Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 327 334 Inhwan LEE College of Sport Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Jinkyung CHO College of Sport Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Haeryun HONG College of Sport Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Youngyun JIN College of Sport Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Donghyun KIM College of Sport Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Hyunsik KANG College of Sport Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea 2018 03 04 2018 03 04  Background: Sarcopenia has been implicated in the increased risk for cognitive impairment and depression associated with aging. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the relationship of sarcopenia with cognitive impairment (MCI) and depression in a sample of 201 community-dwelling Korean women (mean age of 74.0±6.8 yr) between 2014 and 2015. Methods: The Korean version of mini-mental state examination and the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale was used to assess cognitive performance and depression, respectively. Grp strength was measured with a dynamometer. Demographics, body composition, education, alcohol consumption, and history of cardiovascular diseases were assessed as covariates. Results: Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of MCI and depression were calculated according to sarcopenia status. Compared to non-sarcopenic, pre-sarcopenic and sarcopenic women had the ORs of 2.160 (95% CI of 0.840 - 5.554, P=0.030) and of 5.493 (95% CI of 1.854 - 16.270, P=0.002) for MCI. The OR of pre-sarcopenia for MCI remained significant (P=0.030) even after adjustments for age, body mass index (BMI), lean body mass, and education, while the OR of sarcopenia for MCI was no longer significant (P=0.084) when adjusted for the covariates. Compared to non-sarcopenic, pre-sarcopenic and sarcopenic women had the ORs of 3.750 (95% CI of 1.137 - 12.370, P=0.030) and of 4.687 (95% CI of 1.127 -19.505, P=0.034) for depression. The ORs of pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia for depression remained statistically significant (P=0.020 and P=0.042, respectively) even after adjusted for the covariates  Conclusion: Sarcopenia was significantly associated with MCI and depression in otherwise healthy community dwelling elderly Korean women.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12677 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12677/5917

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 309 316 Bagher FARHOOD Dept. of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Ghazale GERAILY Dept. of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahad ALIZADEH Dept. of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: Iran in recent years had the rapid development of industrialization and modernity, and changes in the people's lifestyles and environment, these changes may affect epidemiological patterns of various types of cancers. In this review, incidence and mortality of various cancers (skin, gastric, esophageal, breast, and prostate) in Iran have been reported. Methods: The related data about Iran and other countries were collected from databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. All included studies were published before Jun 2017.  Results: There is an increment trend of incidence and mortality rate for most cancers in Iran. Conclusion: The plan for control and prevention of cancers must be a high priority for health policy in Iran as well as it is suggested that earlier screening is need for high-risk population.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12675 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12675/5915

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 449 450 Okba SELMI Research Unit, Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia AND Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia Nejmeddine OUERGHI Research Unit, Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef,University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia AND Laboratory of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia AND Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia Wissam Ben KHALIFA Research Unit, Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia Nidhal JEBABLI Research Unit, Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia AND Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia Moncef FEKI Laboratory of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia Anissa BOUASSIDA Research Unit, Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef,University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12696 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12696/5933

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 335 341 Changhai SU Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China Yang LIU Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China Haiwen ZHANG Dept. of Internal Medicine, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China Bin XIAO Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China Te’er BA Dept. of Clinical Laboratory, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of antibiotic application on the intestinal flora in elderly hypertension patients with infectious diseases. Methods: A total of 2350 infected patients treated in Ordos Central Hospital (Inner Mongolia, China) from January 2010 to August 2016 were retrospectively analyzed and 790 healthy hypertension patients were selected as the control group. The 2350 patients were assigned into group A and B based on the administration with narrow-spectrum antibiotic or broad-spectrum antibiotic. The feces specimens of patients at the 1st, 5th, 9th and 14th day after antibiotic treatment were collected to analyze the bacteriological data and the cases of intestinal flora imbalance after applying the narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum antibiotic were compared and the differences in the bacterial colony compositions of intestinal floras from those of the healthy hypertension patients at the same period were analyzed. Results: The ratio of intestinal flora imbalance was 50.4% after applying antibiotic in patients from group A and 78.3% in group B. grade I and II imbalance were predominant in group A and grade III imbalance was the most severe one in group B (P<0.05). Compared with the intestinal flora in healthy elderly hypertension patients, the ratio of the primary composition flora of patients with imbalanced intestinal flora was changed obviously. Conclusion: The application of narrow-spectrum antibiotic and shortening the application time of antibiotic can more effectively protect the normal intestinal flora of elderly hypertension patients.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12679 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12679/5918

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 317 326 Mohsen HEIDARY Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javad NASIRI Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein DABIRI Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Samira TARASHI Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2018 03 04 2018 03 04  Background: The infections caused by drug resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae are becoming an important health problem worldwide. There are several reports on antimicrobial resistant status of K. pneumoniae in Iran. However, a comprehensive analysis on drug-resistant K. pneumoniae from different parts of Iran has not yet been performed. Methods: The searches were done according to several English and Persian databases including PubMed, Scopus, Iranmedex, and SID to identify studies addressing antibiotic resistant K. pneumoniae in Iran from Jan 1998 to Nov 2014. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (V2.2, Biostat) software was used to analyze the data. Results: The incidence rate of imipenem and ceftazidime resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates was 3.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-6.5) and 55.7% (95% CI, 46.9-64.1), respectively. The highest rate of resistance in isolates of K. pneumoniae was seen against ampicillin (82.2%), aztreonam (55.4%) and nitrofurantoin (54.5%). Conclusion: There is a relatively high prevalence of drug resistant K. pneumoniae isolates in Iran. Thus, a high degree of awareness among physicians and microbiologists, active infection control committee, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, improvement of hygiene condition and monitoring of drug resistant isolates are urgently needed in order to better control the emergence and spread of drug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates in hospital settings.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12676 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12676/5916

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 451 452 Min-Ho SONG Dept. of Liberal Arts, Korean Langage and Literature, Hongik University, Seoul, Korea Tae-Young KIM College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea Sang-Ho LEE College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12697 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12697/5934

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 342 349 Sunhee LEE Dept. of Nursing, College of Nursing, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Hye-Jin KIM Dept. of Nursing, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea Han-Gyo CHOI Dept. of Nursing, College of Nursing, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Yang Sook YOO Dept. of Nursing, College of Nursing, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea 2018 03 04 2018 03 04 Background: Interpersonal competence is an important capacity for nurses. Recently, the advent of smartphones has instigated considerable changes in daily life. Because smartphone has multiple functions, people tend to use them for numerous activities, often leading to addictive behavior. Methods: This cross-sectional study performed a detailed analysis of smartphone addiction subscales and social support related to interpersonal competence of nursing students. Overall, 324 college students were recruited at Catholic University in Seoul, Korea from Feb 2013 to Mar 2013. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire, which included scales that measured smartphone addiction, social support, interpersonal competence, and general characteristics. Path analysis was used to evaluate structural relations between subscales of smartphone addictions, social support, and interpersonal competence. Results: The effect of cyberspace-oriented relationships and social support on interpersonal competence were 1.360 (P=.004) and 0.555 (P<.001), respectively. Conclusion: Cyberspace-oriented relationship, which is a smartphone addiction subscale, and social support were positively correlated with interpersonal competence of nursing students, while other smartphone addiction subscales were not related to nursing student interpersonal competence. Therefore, effective smartphone teaching methods be developed to enhance nursing student motivation     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/12680 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/12680/5919

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 3 2018 03 04 453 454 Ali SOROUSH Life Style Modification Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Mohammad MOHSENI Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan AND Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan Marina ZHANALIYEVA Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan AND Department of Human Anatomy with Operative Surgery, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan Aigul ALMABAYEVA Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan AND Department of Human Anatomy with Operative Surgery, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan Alikhan TAUTAYEV Department of Surgical Diseases Internship, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan AND Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan 2019 06 27 Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease among the female population of Kazakhstan like in many developed countries of the world (Canada, UK, US, Western Europe), and it accounts for every 5th tumor. We aimed to assess the epidemiological aspects of breast cancer incidence and mortality among Almaty and Astana (Now Nur-Sultan), Kazakhstan residents in 2009-2018. Methods: A retrospective study using modern descriptive and analytical methods of epidemiology was conducted to evaluate the breast cancer incidence and mortality in megapolises of Kazakhstan. Results: The average annual age-standardized incidence rate of breast cancer amounted to 61.90/0000 (95% CI=56.2-67.6) in Almaty and 61.20/0000 (95% CI=56.765.7) in Astana. The average age-standardized mortality was 19.20/0000 (95% CI=17.3-21.1) in Almaty and 19.30/0000 (95% CI=17.1-21.4) in Astana. The standardized incidence in the megapolises tended to increase (Тgr=+0.8% in Almaty and Тgr=+1.4% in Astana), while the mortality was decreasing (Тdec=−4.2% in Almaty and Тdec=−1.1% in Astana). According to the component analysis, the growth in the number of breast cancer cases was due to a population increase (ΔP=+130.4% in Almaty and ΔP=+93.2% in Astana), with a notable decrease of factors related to the risk of getting sick (ΔR=−27.9% in Almaty, ΔR=−6.1% in Astana). Conclusion: This is the first epidemiological study to assess the changes in incidence and mortality from breast cancer in megapolises of Kazakhstan because of screening. The results of this study can be used to improve the government program to combat breast cancer.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17584 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17584/6441

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 7 2019 07 01 1215 1226 Bashir MOHAMMADPOUR Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Samaneh ROUHI Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Mazaher KHODABANDEHLOO Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Masoud MORADI Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 2019 06 27 Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) can infect the epithelium of the esophagus, but so far there is no reliable and comprehensive evidence about the prevalence and association of HPV with esophageal cancer in Iran, as high incidence region. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and association of HPV with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Iran. Methods: Relevant English and Persian articles published up to Aug 2017 and indexed in databases were reviewed. Frequency of HPV genotypes in ESCC cases and controls was surveyed according to regions of Iran. Data were meta-analyzed with random effects models using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results: Overall, 14 studies were eligible including 1444 samples (1062 ESCC cases and 382 controls). HPV was positive in 269 (25.32%) of 1062 ESCC cases and in 65 (17.01%) of 382 controls. Total prevalence of HPV in both groups was estimated 0.256 (95%CI, 0.208%-0.310%). The prevalence of HPV-16 and HPV-18 was estimated 0.121 (95%CI: 0.087-0.183) and 0.046 (95%CI; 0.023-0.088), respectively. The difference in HPV prevalence in different regions of Iran was statistically significant (Q=18.20, df =4, P=0.001). In 6 case-control studies, the pooled odds ratio was estimated 1.99 (95%CI; 0.916-4.315). Conclusion: High-risk HPVs were observed in ESCC cases and controls from different regions of Iran. The odds ratio indicates that the HPV infection in ESCC cases was approximately 2 fold more than the controls. More case-control studies in other populations with larger sample size are necessary.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17580 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17580/6436

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 7 2019 07 01 1379 1381 Mario J. OLIVERA Instituto Nacional de Salud, Grupo de Parasitología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia Javeriana AND Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Programme in Health Economics, Bogotá D.C., Colombia Kevin A. CHAVERRA Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Programme in Health Economics, Bogotá D.C., Colombia 2019 06 27 No Abstract#### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17602 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17602/6458

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 7 2019 07 01 1265 1269 Youhua JIANG Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, P.R. China Kewei NI Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, P.R. China Meiyu FANG Department of Comprehensive Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, P.R. China Junling LIU State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yatsen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China 2019 06 27 Background: This study intended to investigate the effects of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) on the incidence of lung cancer in male patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: A total of 1091 male patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China from Jan 2009 to Jan 2012 were selected as the research objects. All patients were followed up from the beginning of hospitalization. According to serum hs-CRP level, patients were divided into two groups: group A (hs-CRP < 1 mg/L) and group B (hs-CRP > 3 mg/L). The relationship between baseline hs-CRP and the risk of lung cancer in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was analyzed by multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model, and the serum levels of hs-CRP between lung cancer patients in all groups and other non-lung cancer patients were compared. Results: There were differences in age, drinking, smoking, diabetes history, body mass index (BMI), thyroglobulin (TG), history of hypertension and hyperglycemia among the three groups (P=0.036, 0.018, 0.040, 0.029, 0.006, 0.034, 0.020, 0.010). The serum levels of hs-CRP in patients with squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma were significantly higher than those in non-lung cancer patients (P=0.022, 0.043, 0.011). The incidence rates of lung cancer in patients in group B and C were 1.37 and 1.69 times higher than that in group A, respectively. Conclusion: The increased serum level of hs-CRP will increase the incidence rate of lung cancer in male patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17585 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17585/6442

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 7 2019 07 01 1227 1238 Fatemeh MASHHADIABBAS Department of Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein NEAMATZADEH Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran AND Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Elnaz FOROUGHI Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Arak university of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Seyed Alireza DASTGHEIB Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Soudabeh FARAHNAK Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Rezvan NASIRI Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Shima AHMADI Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2019 06 27 Background: Two functional polymorphisms in the matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) genes may contribute to periodontitis pathogenesis. However, the results were inconsistent and inconclusive. Therefore, to clarify precise associations of MMP-2 -753 C>T and MMP-9 -1562C>T polymorphisms with chronic (CP) and aggressive (AgP) periodontitis, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Web of Science databases until 5 July 2017. The data were analyzed with CMA software, and risk estimates are expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: Nineteen case-control studies in ten publications with 2089 periodontitis cases and 2345 controls met the criteria. The pooled ORs indicated that MMP-2 -753C>T and MMP-9 -1562C>T polymorphisms were not significantly associated with risk of periodontitis in overall analysis. Stratified analyses by ethnicity and periodontitis type indicated that the MMP-9 -1562C>T polymorphism showed a significant association with the risk of periodontitis among Caucasians and CP/AgP subgroup, whereas MMP-2 -753C>T polymorphism was significantly associated with periodontitis risk only among Asians. Conclusion: MMP-2 -753C>T and MMP-9 -1562C>T polymorphisms may not be associated with risk of periodontitis in overall population. However, MMP-2 -753C>T and MMP-9 -1562C>T polymorphisms might have influence on the susceptibility of periodontitis by ethnicity.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17581 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17581/6437

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 7 2019 07 01 1382 1383 Zahra MAHMOUDVAND Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shahin SHADNIA Toxicological Research Center, Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sharareh ROSTAM NIAKAN KALHORI Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marjan GHAZISAEEDI Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 06 27 No Abstract#### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17603 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17603/6459

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 7 2019 07 01 1270 1277 Indriya PURNAMASARI Department of Health Administration and Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia Dumilah AYUNINGTYAS Department of Health Administration and Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia Ni Nyoman Dwi SUTRISNAWATI Department of Health Administration and Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia 2019 06 27 Background: Indonesia as an archipelagic country, makes the efforts to fulfill the needs of medical specialists in remote areas are not easy tasks. This study aimed to explore the availability and the needs fulfillment efforts of medical specialist in remote areas; and to know whether the availability of medical specialists have met the hospital needs, and how the authorities efforts to fulfill them, also the factors that affect the effort. Methods: This qualitative research was conducted with case study approach in Haji Abdoel Madjid Batoe District Hospital (RSUD HAMBA) Batanghari Jambi and Malingping District Hospital (RSUD Malingping) in Lebak Banten. In-depth interviews were conducted with various stakeholders. Results: The availability of medical specialist in both hospitals in number and type are inadequate. This fact indicates low retention and motivation of medical specialists to work in remote area. The major factor in both hospitals is inadequate salaries, difficult access, lack of medical equipment, also the difficulty to develop a career. However, these factors in both area ultimately boil down to the lack of government policies that support medical specialist fulfillment. Conclusion: The important factors that affect the lackness of effort in fulfilling medical specialists’ placement in remote areas are inadequate of infrastructures, competence and career development contraints, and the coordination between national and regional policies. The commitment of central and regional government to improve the infrastructures, competence and career developments, and regulations with respect to medical specialists in remote areas.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/17586 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/17586/6443

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 7 2019 07 01 1384 1386 Fatima Mahmud MUHAMMAD Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Hamidreza BASSERI Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza MAJDZADEH Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Khandan SHAHANDEH Deputy of Research and Technology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.Tehran2, China Jie Gao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China Heng Su Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China 2022 12 19 2023 01 22 Background: Cuproptosis-related long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) disease is associated with the development and progression of tumors. We aimed to investigate the prediction of cuproptosis-related lncRNA on the prognosis and immunotherapy of patients with thyroid carcinoma (THCA). Methods: The thyroid cancer-associated expression data and lnc RNAs data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Ensembl database. The prognostic model of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs was successfully constructed through Lasso regression analysis and Cox regression analysis. Then, the prognostic value of prognostic model of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs was tested through the survival analysis, ROC curves and nomographic charts. Finally, the prognostic model of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs associated with immunity and mutational load of tumors was analyzed, and potential targeted drugs for THCA were predicted. Results: A cuproptosis-related lncRNA model of THCA (AC026100.1, AF235103.3, LNCSRLR) was successfully constructed, which has an independent prognostic value. Moreover, the cuproptosis-related lncRNA model was associated with immune signatures and mutational load in most tumors, showing its high correlation with the sensitivity of targeted drugs such as 5-Fluorouracil, Bleomycin, Rapamycin and Sunitinib. Conclusion: The cuproptosis-related lncRNA model of THCA has promising applications in the treatment and prognosis of THCA. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30706 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/30706/7934

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 07 924 936 Nilay Rezaei-Tavabe Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Soleiman Kheiri Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Masoumeh Sadat Mousavi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran 2022 02 09 2022 10 25 Background: In recent years, various studies have been conducted to investigate the role of the influenza vaccine in reducing the risk of hospitalization and mortality; however, the results of these studies are clearly contradictory. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the effect of monovalent flu vaccines on the risk of hospitalization and all-cause mortality. Methods: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) studies published in databases (Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, Google Scholar) from 1980 to Dec 2022. All analyzes were performed by Stata15 statistical software and the significance level in this study was considered 0.05. Results: In the initial search, 375 articles were retrieved which, considering the study criteria, finally 8 RCT were included in the meta-analysis of the effects of monovalent Flu vaccine on the risk of hospitalization, and 10 RCT on the risk of all-cause mortality. Based on the results of meta-analysis, the overall Odds Ratio (OR) of hospitalization is equal to 0.71 (95% CI: 0.56-0.90; P <0.001) and the overall OR of all-cause mortality is equal to 0.82 (95% CI: 0.68-0.98; P=0.033). There was no publication bias in the study of the effect of monovalent flu vaccine on the risk of hospitalization and all-cause mortality Conclusion: Getting the flu vaccine can reduce the risk of hospitalization by 29% and the risk of overall death by 18%. Therefore, it may be promising to receive this vaccine as a preventive intervention for deaths and hospitalizations. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/27811 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/27811/7927

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 08 1008 1018 Chongjun Zhao School of Foreign Languages, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, China Jing Li Department of Physical Education, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, China Seung-Yong Kim Department of Leisure Sports, Dong Seoul University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 2023 03 03 2023 05 08 Background: The coronavirus disease pandemic has caused significant disruption in the field of education, resulting in the need for more online classes and a blended offline and online teaching model. Therefore, understanding what makes this model effective is important. Accordingly, this study explored the structural relationships among academic pressure, independent learning ability, and academic self-efficacy in a blended teaching environment during the pandemic and independent learning ability’s mediating effect on the relationship between academic pressure and academic self-efficacy. Methods: Adopting a random sampling method, this study surveyed 761 Chinese college, Shaanxi Province, China in 2022 and university students. Factor analysis, correlation analysis, structural equation modeling, and path analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results show that the academic pressure faced by Chinese English majors had a significant negative impact on academic self-efficacy (P<0.001). However, academic pressure had no statistical effect on students’ independent learning ability (P=0.317). Moreover, independent learning ability had a significant positive effect on academic self-efficacy (P<0.001) and a mediating effect on the relationship between academic pressure and academic self-efficacy (P=0.032). Conclusion: Independent learning ability can directly and indirectly affect academic self-efficacy. Thus, in an online and offline blended teaching model, teachers should guide students regarding self-exploration, communication, and cooperation based on existing knowledge and experience. They should also enable students to improve their learning process and independent learning ability. Various language learning situations should be established for learning English so that by experiencing success and failure, students can ultimately improve their academic self-efficacy. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/31383 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/31383/7935

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 07 937 949 EN Roghaiyeh Nourizadeh Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Shiva Shamsdanesh Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Esmat Mehrabi Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Fatemeh Ranjbar Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Sevil Hakimi Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Hanieh Salehi pourmehr Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2022 06 16 2022 09 05 Background: Maternal anxiety has been accompanied by many unfavorable effects on breastfeeding in the postpartum period. We aimed to provide scientific evidence in identifying effective interventions for anxiety and breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE) in a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Methods: All published studies with inclusion criteria by 2022 were searched in Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, SID and Magiran. The literature search was performed using PRISMA instructions. Further, 20 eligible interventional studies (RCT and pre-posttest) and one case study were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Publication bias was checked with Eggers test and funnel plot methods. The collected data were analyzed using stata version16.  Results: It is not possible to provide an explicit and accurate conclusion about the effective intervention method in reducing anxiety and increasing BSE among lactating women during the covid19 pandemic. The results indicated a significant increase in BSE among lactating women after educational and psychological interventions (4.20, 95% CI: 3.61 to 4.80, I2 = 26.38%). Conclusion: It is recommended to conduct further studies with a strong methodology and based on intervention methods during the postpartum period, especially in the first month of birth to reduce the symptoms of stress and anxiety in the mother, establish better mother-child attachment, and improve BSE and maternal performance during the Covid-19 pandemic.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/29064 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/29064/7928

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 08 1019 1030 Yan Yan Affiliated Hospital of the Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, P.R. China Yin Xu Affiliated Hospital of the Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, P.R. China Lin Chen Affiliated Hospital of the Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, P.R. China Yongzhu Han Affiliated Hospital of the Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, P.R. China Renmin Yang Affiliated Hospital of the Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, P.R. China Wenbin Hu Affiliated Hospital of the Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, P.R. China 2022 12 01 2023 01 22 Background: Hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) is an inherited disorder caused by the mutation in the adenosine triphosphatase copper transporting β gene (ATP7B). W aimed to explore the genetic changes in HLD using bioinformatics analysis. Methods: The study was conducted in Nepal, in 2019. The GSE107323 dataset was downloaded and the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) as well as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by ATP7B knockout (KO) and copper toxicity were clustered using Mfuzz clustering analysis. LncRNAs and genes with high coexpression (correlation coefficient > 0.9) and pathways involving the DEGs were used to construct the lncRNA-gene-pathway network. Results: ATP7B KO and ATP7B KO + copper induced 51 overlapping DEGs and 687 overlapping DElncRNAs, respectively. Mfuzz analysis identified four clusters, including two clusters of consistently upregulated and downregulated DEGs/DElncRNAs. The lncRNA-gene-pathway network consisted of 13 DElncRNAs, 10 DEGs, and two pathways, including “hsa04630: Jak-STAT signaling pathway” and “hsa04920: Adipocytokine signaling pathway”. Eight downregulated genes, including erythropoietin (EPO), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), and PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A), and two upregulated genes (cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 and cyclin D3) were involved in the two pathways. These genes were targeted by multiple lncRNAs, including PCAT6 and MALAT1. Conclusion: Collectively, the differentially expressed lncRNA-mRNA axes play crucial roles in HLD pathogenesis through mediating cell proliferation and inflammation. Moreover, the EPO, IRS1, or PPARGC1A genes were potent therapeutic targets for HLD.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/30527 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/30527/7936

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 08 1031 1037 Shahla Ansari Damavandi Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ali Asghar Children's Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mozhgan Parsaee Echocardiography Research Center of Rajaee Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Milad Ahmadi Marzaleh Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Maryam Shamspour Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 10 25 2021 12 25 Background: Thalassemia is the most common inherited anemia in worldwide. Heart failure is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with major and intermedia β-thalassemia. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of L-arginine on the improvement of systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) and cardiac function in patients with major and intermedia β-thalassemia. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was done on 88 patients with β-thalassemia admitted to Ali Asghar Hospital, Tehran, Iran between 2020 and 2021. Echocardiography was performed for all the patients before the intervention. Afterwards, the patients were randomly divided into two groups of placebo and L-arginine. The patients underwent echocardiography after eight weeks and were compared with respect to the results. Results: The mean blood transfusion interval was 20.21 d in the placebo group and 17.14 d in the L-arginine group (P=0.082). The results revealed no significant difference between the two groups regarding the mean levels of Hemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin, frequency of splenectomy. However, the mean PAP significantly decreased from 32.88 to 26.02 in the L-arginine group (P=0.009), but did not change in the placebo group. Nonetheless, no significant change was observed in the mean Ejection Fraction (EF) before and after L-arginine administration. Conclusion: L-arginine administration prevented the increase of PAP and was effective in preventing cardiovascular disorders including increased systolic PAP in patients with major and intermedia B-thalassemia. However, the results have to be confirmed in further studies with larger sample sizes.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/26668 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/26668/7937

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 08 1038 1047 Abed Forouzesh Alumni Office, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Forouzesh Department of Medicine, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Samadi Foroushani Alumni Office, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Abolfazl Forouzesh Department of Medicine, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2021 07 11 2022 01 08 Background: Calculating the fat content per 100 g or 100 mL, 50 g, or the reference amount customarily consumed (RACC) shows the fat content of some foods inappropriately. Therefore, making some food choices based on them to limit fat intake may increase the risks of some chronic diseases. Methods: We calculated the fat content and determining appropriate fat levels (to limit fat intake) based on U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), and the proposed method were performed on 8,596 food items during July 2018 to June 2020 in Tehran, Iran. Information on food and fat profiles was provided from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, released in 2016. Results: Making some food choices based on the CAC per 100 g or 100 mL or FDA per serving (the serving is derived from the RACC, 100 g, or 50 g) to limit fat intake exceeded fat needs, which may increase the risks of some chronic diseases. Some foods that did not exceed fat needs were not appropriate food choices based on the CAC per 100 g or 100 mL or FDA per serving to limit fat intake. Some foods were free of, but not low in, fat, based on the FDA per serving. Conclusion: Making food choices based on the proposed method to limit fat intake did not exceed fat needs and the appropriate percentage of energy from fat. Also, foods that did not exceed fat needs were appropriate food choices based on the proposed method to limit fat intake.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25541 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25541/7938

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 08 1048 1060 Mahshid Samie Ghahfarokhi Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran Somayeh Reiisi Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Zahra Zamanzadeh Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran Morteza Abkar Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran 2021 10 26 2022 03 17 Background: miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs; regulate gene expression using RNA degradation or translation repression. Dysregulation of miRNAs is involved in the initiation and progression of many cancers. We aimed to determine the relationship between miR-5571-5p expression and clinical factors and regulatory mechanisms in breast cancer. Methods: Histopathologic sections approximately with 25 microns thick from FFPE tissues were achievement of Al-Zahra Hospital (Isfahan, Iran) in 2020-2021 years by Pathologist. miR-5571-5p expression, determined using real-time PCR. For miRNA target genes prediction, integrated miRNA target prediction tools, were used. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis were accomplished to identify the biological function. A PPI network was constructed to display key target genes. For hub genes validation, GEPIA databases were used. Results: miR-5571-5p was upregulated in breast tumor tissues, and its increase was significantly related to a poor prognosis in breast cancer (P<0.0001). At first, 324 target genes were predicted, and then 110 genes with a decrease in expression were selected. GO analysis showed that genes were mainly enriched in the regulation of the ERBB2 and EGFR signaling pathway. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that downregulated genes were enriched in glioma, the ErbB signaling pathway, and breast cancer. Finally, the ten hub genes (EGF, PIK3R1, SOS1, PTEN, SHC1, CBLB, LIFR, LEP, PDE1C, and NT5C2) were detected from the PPI network. Conclusion: miR-5571-5p up-regulation is associated with breast cancer progression and worse survival. The current study identified ten genes associated with breast cancer, which might help to provide candidate targets for the treatment.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/26689 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/26689/7939

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 08 1061 1070 Nasrollah Saberi Department of Vector Biology & Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Raeisi Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Amin Gorouhi Department of Vector Biology & Control, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Hassan Vatandoost 1. Department of Vector Biology & Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Faramarz Bozorg Omid Department of Vector Biology & Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd 1. Department of Vector Biology & Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Zoonoses Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 10 21 2022 03 17 Background: Although malaria is endemic in some areas of southeastern Iran, following the successful national malaria elimination plan (NMEP), the local transmission area has been shrunk. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of climate change on the distribution of main vectors. Methods: All documents related to research investigations conducted in Kerman Province on malaria vectors published during 2000–2019 were retrieved from scientific databases. Spatial distributions of the main vectors were mapped and modeled using MaxEnt ecological model. The future environmental suitability for main vectors was determined under three climate changes scenarios in the 2030s. Results: Five malaria vectors are present in Kerman Province. The best ecological niches for these vectors are located in the southern regions of the province under the current climatic condition as well as different climate change scenarios in the 2030s. Conclusion: Climate change in 2030 will not have a significant impact on the distribution of malaria vectors in the region. Entomological monitoring is advised to update the spatial database of Anopheles vectors of malaria in this malaria receptive region.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/26639 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/26639/7940

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 08 1071 1080 Ali Shojaee 1. Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. National Center for Health Insurance Research, Iran Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran Ali Akbari Sari Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farshad Farzadfar Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Majid Davari Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sci-ences, Tehran, Iran Rajabali Daroudi Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sayyed Masoud Shajari Pour Mousavi National Center for Health Insurance Research, Iran Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran 2021 07 01 2022 02 06 Background: Exploring and analyzing the cost of medicines is an important tool for their management and planning. This study aims to analyze the utilization and costs of parenteral anti-diabetic medications during the past decade and predict the future trend of these medications from 2021 to 2031 in people that are covered by Iran Health Insurance Organization (IHIO). Methods: This study was based on secondary analysis of data routinely reported to IHIO from 2011 to 2019. For each drug, the Defined Daily Dose (DDDs) and DDDs per 1000 inhabitants per day were calculated for the last 9 years according to the WHO protocol. Then a regression analysis was used to predict the utilization trend of each drug for the following 10 years. Results: The overall utilization of injectable antidiabetic drugs has constantly increased during the last nine years. This increasing trend is estimated to continue during the next decade. Conclusion: In Iran, the increase in the diabetic population and better access in the future will be the main reasons for the increase in the utilization of various insulins. The increasing trend of utilizing injectable anti-diabetic drugs in Iran might be partly due to new patients and partly because of improvement in patient access to new treatments. This also suggests that, compared to the average in the commonwealth countries, Iranian diabetic patients has faced lack of drug utilization in the past decade that is gradually reducing.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/25445 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/25445/7941

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 52 5 2023 05 08 1081 1088 Majid Valizadeh Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Azam Bazrafshan HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Anita Eftekharzadeh Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farhad Hosseinpanah Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Barzin Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Behnaz Abiri Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 11 18 2022 03 17