Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 2 2017 02 12 173 179 Božidar BANOVIĆ Faculty of Security Studies, University at Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Veljko TURANJANIN Faculty of Law, University at Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Anđela MILORADOVIĆ Seniorenzentrum Röweland, Hamburg, Germany 2017 02 07 2017 02 07 Background: In the majority of countries, active direct euthanasia is a forbidden way of the deprivation of the patients’ life, while its passive form is commonly accepted. This distinction between active and passive euthanasia has no justification, viewed through the prism of morality and ethics. Therefore, we focused on attention on the moral and ethical implications of the aforementioned medical procedures. Methods: Data were obtained from the Clinical Hospital Center in Kragujevac, collected during the first half of the 2015. The research included 88 physicians: 57 male physicians (representing 77% of the sample) and 31 female physicians (23% of the sample). Due to the nature, subject and hypothesis of the research, the authors used descriptive method and the method of the theoretical content analysis. Results: A slight majority of the physicians (56, 8%) believe that active euthanasia is ethically unacceptable, while 43, 2% is for another solution (35, 2% took a viewpoint that it is completely ethically acceptable, while the remaining 8% considered it ethically acceptable in certain cases). From the other side, 56, 8% of respondents answered negatively on the ethical acceptability of the physician-assisted suicide, while 33% of them opted for a completely ethic viewpoint of this procedure. Out of the remaining 10, 2% opted for the ethical acceptability in certain cases. Conclusion: Physicians in Serbia are divided on this issue, but a group that considers active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide as ethically unacceptable is a bit more numerous.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9045 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9045/5598

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 2 2017 02 12 153 164 Javad MOGHRI Dept. of Management Sciences and Health Economics, School of Health, Management & Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Arash RASHIDIAN Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad ARAB Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali AKBARI SARI Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 07 2017 02 07 Background: Mixed health care systems to work simultaneously on both public and private facilities, is common today. This phenomenon referred to as dual practice (DP), has potential implications for access, quality, cost and equity of health services. This paper aimed to review systematically studies that assess the implications of DP among health workers. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane library were searched for obtaining published literature between Feb 1990 and May 2014. Google and Google Scholars, organizational websites, and reference lists of relevant papers searched to get grey literature. Only studies concentrated on consequences and impacts of DP among health professionals and conducted using "randomized controlled trials", "non-randomized controlled trials", "controlled before and after studies", or "interrupted time series" were eligible for inclusion. Results: From 3242 records, we focused on 19 studies, which aimed to assess effects and impacts of dual practice. After that, the current understanding of DP positive and negative implications was categorized and discussed based on two perspectives. Conclusion: There has been a propensity to over-reliance on theoretical methods in predicting the implications of this phenomenon. Almost all of the mentioned implications are based on theoretical predictions undermined in the broader literature. Furthermore, assessing the current literature showed positive and negative impacts of DP on different parts of the health system and various dimensions of service delivery. These implications are contexted specific and may vary from system to system.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9043 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9043/5596

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 2 2017 02 12 258 260 Abbas RASI Dept. of Dermatology, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Elham BEHRANGI Dept. of Dermatology, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bahamin ATTAR Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shohada Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Zahra AZIZIAN Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 07 2017 02 07 Pachydermodactyly is a rare and benign disease that may be idiopathic, genetic, acquired as a response to repetitive trauma, or associated with several other acquired conditions often pushing the health caregiver to do a bunch of costly lab tests and diagnostic workups to rule out other entities. All health care givers must be aware about this disease for reassure the patients and cut unnecessary costs. Moreover, there seems to be an issue of association with certain occupations. A good example might be computer keyboards causing special damages to certain organs like eyes and musculoskeletal system. We have observed deleterious effects of excess work with computer keyboards on fingers in the form of Pachydermodactyly in our case. A 27-yr-old man presented with wider hand span and longer fingers to Dermatology Clinic of Rasoul-E-Akram Hospital in June 2015, especially the ring finger in our case, considered a big symptom who depressed due to their fingers appearance as a rare disease. We gave him an emollient to make his hand smoother. The patient improved both clinically and psychologically on a simple emollient. This disease with its deleterious psychological effects and a simple way of management should be appreciated more by the health care system.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9057 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9057/5610

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 2 2017 02 12 265 267 Eun-Suk AHN Dept. of Dental Hygiene, Kyungbok University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Ah-Hyeon KIM Dental Spa Dental Clinic, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Youn-Soo SHIM Dept. of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Sciences, Sunmoon University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea AND Oral Health Research Institute, Korean Academy of Systematic Stomatology, Seoul, Republic of Korea So-Youn AN Oral Health Research Institute, Korean Academy of Systematic Stomatology, Seoul, Republic of Korea AND Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea 2017 02 07 2017 02 07 Oropharyngeal Airway Three-dimensional Changes after  Treatment with Myobrace in Class II Retrognathic Children https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9059 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9059/5612

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 2 2017 02 12 180 185 Hu ZHIYAN Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Recovery Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China Li NIN Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Recovery Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China Chen BAOYUN Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Recovery Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China Gong ZUNKE Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Recovery Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China Wang QINGHONG Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Recovery Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China Fan LANGE Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Recovery Hospital, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China 2017 02 07 2017 02 07 Background: We aimed to research the value of extended nursing for cerebral stroke patients within a suitable recovery empty period. Methods: Seventy-two cerebral stroke patients were randomized to a control group or treatment group at the recovery period at Xuzhou Recovery Hospital, China in 2016. A recovery guidance exercise was applied to the control group for a set time, while a recovery guidance exercise combined with functional training were applied to the treatment group within the recovery empty period (at 6:00-7:00 a.m. and 7:00-8:00 p.m.). The recovery effect was compared after three months. Results: Following the three-month intervention, both the control and treatment groups’ scores for the Fugl-Meyer balance evaluation and the Barthel indicator were increased. There was a statistically significant increase in the treatment group (P<0.05). Scores for the Self-Rating Depression Scale in both groups declined and the decline in the treatment group was statistically significant greater when compared to the control group (P<0.05). The total depression rate for the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group and the severe extent of depression in the treatment group was significantly less than the control group (P<0.05). Both groups’ scores for the PSQI also decreased with a significantly greater increase in the treatment group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Extended nursing within a suitable recovery empty period can improve the patient’s prognosis concerning physical activity and mood.    https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9046 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9046/5599

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 2 2017 02 12 165 172 Azadeh BASHIRI Dept. of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marjan GHAZISAEEDI Dept. of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza SAFDARI Dept. of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Leila SHAHMORADI Dept. of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamide EHTESHAM Dept. of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 07 2017 02 07 Background: Today, despite the many advances in early detection of diseases, cancer patients have a poor prognosis and the survival rates in them are low. Recently, microarray technologies have been used for gathering thousands data about the gene expression level of cancer cells. These types of data are the main indicators in survival prediction of cancer. This study highlights the improvement of survival prediction based on gene expression data by using machine learning techniques in cancer patients. Methods: This review article was conducted by searching articles between 2000 to 2016 in scientific databases and e-Journals. We used keywords such as machine learning, gene expression data, survival and cancer. Results: Studies have shown the high accuracy and effectiveness of gene expression data in comparison with clinical data in survival prediction. Because of bewildering and high volume of such data, studies have highlighted the importance of machine learning algorithms such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to find out the distinctive signatures of gene expression in cancer patients. These algorithms improve the efficiency of probing and analyzing gene expression in cancer profiles for survival prediction of cancer.    Conclusion: By attention to the capabilities of machine learning techniques in proteomics and genomics applications, developing clinical decision support systems based on these methods for analyzing gene expression data can prevent potential errors in survival estimation, provide appropriate and individualized treatments to patients and improve the prognosis of cancers.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9044 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9044/5597

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 2 2017 02 12 261 264 Moein DOROODGAR School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoud DOROODGAR School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas DOROODGAR Dept. of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran 2017 02 07 2017 02 07 Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common parasitic disease transmitted by vectors in Iran. CL is endemic in many urban and rural parts of Iran and usually caused by two species of Leishmania as L. major and L. tropica transmitted to humans from parasite reservoirs by the bite of female sandflies. We report a case of ocular leishmaniasis with eyelid involvement presentation. The patient was a 70-yr-old housewife woman referred to Health Care Center in city of Kashan, central Iran in 2012. The disease was diagnosed by direct smear, culture, and PCR from the lesion. PCR was positive for L. major. Her lesion was treated with systemic meglumine antimonate (Glucantime) (20 mg/kg/day) for 20 days.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9058 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9058/5611

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 2 sity among Rural-to-Urban Migrant 7-10y-old Children in Shanghai, China https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9398 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9398/5656

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 318 325 Mojgan ARYAEIPOUR Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mojgan ARYAEIPOUR Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Arezoo BOZORGOMID Dept. of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bahram KAZEMI Dept. of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Massoud BEHNIA Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hakim AZIZI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Mohammad Bagher ROKNI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 Background: We aimed to describe morphological and morphometrical characteristics of Fasciola spp. in livestock from Ardabil Province, Northwest Iran. Methods: Forty adult flukes were collected from different definitive hosts (cattle and sheep). Previously specimens were identified as F. hepatica or F. gigantica based on PCR-RFLP of the ITS-1 region with RsaI enzyme.  We identified Fasciola spp. based on morphological and metric assessment of external features of fresh adults, morphological and metric assessment of internal anatomy of stained mounted worms. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Student’s t-test implemented in SPSS 15.0 (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois). Then the morphometric criteria of Fasciola samples were compared with PCR-RFLP data. The results of PCR-RFLP were confirmed by COI gene sequence. Results: The differences between the body length, area of the body, peripheral of the body, succer area, cone length, cone width, in two species were significant ( https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9385 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9385/5642

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 422 424 Youngran YANG School of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea Betty BEKEMEIER School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Jongsan CHOI College of Agricultural Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 Health-related Quality of Life and Related Factors among Rural Residents in Cambodia https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9399 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9399/5657

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 326 332 Maryam MALMIR Research Center of Life Style, Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad KHANAHMADI Aging Research Center, Scientific Cultural Foundation of Farhud, Tehran, Iran Dariush FARHUD School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 Background: Happiness is a drive and constructive force of life. A person feels wellbeing under different effective factors. Religious dogmatism that has an influence on the entire world is one of the depreciatory factors of happiness or wellbeing. The current study decided to analyze the relation between dogmatism and wellbeing, and according to a model, answer the following question: how does religious dogmatism decrease wellbeing? Methods: This study is a correlation research. Population of study includes all people with 30-50 yr old who live in Tehran, Iran, in 2015. Among all, 180 subjects were selected as in access sample. The Oxford happiness questionnaire and Rokeach dogmatism scale were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test. Results: There is a significant negative correlation between dogmatism and happiness (α=0.05). Conclusion: Dogmatism is one of the factors that have a negative effect on wellbeing. Religious dogmatism is the most dangerous factor against wellbeing. Dogmatic individuals have an inflexible cognitive system that emerges as a stable personality trait and decreases their adjustment with environment. Affective well-being and cognitive wellbeing are affected by individual adjustment. Therefore, in dogmatic individuals with low adjustment, the decrease of affective well-being and cognitive wellbeing is inevitable. This process will result in decrease of happiness and increase of aggression.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9386 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9386/5643

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 425 427 Farooq NISMA Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Raheem ASIF Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Ali BASHARAT Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 Microbiological Biosafety, Multiple Drug Resistance and  Functional Diversity of Bacteria Associated with the Surfaces of Raw Vegetables https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9400 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9400/5658

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 333 341 Mansoureh KARIMZADEH Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nasser SALSABILI Dept. of IVF, Mirza Koochak Khan Hospital, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Firouzeh AKBARI ASBAGH Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Robab TEYMOURI Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Golamreza POURMAND Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tahereh SOLEIMANIEH NAEINI Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 Background: Worldwide, infertility affects 10%-15% of couples and most of them seek medical help including Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) treatments. Undergoing ART treatments create many physical and emotional burdens. This study examined the psychological consequences of infertility in Iranian infertile males and females as well as their spouses, unlike previous studies that examined mainly females with infertility. Methods: Subjects in this descriptive analytical design were recruited from the IVF Department of Mirza Koochak Khan Hospital and the Rouyesh Infertility Treatment Center of Tehran, Iran between Aug 2014 and Sep 2015. Overall, 256 couples (64% response rate), consisting of 78 infertile male and their spouses and 50 infertile female and their spouses, were included in this research. The psychological disorders were measured by the Persian version of Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised and Cattle Inventory. Results: Psychological disorders of infertile couples are significantly associated with increasing age, higher education, longer duration of infertility and unemployment (P<0.05). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, hypochondriasis and paranoia in infertile females and spouses of infertile males were significantly higher than husbands of infertile females (P<0.05). Obsession was more sever in infertile females was significantly greater than infertile males (P=0.01). Depression was significantly lower in infertile males than their spouses (P=0.016). Conclusion: Iranian infertile females and spouses of infertile males experienced more psychological disorders than infertile males and spouses of infertile females. These results may be due to the impact of cultural beliefs and gender roles in Iranian society. Anxiety, depression, obsession, paranoia and hypochondriasis should be addressed before any ART treatments.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9387 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9387/5644

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 428 430 Jakub MORZE Dept. of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland Katarzyna Eufemia PRZYBYLOWICZ Dept. of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland Anna DANIELEWICZ Dept. of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland Małgorzata OBARA-GOLEBIOWSKA Dept. of Psychology of Development and Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 Diet in Acne Vulgaris: Open or Solved Problem? https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9401 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9401/5659

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 342 350 Kheirollah GHOLAMI Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Elaheh LAALI Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan ABOLHASSANI Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stock-holm, Sweden Alireza AHMADVAND School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Niayesh MOHEBBI Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza JAVADI Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Asghar AGHAMOHAMMADI Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran Nima REZAEI Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 Background: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are heterogeneous group of inherited disorders mainly characterized by recurrent infections leading to several times hospital admissions. The economic impact of PID is a challenging issue; therefore, this study was designed to determine the medical costs of hospitalizations in this group of patients as an indicator of the direct cost of these diseases. Methods: One hundred and ten children with PID hospitalized in the Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran were included in this study during Jan 2011 and Jan 2012. All direct costs during the admission period were calculated, using the hospital information system. Results: Medical cost was 7.090$ per patient per admission. Among them, about 1.580$ belong to drug consuming during hospitalization. Anti-infective drugs for systemic use were the most cost-consuming group of drugs, followed by alimentary tract and metabolism and blood and blood forming organs agents. Investigation of anti-infective group internally showed that immune sera and immunoglobulin and antiviral agents for systemic use consisting the most important medication for PID patients during hospital admission. Conclusion: Although the results of economic evaluations in a region cannot necessarily be applied to other regions, having an overall estimation of hospital admission costs and types of drugs used during admission could be helpful in health policy system.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9388 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9388/5645

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 431 432 Seyed Ahmad SEYEDALINAGHI Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Behnam FARHOUDI Clinical Research Development Center, Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Minoo MOHRAZ Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mona MOHAMMADI FIROUZEH Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa HOSSEINI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kianoush KAMALI AIDS Office, Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 Prevalence of HIV in a Prison of Tehran by Active Case Finding https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9402 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9402/5660

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 351 356 Solmaz OHADIAN MOGHADAM Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza POURMAND Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh DOURAGHI Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Samira SABZI Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Parisa GHAFFARI Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant challenge to the burn patient. The implementation of proper monitoring programs and prompt identification of epidemic MRSA strains are critical to consequently control and eradicate potential outbreaks. This study aimed to define the genetic relatedness of MRSA strains isolated from burn patients by analyzing the large fragments of DNA. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 126 pus/wound swabs from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) were collected from inpatients of Shahid Motahari Burn Center (Tehran, Iran) in 2013. Then, molecular typing of MRSA was achieved by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: The PFGE analysis of MRSA indicated 31 single types and 5 common types. There was a significant diversity in the chromosomal digestion pattern of the MRSA strains explained by the acquisition of MRSA from various sources. Conclusion: The permanent import of novel types of MRSA strains despite the rigorous infection control measures carried out within the center. The importance of PFGE in understanding the epidemiology of MRSA may serve as a basis for the development of rational control strategies.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9389 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9389/5646

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 3 2017 03 14 433 434 Morteza BAGHERPOUR Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Asma ERJAEE Dept. of Pediatrics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2017 03 14 2017 03 14 The Role of Project Management Office in Public Health: A New Approach for Establishment in Iran https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9403 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9403/5661

https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9760 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9760/5631

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 579 580 Ali Asghar VALIPOUR Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran Mahdi MOHAMMADIAN Dept. of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran Mahin GHAFARI Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Abdollah MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AND Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Predict the Future Incidence and Mortality of Breast Cancer in Iran from 2012-2035 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9773 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9773/5669

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 525 529 Mehdi NATEGHPOUR Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali HOSSEININASAB Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehrdad FARROKHNIA Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Foroughieh DASTOURI Kerman Province Health Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Katayun ALIDOOSTI Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Dadkhoda SADEQUI Kahnouj Health Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran Asadollah AHMADI Kahnouj Health Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Background: Malaria is a big problem of public health in many tropical countries where socioeconomic development is deficient. Four species of plasmodium are capable of infecting human: P. falciparum, P. malaria, P.vivax, P. ovale. Southeastern corner of Iran, including Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan and the tropical part of Kerman Province, are endemic region of malaria. This study aimed to find out clinical findings in malaria caused by various plasmodium species in moderate transmission area of southern Kerman Province. Methods: This study was conducted in health centers of Kahnooj, Manujan, Ghale-Ganj, Roudbar and Fariab in south of Kerman Province, Southeastern Iran during 2005-2009. Three hundred and thirty patients with positive malaria parasite slides entered the study. Frequencies of several malaria clinical presentations were investigated in four plasmodium species. Results: 54.2% of considered patients were male. Mean age of patients was 22.8±17.8 yr. Younger and older patient were 6 months and 80 yr, respectively. Ten patients were infected with P. falciparum, 314 with plasmodium vivax and 6 with mixed infection. The symptoms of fever, chills and sweating were present in 74.6% of subjects. Other complaints were joint pain, headache, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea. Splenomegaly was detected in 17.57% of the individuals. Conclusion: Malaria should be considered in differential diagnosis of all acutely febrile patients in endemic area. Classic symptoms of fever, chills and sweating may not present in all of patients.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9762 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9762/5708

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 581 582 Mohamad ZARENEYESTANAK Dept. of Psychology and Education of Exceptional ‎Children, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Masoud Gholamali LAVASANI Dept. of Psychology and Educational Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Gholamali AFROOZ Dept. of Psychology and Educational Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Predicted Weight of Infants According to Biological, Psychological and Social Variables of Mothers in Iran https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9774 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9774/5670

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 530 536 Ravan AHMADI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mehrzad HAJIALILO Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Amir GHORBANIHAGHJO Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Ali MOTA Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Sina RAEISI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Nasrin BARGAHI Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad VALILO Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Farahnaz ASKARIAN Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Background: Scleroderma is a chronic connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) that play particular functions in calcium and phosphate homeostasis may be involved in the etiology of this disorder. Klotho, the co-receptor of the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), can interfere with calcium and phosphate metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum Klotho, FGF-23, intact PTH (iPTH) and vitamin D levels in scleroderma patients compared with the healthy controls. Methods: The study was performed in Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) from 2014-2015. Sixty scleroderma patients based on the classification criteria of systemic sclerosis and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Serum Klotho, FGF-23, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH Vit D), and iPTH levels were analyzed using ELISA. Results: Serum levels of Klotho and 25-OH Vit D in the scleroderma patients were lower than those in the healthy controls (P˂0.001). In addition, scleroderma patients had higher serum iPTH levels than the controls (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in serum FGF-23 levels between the patients and controls (P=0.202). Conclusion: The decreased serum Klotho, 25-OH Vit D, and increased iPTH levels in the scleroderma patients may be associated with the pathogenesis of this disease and could be considered a future therapeutic target.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9763 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9763/5633

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 583 584 Ahmad KALATEH SADATI Dept. of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9775 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9775/5671

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 537 544 Elmira EBRAHIMI Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tayebeh SABOKBAR Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Neurology & Neurosciences Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Sharareh ESKANDARIEH Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND MS Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vahideh PEYGHAMBARI Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza SHIRKOOHI Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Background: Exposure to endogenous hormones such as estrogen is known as a lifetime Breast Cancer (BC) risk factor. Polymorphisms in genes that are involved in the steroidogenic process, such as Cytochrome P450c17alpha (CYP17), affect individuals’ susceptibility to BC. In Iran, the highest incident of BC is among young women. This study aimed to find prevalence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes such as CYP17 and significant correlation with age-oriented group of breast cancer. Methods: In 2016, a case series study was conducted on a total population of 205 patients suffering from breast cancer referred to Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran. This population consisted of 104 cases less than 40 yr old and 101 cases over 40. The genotype variants of CYP17 MspA1 were determined using PCR, followed by RFLP. The association of CYP17 MspA1 polymorphisms with the risk of BC in two different age groups was evaluated by calculating odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals using unconditional logistic regression. Results: Carriers of at least one A2 allele may have higher risk of developing breast cancer at younger age compared to patients with A1/A1 genotype (Odds Ratio: 1.99, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.11-3.57, P=0.02). Conclusion: CYP17gene polymorphisms may have influence on the early onset of breast cancer.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9764 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9764/5634

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health