Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 23 34 Zhen DING Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China Jintao LI Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China AND State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China Fan LI Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China AND State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China Mohammadreza Mohammadzad MEPHRYAR Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China AND State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China Shuicai WU Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China Chen ZHANG China Academy of Telecommunication Research of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, 100191, China Yi ZENG Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China AND State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Background: The extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF), mainly emitted by electric transmission lines and household electronic appliances, is becoming a worldwide health risk. It is imperative to investigate the biological impacts of ELF-EMF and to identify products that are resistant to the radiation from 50 Hz ELF-EMF. In this study, we investigated the biological impacts of apoptosis caused by 50 Hz Power line ELF-EMF and the protective effects of Vit C and Vit E. Methods: We conducted this study in Beijing, China in 2013. B95-8  and Balb/c-3T3 cells were divided into a sham group, an expo group and 3 expo groups in which the cells were preincubated with various concentrations of Vit C and Vit E. Then, all of the cells were exposed to 50 Hz Power line ELF-EMF and examined for apoptosis. The cells were collected for apoptosis detection after exposure. Results: The percent of cells that undergoing apoptosis and preincubated with various concentrations of Vit C and Vit E were significantly lower than in the Expo group. Conclusion: Vit C and Vit E exert significant protective effects from 50 Hz ELF-EMF radiation. The optimal protective concentrations of Vit C and Vit E are 10 μmol/L and 25 μmol/L, respectively. The protective effect of vitamins was more apparent for Balb/c-3T3 cells than B95-8 cells.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8914 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8914/5507

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 4 11 Ying LIU Dept. of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China Yongxia CHEN Dept. of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Background: We aimed to elucidate the association between fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) polymorphism and the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by meta-analysis. Methods: We searched PubMed and Embase databases to find the relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for pooled analysis. Statistical analyses were carried out by using R 3.12 software. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 and Q statistics. I2>50% or P<0.05 was considered as heterogeneity statistically, and random effects model was used for pooled analysis. Otherwise, fixed-effect model was used. Results: Twelve eligible studies that published from 2008 to 2015 were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled analyses showed that rs9939609 polymorphism of FTO gene was significantly associated with risk of PCOS under A vs. T, AT vs. TT, AA vs. TT, AA vs. AT+TT and AA+AT vs. TT genetic models. However, for rs8050136 and rs1421085, significant association was only found under recessive genetic model. Conclusion: rs9939609 variation of FTO gene is significantly associated with risk of PCOS. However, the association between rs8050136, rs1421085, and PCOS is still unclear and needs further confirmation.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8912 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8912/5505

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 8910 8910 Dariush D FARHUD School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Dept. of Basic Sciences/Ethics, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Analysis of Papers Submitted to “Iranian Journal of Public Health” during 2013-2016 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8910 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8910/5054

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 128 129 Danila Di MAJO Dept. of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Valentina CONTRÒ Dept. of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Antonino BIANCO Dept. of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Marco GIAMMANCO Dept. of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Maurizio La GUARDIA Dept. of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Marcello TRAINA Dept. of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Patrizia PROIA Dept. of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Please provide alternate text for this image to ensure accessibility for users with text-only browsers or assistive devices https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8925 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8925/5530

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 112 119 Nahid HATAM Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mehrdad ASKARIAN Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Samad SHIRVANI Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Elham SIAVASHI Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Background: Galactosemia is a congenital metabolic disorder that can damage the health of a newborn. Screening is an important step to prevent and treat this condition. Due to increasing health care costs and limited financial resources of health systems, the most suitable economic analysis tool should be applied. The aim of this study was to analyze the cost-utility of neonatal screening program for diagnosing galactosemia in Fars province, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study and cost-utility analysis in the cost of screening for galactosemia and its financial effects, decision tree model and society’s viewpoint were used. The population of study was 81837 infants referred to Neonatal Screening Laboratory (Nader Kazemi Clinic) affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Iran, in 2010. Quality of life in two groups of patients was evaluated by using the time trade-off. The best intervention option was selected by using the Incremental Cost-effectiveness Ratio. Results: The estimated cost of diagnosed through screening and without screening were 43519911 and 130011168 Iranian Rails (4222.00 $ and 12615.00 $), respectively. Therefore, there was a saving of 201443240.99 Iranian Rails (19641.00 $), for each patient annually. Conclusion: The screening program can improve both the qualitative and quantitative lifestyle of people and increase savings in health care system. Policymakers could use the results to design new policies based on the necessity of screening.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8924 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8924/5524

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 35 43 Mozhgan SAFE Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Javad FARADMAL Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran AND Modeling of Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Jalal POOROLAJAL Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran AND Modeling of Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Hossein MAHJUB Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran AND Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Background: Precise diagnosis of disease risk factors via efficient statistical models is the primary step for reducing the heavy costs of breast cancer, as one of the most highly prevalent cancer throughout the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a recently introduced statistical model in order to assess its proficiency for model fitting. Methods: The information of 1465 eligible Iranian women with breast cancer was used for this retrospective cohort study. The statistical performances of exponential, Weibull, Log-logistic and Lognormal, as the most proper parametric survival models, were evaluated and compared with 'Model-based Recursive Partitioning' in order to survey their capability of more relevant risk factor detection. Results: 'Model-based Recursive Partitioning' recognized the largest number of significant affective risk factors, whereas, all four parametric models agreed and unable to detect the effectiveness of 'Progesterone Receptor' as an indicator; 'Log-Normal-based Recursive Partitioning' could provide the paramount fit. Conclusion: The superiority of 'Model-based Recursive Partitioning' was ascertained; not only by its excellent fitness but also by its susceptibility for classification of individuals to homogeneous severity levels and its impressive visual intuition potentiality.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8915 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8915/5508

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 12 22 Fatemeh KOOHI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saharnaz NEDJAT Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi YASERI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra CHERAGHI Dept. of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Background: The current study was conducted to estimate the integrated mean of Quality Of Life (QOL) of the general population of different countries around the world and to compare them on the grounds of the Human Development Index (HDI). Methods: Well-known international databases such as Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar & Google, and domestic databases including SID, IranMedex, Irandoc & Magiran were searched in 2015. The data were analyzed with the Random Effect Model, using Stata 11 software. Results: Ninety-seven studies were selected for the final analysis. The overall QOL mean in the very high HDI subgroup was 74.26 (CI=72.40-76.12), which was the highest value. The lowest mean score was observed in the psychological domain (M=67.37; CI=66.23-68.52). In the high HDI subgroup, the highest mean was observed in the social relationships domain (M=64.16; CI=61.99-66.34), and the lowest mean was observed in the environment domain (M=58.76; CI=56.50-61.03). In the medium HDI subgroup, the highest mean was calculated for the overall QOL score (M=62.62; CI=56.35-68.92), and the lowest mean was estimated for the environment domain (M=56.98; CI=53.54-60.43). The highest mean in the low HDI subgroup was observed in the physical health domain (M=68.17; CI=67.43-70.52), and the lowest mean was calculated for the environment domain (M=53.14; CI=51.57-54.72). There was considerable heterogeneity in all the subgroups and domains; the values reported here are the weighted means of QOL for different countries. Conclusion: Overall, the highest means of various QOL domains were observed in the very high HDI subgroup.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8913 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8913/5506

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 1 3 Dariush D. FARHUD School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Basic Sciences/Ethics, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Life Style and Sustainable Development Please provide alternate text for this image to ensure accessibility for users with text-only browsers or assistive devices https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8911 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8911/5504

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 130 132 Sapa Wolde BEKALO Dept. of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China Yacong BO Dept. of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China Xiaoqin CAO Dept. of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China Chofore Almaz HAILE Dept. of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia Chunhua SONG Dept. of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China Kaijuan WANG Dept. of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China Ling WANG Dept. of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China Quanjun LU Dept. of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Please provide alternate text for this image to ensure accessibility for users with text-only browsers or assistive devices https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8926 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8926/5532

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 120 127 Farid ABOLHASSANI SHAHREZA Health Services Division, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Narjes HAZAR Deputy for Health Affairs, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2017 02 26 2017 02 26 Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Chronic high blood glucose is the root cause of developing future micro and macro vascular complications. In current study, we analyzed poorly controlled patients’ information by clustering method in order to find more homogenous sub-groups of patients for planning for further interventions. Methods: This study was conducted based on medical records of diabetic patients admitted to 23 health care centers in four cities of Iran from 2010 to 2014. Demographic data and physical and biochemical measurements were extracted and analyzed using two-steps cluster analysis method. Results: Three distinct clusters were derived from 2087 eligible cases. Cluster 1 totally consisted of men without any apparent risk factors. Members of clusters 2 and 3 were illiterate women with obesity. Dyslipidemia was a prominent characteristic in members of cluster 2. Conclusion: Masculinity would play the main role in diabetes control. Meanwhile, aggregation of obesity, illiteracy and/or dyslipidemia in diabetic women predispose them to poor control condition. Based on these findings, we will be able to plan interventions that are more appropriate for identified groups.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9226 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9226/5526

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 44 49 Yongxia SUN Emergency Dept., Binzhou Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Binzhou, PR China Xiuping WANG ICU, Binzhou Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Binzhou, PR China Huiping XUE Emergency Dept., Binzhou Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Binzhou, PR China Xiuzhen LI Emergency Dept., Binzhou Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Binzhou, PR China 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Background: To identify and analyze factors that influence the grading and zoning management model of emergency triage as a first step in the improvement of the system. Methods: Questionnaires were used to extract data from clinical histories of 286 patients who attended the Emergency Department of Binzhou Central Hospital (Binzhou City, Shandong Province, China) from September to November of 2015. Through logistic regression analysis, influencing factors for unreasonable (≥ 2h) emergency department retention times were identified. Results: Analysis of general characteristics of patients including gender, method of payment or assigned medical department did not result in any statistically significant differences between patients with a time to discharge longer than 2 h and those with a shorter time to discharge (P＞0.05). Older age, higher income, lower or higher education degree, admission time from 17:00-7:59, and lack of understanding of zoning management and of condition severity grading resulted in a retention time greater than or equal to 2 hours (P < 0.05). According to the Logistic regression model: age, income level, education degree, admission time, degree of understanding of zoning management and condition severity grading were all independent risk factors affecting the time to discharge from the emergency department (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Countermeasures need to be developed in order to minimize the influence of patients’ factors and promote reasonable average retention times lower than 2 hours in the emergency department.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8916 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8916/5509

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 133 135 Ezgi BAĞRIAÇIK Dept. of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus Buket ÇIMEN Dept. of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus Tağrık SAĞDIÇ Dept. of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus Ümran DAL YILMAZ Dept. of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Please provide alternate text for this image to ensure accessibility for users with text-only browsers or assistive devices. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8927 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8927/5662

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 50 54 Hongling WANG Dept. of Nursing, Linzi District People's Hospital, Zibo Shandong Province, Zibo, PR China Zhenhua WEI Dept. of Ophthalmology, Linzi District People's Hospital, Zibo Shandong Province, Zibo, PR China Xue LI Dept. of Outpatient, Central Hospital of Zibo, Shandong Province, Zibo, PR China Yongjie LI Dept. of Nursing, Linzi District People's Hospital, Zibo Shandong Province, Zibo, PR China 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Background: To study the influence values of self-management program intervention on efficacy of emotion regulation for patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Eighty-six diagnosed chronic COPD patients in stable phase in Linzi District People's Hospital, Zibo Shandong Province, PR China from June 2014 to June 2015 were selected in succession. They were divided into control group and observation group randomly with 43 cases in each group. In control group, conventional out-of-hospital continued nursing mode was used while strengthened self-management program guidance was used in observation group (including seven modules that included disease knowledge, breathing exercises, emotion management, home oxygen therapy, medicine intake technique, healthy life behaviors, and action plans in deterioration stage) to compare their differences of results. Results: For follow-up visits of 6 months, self-management behaviors of patients in two groups had increased, including physical fitness training, cognitive symptom management practice and medical care scores, and the increase range in observation group was more obvious and differences were of statistical significance (P < 0.05); self-efficacy of emotion regulation in two groups is increasing, including positive affect, despondency/distress, anger/irritation and total scores, furthermore, the increase range in observation group is more obvious and differences are of statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Self-management program intervention can improve self-management behaviors of COPD patients and it is significant in terms of improving efficacy of emotion regulation and prognosis.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8917 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8917/5510

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 136 138 Yunxia WANG Dept. of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Shandong, 252000, China Xinhui ZHANG Dept. of Hemopathology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Shandong, 252000, China Chunying LI Dept. of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Shandong, 252000, China 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Please provide alternate text for this image to ensure accessibility for users with text-only browsers or assistive devices. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8929 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8929/5535

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 55 65 Cyrus ALINIA Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed-Farzad MOHAMMADI Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza LASHAY Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Arash RASHIDIAN Dept. of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 01 25 2017 01 25 Background: To extract utility values of diabetic retinopathy on a perfect health and perfect vision scales for Iranians with both types diabetes. Methods: In this investigation, 150 untreated patients with diabetic retinopathy consecutively were examined and interviewed in Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran, a tertiary referral center in the Iranian health care system. Utility values based on patients-reported outcome measures, standard gamble, time trade off and visual analogue scale approaches, were estimated. Results: Considering all three utility elicitation methods were valid, diabetic retinopathy patients, on average reported the 0.95 (±0.03), 0.85 (±0.15) and 0.80 (±0.30) standard policy scale utility according to standard gamble, TTO and VAT respectively. In all three-studied approach, diabetic retinopathy had more disutility in higher levels of disease and had more disutility in the presence of both maculopathy and vasculopathy compared with one of them. Evidence show that share of macular edema in imposing disutility was maximum in early stage and exponentially decreased with advancing the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: Study indicated utility scores in DR-experienced Iranian patients were highest with the SG and lowest with the VAT method. The proffered utility-elicitation method in Iranian patient populations could be the TTO approach. The novel model we employed for DR takes the effects of diabetic macular edema and vascularization into account separately, and can provide a better estimate of the QoL for these patients.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8918 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8918/5512

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 1 2017 01 25 139 140 Che’ Muda CHE-MUZAINI Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia AND State Health Dept., Simpang Kuala, Jalan Kuala Kedah, 05400 Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia Bachok NORSA’ADAH Unit of Biostatistics and Reseaor> Ying CAI Dept. of Nursing, Xuzhou Children’s Hospital, Xuzhou 221006, P.R.China Zhenfang QIN Dept. of General Surgery, Xuzhou Children’s Hospital, Xuzhou 221006, P.R.China Xiaobing XU Dept. of General Surgery, Xuzhou Children’s Hospital, Xuzhou 221006, P.R.China Xu LIU Dept. of General Surgery, Xuzhou Children’s Hospital, Xuzhou 221006, P.R.China Peng LU Dept. of General Surgery, Xuzhou Children’s Hospital, Xuzhou 221006, P.R.China Huaxin ZOU Dept. of General Surgery, Xuzhou Children’s Hospital, Xuzhou 221006, P.R.China Yiyu YIN Dept. of General Surgery, Xuzhou Children’s Hospital, Xuzhou 221006, P.R.China 2018 04 23 2018 04 23 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13169 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13169/5965

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 4 2018 04 23 538 545 Božidar BANOVIĆ Dept. of Criminal Law, Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia Veljko TURANJANIN Dept. of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, University in Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia Emir ĆOROVIĆ Dept. of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, State University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Republic of Serbia 2018 04 22 2018 04 22  Background: Physician-assisted suicide is one of the features with very different legal solutions in the world. In Serbia, physician-assisted suicide is a crime, within a crime of the assisted suicide. The possibility of the legislation of the voluntary active euthanasia may open the door to the decriminalization of the physician-assisted suicide. Methods: Data were obtained from the Clinical Hospital Center in Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia collected during 2015. The research included 88 physicians: 57 male physicians (representing 64.77% of the sample) and 31 female physicians (35.23% of the sample). Due to the nature, subject, and hypothesis of the research, the authors used descriptive method and the method of the theoretical content analysis. Results: We have raised numerous questions. A slight majority of the physicians (58%) believes that physician-assisted suicide should be legalized, while 42% is for another solution. 90.9% took a viewpoint that it is completely unacceptable legalization of the physician-assisted suicide for all age groups, while the remaining 9.1% is to such legislative move. From the other side, 40.7% of respondents would prescribe a lethal dose of the medicament to the patient, who is in the terminal stage of the incurable disease, but, 59.3% would not do it. Interesting is that 13.8% of the physician had a patient who asked for the information how to commit suicide, and 12.5% gave them such information. Conclusion: Physicians in Serbia are divided on this issue. The majority of them are for the legalization of medical assistance to suicide, but there is a strong division among them on various issues.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13148 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13148/5951

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 4 2018 04 23 618 619 Bijan PIRNIA Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran AND Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali SOLEIMANI Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran Hamid Reza TAHERINAKHOST Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kambiz PIRNIA Technical Assistant in Bijan Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Tehran, Iran Parastoo MALEKANMEHR Dept. of Psychology, Branch of Hamedan, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran Alireza ZAHIRODDIN Dept. of Psychiatry, Behavior Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 04 23 2018 04 23 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13170 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13170/5966

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 4 2018 04 23 546 552 Sungju LEE Dept. of Computer Convergence Software, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Mehdi REZAEI College of Business, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Taikyeong JEONG College of Business, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 2018 04 22 2018 04 22 Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation and interaction between the air pollution’s components with cardiopulmonary endurance of elderly people in eight regions by using a multi-modal and correlation analysis. Methods: The data of air pollution was collected in eight selected regions in 2013 to 2015. At the same time, total number of 880 male and female, older than 65 year-olds, were investigated based on the cardiopulmonary endurance measurement in the same regions. The correlation, interaction and multiple linear regressions was tested between the air pollution components in each region and cardiopulmonary endurance of elderly people, also between the air pollution components in each region and gender, respectively. In this case, the regression analysis for both hypotheses was conducted. Results: There was a correlation between the level of air pollution and cardiopulmonary endurance, especially for the carbon monoxide which has a strong effect, it was followed by the effect of sulfur dioxide and fine dust, meanwhile nitrogen dioxide seems not to be effective for this measurement test. Furthermore, it was highly unlikely that gender was a significant factor for the correlation between air pollution and cardiopulmonary endurance. Conclusion: The importance and correlation between air pollution and cardiopulmonary capacity is a critical determinant for the public health of a society, while at the same time having a serious impact on certain age groups. Provided that the factor of gender is highly unlikely to modify this impact, it is necessary to study the potential of other factors.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13149 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13149/5952

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 4 2018 04 23 620 622 Fares BAHRAMI Zoonoses Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran AND Dep. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali HAGHIGHI Dep. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Bagher KHADEM-ERFAN Dep. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Ghasem ZAMINI Dep. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 2018 04 23 2018 04 23 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13171 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13171/5967

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 4 2018 04 23 553 560 Tong YU Dept. of Medical Insurance, School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu , China Jun MA Dept. of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China Yan JIANG Dept. of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA Jian LI Dept. of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA Yunlong Gen Dept. of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA Yufeng WEN Dept. of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China Wenjie SUN Dept. of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA 2018 04 22 2018 04 22 Background: Body pain is an important issue among elderly. The objective of this study was to access the association between the socioeconomic status and pain among elderly Chinese. Methods: This nationally representative sample cohort study, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), was conducted to estimate pain prevalence and risk factors from Jun 2011 to Mar 2012. Body pain was evaluated by the questionnaires. Logistic regression model was applied to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) of body pain to identify the potential risk factors. Results: The prevalence of pain was increased with age (P<0.05). For moderate pain vs. no pain, doing agriculture job (OR 1.17; 95 CI 1.05-1.31), living in urban (OR 0.80; 95 CI 0.72-0.90), having a health problem (OR 1.55; 95 CI 1.20-1.99) is associated with moderate pain. For severe pain vs. no pain, primary school education (OR 0.65; 95 CI 0.54-0.78), junior high school education (OR 0.48; 95 CI 0.39-0.59), having a physical disability (OR 2.71; 95 CI 2.18-3.37), never drinker (OR 0.74; 95 CI 0.60-0.91), environment of urban (OR 0.54; 95 CI 0.46-0.63), having a health problem (OR 2.03; 95 CI 1.45-2.83) are associated with severe pain. Conclusion: Socioeconomic variables such as education, occupation and health conditions are associated with both moderate severe pains.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13150 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13150/5953

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 4 2018 04 23 561 566 Hadi DABAGHZADEH Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir BAIRAMI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Eshrat Beigom KIA Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mojgan ARYAEIPOUR Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Bagher ROKNI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 04 23 2018 04 23 Background: The aim of this study was to conduct a sero-epidemiological survey in Alborz Province, central Iran to detect the rate of hydatidosis in the city and nearby villages. Methods: Overall, 680 serum samples were collected from 536 male and 127 female subjects referred to different health centers of Karaj, Alborz Province, central Iran and nearby villages in 2014-15. All patients filled out a questionnaire and an informed consent. Sera were analyzed using indirect-ELISA test with AgB. Ten μg /ml antigens (Proceeded hydatid fluid), serum dilutions of 1:500 and conjugate anti-human coombs with 1:10000 dilutions were utilized to perform the test. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software ver. 11.5. Results: Twenty-three cases (3.4%) were positive for hydatidosis by ELISA test. The prevalence of hydatidosis among females and males was 3.1% and 4.7%, respectively. The rate of the disease was significantly higher in areas where dogs were higher (P<0.05). There was no significant difference as regards age groups, sex, job, residency, and literacy. Regarding occupation, housekeepers had the highest rate of infection as 5.9%. The sero-prevalence of infection was 4.2% in bachelors and master people which showed the highest rate. As regards residency, urban life showed no significant difference with rural life (2.8% vs. 4.4%). Age group of 30-39 yr old, with 4.3% as prevalence had the highest rate of positivity (P>0.05). Conclusion: Because of the specific situation of Alborz Province, and availability of many stray dogs, obtained rate of hydatidosis shows that the authorities should be cautious to monitor the disease.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13158 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13158/5954

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 4 2018 04 23 567 574 Hamideh RASHIDIAN Dept. of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Kazem ZENDEHDEL Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Rajabali DAROUDI Dept. of Health Economics and Management, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza EBADZADEH Dept. of Urology, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Ali Akbar HAGHDOOST Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Ker-man University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2018 04 23 2018 04 23 Background: Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in Iran. In this study, we aimed to assess the epidemiological status and calculate the hospitalization cost of bladder cancer patients in the southeastern part of Iran. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed the medical records of 243 patients admitted to a referral center for the treatment of bladder cancer patients in the southeastern part of Iran during the years 2014–2015 and extracted their pathologic and hospitalization cost data. Using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Witney tests, we investigated the association between hospitalization cost and other variables including sex, age, cancer grade, cancer histology, type of treatment and time from diagnosis. Results: About 53% of patients were in grade III or IV. More than half of them were non- muscle invasive (65%). The mean and median hospitalization costs per month were US$101 and US$72, respectively. The annual hospitalization cost for the first, second, and third year after diagnosis was estimated US$1608, US$840, and US$468 respectively. About 70% of patients were hospitalized only during the first year after diagnosis. In muscle-invasive bladder cancer, patients the average monthly hospitalization cost were about 2.1 times more than for non-muscle invasive patients (US$156 vs. US$76). Conclusion: Bladder cancer is a costly disease and its cost significantly varies with disease stage at diagnosis. Developing effective strategies for early detection of bladder cancer as well as careful surveillance programs for early diagnosis of recurrence could reduce the cost of this cancer.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/13159 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/13159/5955

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 4 2018 04 23 575 583 Maryam MAZAHERIOUN Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad SAEDISOMEOLIA Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia Mohammad Hassan JAVANBAKHT Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fariba KOOHDANI Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahnaz ZAREI Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Samaneh ANSARI Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh KHOSHKHOO BAZARGANI Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud DJALALI Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 04 23 2018 04 23 Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is commonly associated with depressive symptoms, which affect prognosis and quality of life. We investigated the antidepressant effects of n-3 fatty acids (n-3FAs) monotherapy (without conventional antidepressants) for T2DM patients with mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Methods: A 10-wk, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group (1:1 ratio) randomized trial of n-3FAs (2700 mg/day EPA: DHA ratio=2) versus placebo in 88 Iranian diabetic patients with mild to moderate depression based on Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II-PERSIAN) was conducted. This study started from July 2014 to January 2015 in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The primary event was defined as worsened, non-changed, or inconsiderably improved depression (<5 unit decrease in BDI-II-PERSIAN depression scores after treatment) (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02261545). Results: Randomly, 44 T2DM patients were treated with n-3FAs supplements and 44 cases received placebo (three patients discontinued). n-3FAs could significantly protect patients against the aforesaid event and exhibit satisfactory prevention (number needed to treat with 95% confidence interval: 2.52, 1.71-4.74). No serious adverse reactions were reported. Conclusion: n-3FAs supplementation had significant antidepressant effects in T2DM patients with mild to moderate depres