common cause of infectious blindness is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. This study aimed to review the available data from variety of sources and provide an overview of the epidemiological situation of Trachoma in Iran focused on the past seventy five years. Methods: A literature search of English and Farsi articles regarding trachoma in Iran from the electronic databases and paper documents was performed. Original articles, case reports and letters were included. Results: By the early and mid-20th century, trachoma was widely endemic with the prevalence rate of more than 60% in Iran. Currently, trachoma prevalence is significantly lower than in the past and the elimination of trachoma is achievable in the near future. The decline in active disease is mainly attributed to improvement of socio-economic situation and personal and environmental hygiene rather than targeted interventions for epidemic control. Conclusion: Elimination of trachoma in Iran is achievable. However, trachoma prevalence estimation is required to be interpreted with some caution. Uncertainty around these estimates is partly because of the mismatch between the presence of infection and clinical findings.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14907 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14907/6154

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1466 1475 Susan Jaccoud Ribeiro DE SOUZA Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Andrea de Castro DOS SANTOS Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Milena Binhame ALBINI Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Marilisa Carneiro Leão GABARDO School of Life Sciences, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Antonio Adilson Soares DE LIMA Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Maria Ângela Naval MACHADO Dept. of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 2018 10 06 Background: This study investigated the association between sociodemographic, behavioral, oral health, variables of drug consumption, and the short version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), in Southern Brazilian drug users. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 202 drug users aged 18 or over admitted for treatment at the Institute for Research and Treatment of Alcoholism (Instituto de Pesquisa e Tratamento do Alcoolismo -IPTA) from the municipality of Campo Largo, PR, Brazil, from 2012 to 2014, were involved. They answered a questionnaire and were examined by a calibrated researcher. Data were collected and bivariate (Chi-square test) and multivariate (logistic regression and Wald’s test) analyses were performed. Results: There was statistical difference (P<0.05) in bivariate analysis and the worst impacts were reported by non-whites, those who reported feeling metallic taste in mouth and tooth mobility, which use cigarettes for over 15 yr and consume more than 3 g of crack/day, with DMFT >10, and number of teeth in mouth ≤27. In the multivariate analysis, statistical difference remained, except for ethnicity (P=0.207). Conclusion: Self-perception of oral health was associated with the variables explored, which suggests the need for strategies focused on this population.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14908 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14908/6155

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1476 1483 Zhuo Li TAO Dept. of Medical Humanities, School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing, China Yi LIU Health Education Institute, Yunnan Health Department, Kunming, China 2018 10 06 Background: There are few reports about relationship between parents’ age of onset of substance use and their children’s age of onset. The aim of this study was to explore the association between parents’ age of onset of substance use and that of their children, the influence of parents’ factor on their children’s age of onset of substance use. Methods: Overall, 2036 Chinese college students from ten universities in five cities were assessed for their alcohol and tobacco’s use, and they reported on their parents’ alcohol and tobacco’s use, their parents’ attitudes towards their substance use and their parental education level. Among current substance users, multiple regression analyses were used to test whether their parents’ age of onset of substance use and their parents’ attitudes towards their substance use predict their age of onset of substance use. Results: Parents of children who used substances earlier showed significantly more tolerance towards their children’s substance use than parents of children with a later onset of substance use. Among current substance users, their parents’ age of onset of substance significantly predicted children’s age of onset. The parents’ attitudes had a significant impact on their children’s age of onset of substance use. Conclusion: Parental factors (attitudes towards their children’s substance use and parents’ age of onset of substance use) are related to age of onset and substance use in children. Prevention program for parents is necessary, especially for those parents who have a tolerant attitude towards their children’s substance use.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14909 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14909/6156

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1484 1492 Praba GINANDJAR Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia AND Doctoral Program of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Lintang Dian SARASWATI Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Dedy SUPARYANTO Master Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia AND District Health Office, Pekalongan District, Central Java, Indonesia Mateus SAKUNDARNO Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia AND Master Program of Epidemiology, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Taniawati SUPALI Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia 2018 10 06 Abstract Background: WHO initiated lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination globally. Pekalongan District, as LF endemic area, started a program of mass drug administration (MDA) to combat LF in 2015. This study aimed to determine prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection prior to the MDA. Methods: LF infection was detected by the existence of circulating filarial antigen (CFA) W. bancrofti using immunochromatographic card test (ICT). The study population consisted of 1404 elementary school (ES) students living in Pekalongan District. Overall, 1033 were selected as study subjects. Prevalence survey was also conducted on 436 general population in areas where infected students were found. Results: The subjects ranged from 7-17 yr old (mean 9.85±1.296) and equally distributed between both sexes. Prevalence of W. bancrofti infection was 1.98% in children. Infection was mostly found in older students (12 yr old), male, in 6th grade, but did not differ significantly (P=0.129, 0.376, and 0.212 respectively). On the other hand, distribution of infection was significantly different by school (P=0.009) and sub-district (P=0000). Most of children with LF infection were found in Tirto Sub District. In general population, the prevalence of W. bancrofti infection in Tirto was 4.4%. Proportion of infection in males (12.2%) was greater than females (3.8%), with 78.9% of positive cases were in adult over 20 yr old. Conclusion: Cases of W. bancrofti infection exist in Pekalongan District, both in children and adults. Implementation of MDA must be carefully monitored in order to achieve elimination target.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14910 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14910/6151

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1493 1503 Jinjing ZENG School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China AND Library, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China Wende ZHANG School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China Qingming TANG Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 2018 10 06 Background: The participation of enterprises and governments in the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) improves the disease management levels by enhancing the accessibility of medical resources. Non-participation of the stakeholders restricts the development of the MPP. Hence, systematic analysis of the key factors influencing MPP participation is necessary. Methods: A system dynamics model of the market before and after enterprises and governments join the MPP was constructed by considering the economic benefits of both stakeholders. The effects of generic drug prices, royalty rates, pooling subsidies, and enterprise scale on the relevant benefit difference were analyzed. Data from the China Medical and Economic Network for the period 2003-2016, as well as the 2017 annual report of Celgene Corporation, were used as test data. Results: The proper pooling subsidy coefficient ranges between 0.05 and 0.08 when the generic drug price ratio and royalty rate are lower than 36% and 34%, respectively. These factors could enhance the willingness of both stakeholders to join the MPP. Initial R&D investments and the relative drug patent intensity of enterprises respectively exert positive and negative impacts on their willingness to join the MPP. Conclusion: To encourage stakeholders to join the MPP, generic drug prices should be lowered, license fees and subsidies should be adjusted appropriately, and the R&D scale and strength of original drug enterprises should be taken into account. The research results provide a reference for formulating the rules of MPP and other policies aiming to facilitate the sharing and innovation of medical resources.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14911 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14911/6157

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1504 1510 Hülya KÖK EREN Dept. of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey Özlem ÖRSAL Dept. of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to determine the level of computer game addiction and loneliness among 9-10-yr-old children. Methods: The study was conducted with 4th-grade students at a primary school, located at the city center, during 2017-2018 academic years. There was no sampling in the research, all 4th-grade students of the school were reached. “Personal Information Form”, “Computer Game Addiction Scale” and “UCLA Loneliness Scale” were used for collecting data. Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test, and Correlation Analysis were used to evaluate the data of the research. Results: 50.7% (n=104) of the students were female, most frequent number of sister/brother was one 39.0% (n=80), both their mother 31.7% (n=65) and their father 34.1% (n=69) were mostly high school graduated. The average scores that students got from the scales were; 48.66±.27.02 (min.: 21.00, max.: 105) for “Computer Game Addiction Scale” and 40.55±8.50 (min: 22.00, max.: 64) for “UCLA Loneliness Scale”. A weak, positive and significant relationship was found between students’ loneliness scale scores and computer game addiction scale scores (r=0.357; P<0.000). Conclusion: A significant relationship was found between students’ computer game addiction and loneliness. It is suggested to perform children’s loneliness and computer game addiction assessments, evaluate effectiveness and establish a rehabilitating treatment system among school-hospital-family for abnormal cases.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14912 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14912/6158

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1511 1519 Wenxiang LI Dept. of Gynecology, Women & Children’s Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, China 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to investigate the influence of nursing intervention on recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) patients treated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-infrared bio-effect technique. Methods: Sixty eight RVVC patients of Women & Children’s Health Care Hospital of Linyi were randomly divided into intervention group (n=34) and control group (n=34) from to June, 2016 to June 2017. Patients in intervention group received the one-to-one intervention based on ATP-infrared bio-effect technique; the individualized nursing intervention program was developed. Patients in control group were treated with routine nursing for vaginitis and follow-up. The intervention effect was evaluated via clinical efficacy and MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) scale. Results: After the total course of treatment, there was significant difference in the cure rate between the two groups of patients (P<0.05). 1 month after all courses of treatment, the scores of physical functioning (PF), mental health (MH), vitality (V) and bodily pain (BP) in intervention group were higher than those in control group, displaying statistically significant differences (P=0.029; P=0.049; P=0.042; P=0.039, respectively). 6 months after the total course of treatment, the score of each dimension in intervention group was higher than that in control group during the same period (P<0.01). Conclusion: Nursing intervention can increase the cure rate, change the adverse cognition and improve the quality of life of RVVC patients treated with ATP-infrared bio-effect technique.        https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14913 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14913/6159

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1520 1528 Selen YILMAZ IŞIKHAN Vocational School of Social Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey AND Dept. of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Dilek GÜLEÇ Polatlı Vocational School of Health Services, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to determine how many clusters, WHO member countries would be grouped based on the causal rates of disease-specific deaths and preventable risk factors, and evaluated the cluster memberships using some sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors. Methods: We constructed a dataset relating to 146 WHO countries using reports and some official websites. An explanatory factor analysis was implemented to reveal the underlying patterns of the dataset. The Ward Hierarchical clustering method and gap statistical analyses were used to group countries that have similar causes of death. Clusters were then compared using subgroup analysis based on some socioeconomic and sociodemographic indicators. Results: We divided 146 countries into six meaningful clusters. In a comparative analysis, the differences between clusters were found to be statistically significant according to disease-specific causes of death, risk factors, socioeconomic, and sociodemographic indicators (P<0.001). Conclusion: Income levels, expenditure rates on health, educational levels, and causes of death in a country are directly proportional to one another. Furthermore, it was surprising that the country clusters regarding causes of death and health risk factors showed regional distributions.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14914 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14914/6160

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1529 1536 Jing WANG Clinical Laboratory, Weihaiwei People’s Hospital, Weihai 264200, China Xiaofeng LIU Clinical Laboratory, Pingdu People’s Hospital, Pingdu 266700, China 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to investigate the correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and the development and prognosis of gastric cancer. Methods: Retrospective analysis was used to collect 120 paraffin-embedded specimens and 42 paracancerous specimens of gastric cancer patients archived in Department of Pathology, Weihaiwei People’s Hospital from 2010-2012. All patients with gastric cancer were followed for 5 years. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative H. pylori infection in gastric cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues. The relationship between clinicopathological parameters and H. pylori relative infection was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier was used for survival analysis. Results: The relative amount of H. pylori infection in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in paracancerous normal tissues (P<0.001). The relative H. pylori infection was related to tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and depth of invasion (P<0.05). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of gastric cancer patients were negatively correlated with the relative H. pylori infection. The relative H. pylori infection, age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, clinical stage and depth of invasion were positively correlated with the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Conclusion: The relative H. pylori infection and clinical stage of patients could increase the risk of death in gastric cancer patients. H. pylori is one of the independent risk factors for the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer. It is also an index to evaluate the development process and prognosis of gastric cancer.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14915 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14915/6161

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1537 1545 Nazish IMRAN Dept. of Child & Family Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan Atif RAHMAN Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Nakhshab CHAUDHRY Dept. of Basic Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan Aftab ASIF Dept. of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to explore inner city school teachers’ perceptions of problems faced in schools, it causes and role of schools and teachers in promoting child social and emotional well-being, using qualitative approach. Methods: Following ethical approval and informed consent, In-depth interviews were conducted in 2017 with twenty teachers belonging to four private schools in inner city area of Provincial capital, Lahore, Pakistan. Inclusion criteria were at least 12 years of formal education and minimum of 5 years’ experience in teaching profession. Framework Analysis was used to analyze data. Results: Teachers identified learning problems, inattention, disobedience, aggression, lying & disrespect as the most commonly encountered problems of children, with very few teachers mentioning emotional difficulties. Teachers view the family, parenting practices and home environment alongside media (in particular social media) as being the main causes of child behavioral problems. With prompts, however, they did identify various school and teacher-related factors having negative impact on children. Fair conceptualization of good school and good teacher was observed. Need for teacher awareness and training for strategies promoting child emotional and social wellbeing was highlighted. Conclusion: As perceived by teachers, children studying in inner city schools have several behaviour problems. Study results and the gaps identified will help in ensuring that teachers receive training targeted towards their needs. Findings of the study also substantiate the need for targeting whole school-wide preventive approach as efforts begin to implement school mental health initiative in Pakistan.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14916 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14916/6162

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1546 1551 Yao CHEN Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Zhihuai MO Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Jianyong CAO Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Zhaojuan SU Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Yuexia ZHANG Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Fang CHEN Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Jianying WANG Dept. of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China 2018 10 06 Background: To investigate the effect of applying doctor-nurse-patient integration management mode to patients with endometriosis (EMT). Methods: A total of 160 patients with EMT from the Department of Neurology of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2017 to October 2017 were selected. They were divided into control group and experimental group according to the time sequence of hospitalization, with 80 patients in each group. The traditional nursing management mode was implemented in the control group, and doctor-nurse-patient integration mode was implemented in the experimental group. The psychological status, quality of life, and satisfaction of the 2 groups of patients were compared one year after surgery. Results: The anxiety and depression scores in the observation group were (41.89±7.50) and (42.40±7.40) points, respectively, and those in the control group were (57.55±9.68) and (55.00±9.35) points, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=-11.44, -9.42, P<0.05). The improvement rate of quality of life (sleep, work and sexual life) in the observation group was 87.5%, which was higher than that in the control group (63.8%). The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (U=583, P<0.01). The satisfaction rate in the observation group was 90.00%, which was higher than that in the control group (78.75%) (U=592.00, P< 0.01). Conclusion: The doctor-nurse-patient integration management mode can effectively improve the negative psychological status and quality of life of patients with EMT and improve patient satisfaction, which is worth popularizing.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14917 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14917/6163

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1552 1557 Masoud BEHZADIFAR Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tina BEYRANVAND Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi JAFARI Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Meysam BEHZADIFAR Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Masood TAHERI MIRGHAED Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mariano MARTINI Dept. of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of History of Medicine and Ethics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Nicola Luigi BRAGAZZI Dept. of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy 2018 10 06 Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure directly impacts on poverty and household welfare, especially when there is a decline in healthcare financing. This study was aimed to describe the temporal pattern of OOP expenditures related to Iranian healthcare services during 1995-2014. Methods: For describing the trend of OOP spending in Iran, the database of the World Bank was mined for the period under study. Further, the trend analysis has been complemented by an exhaustive and comprehensive review of the extant literature. Results: From 1995 to 2014, out-of-pocket decreased from 53.59% to 47.8% of the total health expenditure, probably because of the different health reforms implemented throughout the years. However, out-of-pocket expenditure in Iran remains higher than the world average (roughly 3 times higher) Conclusion: It is an onus of the Iranian government to make serious attempts in order to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure, as well as to protect particularly poor and vulnerable subjects against catastrophic health expenditure. In order to ensure an equitable and affordable access to the healthcare system, decision- and policy-makers in Iran should implement a review of health care costs, insurance tariffs, and healthcare services packages covered by insurance organizations as well as introduce a progressive tax-based financing scheme as soon as possible.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14919 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14919/6164

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1558 1566 Mohammad Hosein KALANTAR MOTAMEDI Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abolfazl ABOUIE Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nima HAFEZI-NEJAD Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Soheil SAADAT Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Afarin RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas MOTEVALIAN Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh AMIN-ESMAEILI Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vandad SHARIFI Dept. of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad HAJEBI Research Center for Addiction & Risky Behavior (ReCARB), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Psychiatric, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali EBRAHIMI Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vafa RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 10 06 Background: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence, predictors and cost of CAM practitioner use among traumatic patients in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional household survey of a nationally representative sample of Iranians 15 to 64 yr old was conducted in 2011, using a three-stage cluster sampling. Short Form Injury Questionnaire 7 (SFIQ7) was utilized through face-to-face interviews and data on demographics, history of injuries, mechanism, site and type of injury, type and place of the treatment were attained. Via telephone calls, service use and costs of treatment were also collected. Results: The prevalence of CAM practitioner use in injured people and victims seeking medical care was 0.7% and 4.1%, respectively in 3-month interval in 2011. There were no significant sociodemographic differences between victims who seek unconventional settings and those who seek conventional treatment. The most common injury description treated by CAM providers was as follows: fracture (type of injury), upper limb (site of injury), fall (mechanism of injury) and cast, splint, and physiotherapy (type of treatment). The average medical cost of CAM practitioner was US$14.7 while this amount in the conventional setting was US$195.5. Conclusion: Use of CAM is not very common among injured people in Iran. However, due to lack of formal training, CAM usage has possible side effects.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14920 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14920/6165

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 07 1567 1574 Davood YARI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Ramin SARAVANI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Samira SARAVANI Dept. of Biology, School of Fundamental Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Kamran EBRAHIMIAN Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Hamid Reza GALAVI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17818 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17818/6473

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1541 1542 Maria VAKRILOVA BECHEVA Department of Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Angelina KIRKOVA-BOGDANOVA Department of Medical Informatics, Biostatistics and E-learning, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 2019 07 18 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17833 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17833/6487

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1478 1487 Zeinab SHAYEGHIAN Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Parisa AMIRI Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Golnaz VAHEDI-NOTASH Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrdad KARIMI Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fereidoun AZIZI Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 07 18 Background: We aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the short form social well-being scale. Methods: After linguistic validation, the Iranian version of social well-being scale was completed by 715 participants, aged ≥ 18 yr between Jan and Sep 2015. Concurrent validity was examined by calculating the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the dimensions of social well-being and social support. Internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, confirmatory and explanatory factor analyses were also examined. Results: The internal consistency as measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficients was 0.72 for total score. No ceiling and floor effect was found in total score or any of the subscales. The concurrent correlation coefficients between social well-being and social support ranged from good to excellent agreement. Exploratory factor analysis supported mainly comparable results with the original US English dialect version. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis for 5-factor models indicated acceptable fit for the proposed research models. Conclusion: The findings support the initial reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the social well-being scale in the research and community settings in Iran.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17819 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17819/6474

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1543 1544 Priya KALYANASUNDARAM Sankara Institute of Management Science, Saravanampatty, Coimbatore, India 2019 07 18 No Abstract## https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17834 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17834/6488

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1488 1495 Mostafa AMINI-RARANI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Arash RASHIDIAN Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Cairo, Egypt Mohsen BAYATI Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management & Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Esmaeil KHEDMATI MORASAE Center for Systems Studies, Hull University Business School (HUBS), Hull York Medical School (HYMS), University of Hull, Hull, UK 2019 07 18 Background: Despite constant decrease in rate of neonatal mortality, the rate is still higher than that of other under-five children. One of the first steps towards reduction of neonatal mortality is to identify its determinants using health production function. The aim of the present study was to estimate neonatal health production function for Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Iranian Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey (IrMIDHS) 2010 was used. Four categories of socioeconomic, mother, neonatal demographic and healthcare system factors were entered into the Binomial Logistic Regression model to estimate neonate health production function. Households’ economic status was constructed using principal component analysis. Results: History of abortion/stillbirth had the highest significant positive impact on odds of neonatal mortality (odds ratio=1.98; 95 % CI=1.55-2.75), indicating that neonates of mothers with such a history had 1.98 times higher chance of death compared to other neonates. Moreover, odds ratio of neonatal death for the poorest quintiles was 1.70 (95 % CI=1.08-2.74), indicating that by moving from the poorest quintile to the richest one, the odds of being alive for neonates increased up to 70%. However, skilled birth attendant decreased the chance of death up to 58% (odds ratio=0.58; 95 % CI=0.36-0.93). Conclusion: Considering the most significant inputs of neonatal health production function in Iran, improvement of economic status of households, provision of appropriate care services for mothers, and improvement of delivery care provided by trained personnel, could be priorities for health policymakers to act and reduce neonatal mortality in Iran.      https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17820 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17820/6475

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1545 1546 Fatemeh BAGHERI Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mansoureh SHAYEGHI Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan VATANDOOST Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh NIKPOUR ALKARAN Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eslam MORADI ASL Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 07 18 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17835 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17835/6489

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1496 1502 Sahar ASKARI Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Golaleh ASGHARI Student Research Committee, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein FARHADNEJAD Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Arash GHANBARIAN Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Parvin MIRMIRAN Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fereidoun AZIZI Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 07 18 Background: Zinc, an essential trace element, plays a key role in many biological human body functions. Serum zinc concentration is the most widely used indicator of zinc status for general populations. Considering the limited data available on seasonal fluctuation of serum zinc concentration, we aimed at determining seasonal variations in serum zinc concentrations of Tehranian adults. Methods: The current study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, on 4698 subjects, aged ≥20 years. Serum zinc samples of subjects were obtained from all four seasons over three years (from 2009 to 2011); samples of similar seasons over three years were placed in one group and the geometric means of serum zinc concentration of four seasons were compared to determine possible seasonal variations. Results: Participants with mean age 46.3 yr and geometric mean of serum zinc concentration 116.3 µg/dl, were studied for almost three years through four seasons. Serum zinc concentrations in spring and summer were significantly higher than those in autumn and winter (112.2 and 114.4 vs. 106.7 and 104.8 µg/dl; P<0.001, respectively). Moreover, monthly serum zinc concentration of all subjects differed, with the lowest and highest levels found in October and August (98.5 vs. 122.7; P<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the difference in serum zinc concentration in Iranian adults of both genders in different months and seasons during the year.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17821 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17821/6476

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1547 1548 Ali SOROUSH Lifestyle Modification Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Mozhgan SAEIDI Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Saeid KOMASI Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2019 07 18 No Abstract## https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17837 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17837/6490

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1503 1511 Mahnaz SAREMI Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahnaz KAZEMHAGHIGH Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 07 18 Background: An essential requirement exists for a single exhaustive source of anthropometric databank in Iran. Available information about Iranian bodily dimensions is not applicable to the general population due to the sample of people investigated. This study aimed to present the first Iranian anthropometric databank by estimation. Methods: After a systematic review, 24 relevant sources of information were found and included. No time limit was considered. The method of Rapid Anthropometrics Scaled for Height was used. Results: Overall, 36 bodily dimensions were estimated, for which the seven percentiles of 1st, 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 95th, and 99th were calculated, stratified by sex. Conclusion: The resulting tables can be claimed as the most representative anthropometric databank for Iranian general 20-64 yr population now. Data are suitable for practical purpose and are applicable in both occupational and community setting.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17822 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17822/6477

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1549 1550 Rahim KHODAYARI-ZARNAQ Iranian Excellence center for health management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Gisoo ALIZADEH Iranian Excellence center for health management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Neda KABIRI Iranian Excellence center for health management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2019 07 18 No Abstract## https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17838 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17838/6491

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1551 1552 Roksana JANGHORBAN Community-Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Fatemeh AZARKISH Department of Midwifery, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran 2019 07 18 No Abstract## https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17839 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17839/6492

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 8 2019 07 18 1553 1554 Hassan JOULAEI Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohammadreza HEYDARI Shiraz HIV/AIDS Resear