Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 10 2016 12 14 1247 1260 Yongqiu WU College of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Yi HUANG College of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Jintao LU School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China 2016 10 23 2016 10 23 Background: With the increased range of medical insurance coverage in China, the proportion of medical expenditure shouldered by individuals is declining. The problem is the rapidly growing scale of medical expenditures challenges the sustainability of medical insurance funds. Methods: This study used the Heckman selection model, survival analysis, and ordered probit model to evaluate the effect of medical insurance on the expenditures in outpatient and inpatient health care, survival time, and improvement of self-rated health of test subjects, respectively. Results: Medical insurance exerts a differential effect on the expenditures in outpatient and inpatient health care. On average, the expenditures in outpatient and inpatient health care of test subjects participating in premium health insurance plans increased by 38.6% and 72.6%, respectively. Participation in medical insurance plans exhibits no significant correlation with the survival time of test subjects, but their self-rated health shows a significant correlation (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Although medical insurance does not significantly reduce mortality or prolong the survival time of test subjects, it improves their health status. This study suggests that the Chinese government should eliminate deductible medical insurance payments and utilize medical resources on minor ailment treatment and disease prevention to improve the health status of people.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8062 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8062/5571

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 10 2016 12 14 1359 1366 Masoud DEHGHAN TEZERJANI Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Reza MAROOFIAN Monogenic Molecular Genetics, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK Mohammad Yahya VAHIDI MEHRJARDI Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran AND Dept. of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Barry A. CHIOZA Monogenic Molecular Genetics, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK Shiva ZAMANINEJAD Faculty of Dentistry, Golestan Uinversity of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Seyed Mehdi KALANTAR Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran AND Dept. of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Mahmoud NORI-SHADKAM Dept. of Pediatrics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Hamidreza GHADIMI Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Emma L. BAPLE Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, and Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK Andrew H. CROSBY Monogenic Molecular Genetics, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK Mohammadreza DEHGHANI Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran AND Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2016 10 23 2016 10 23 Oral-facial-digital syndrome as heterogeneous developmental conditions is characterized by abnormalities in the oral cavity, facial features and digits. Furthermore, central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities can also be part of this developmental disorder. At least 13 forms of OFDS based on their pattern of signs and symptoms have been identified so far.  Type 1 which is now considered to be a ciliopathy accounts for the majority of cases. It is transmitted in an X-linked dominant pattern and caused by mutations in OFD1 gene, which can result in embryonic male lethality. In this study, we present a family suffering from orofaciodigital syndrome type I who referred to Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Two female siblings and their mother shared a novel 2-base pair deletion (c.1964-1965delGA) in exon 16 of OFD1 gene. Clinically, the sibling had oral, facial and brain abnormalities, whereas their mother is very mildly affected. She also had history of recurrent miscarriage of male fetus.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8076 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8076/5584

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 10 2016 12 14 1367 1368 Chen HONG Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China Tian JING-LUN People's Hospital of Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China Cai LIN Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China Zeng BEN-QIANG People's Hospital of Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China Zheng SHAOJUN Chengdu Tianfu New Area Public Security Bureau, Chengdu 610200, China Tian XIAO-BING North Shichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China Zeng EN-QUAN North Shichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China 2016 10 23 2016 10 23 The Temporal Decline of Social Support among Colorectal Can-cer Survivors: First Year Prospective Study https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8077 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8077/5585

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 10 2016 12 14 1355 1358 Mohammad KHANAHMADI Aging Research Center, Farhud Scientific-Cultural Foundation, Tehran, Iran Dariush D.FARHUD School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Basic Sciences/Ethics, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam MALMIR Research Center of Life Style, Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Soheila ORANG Dept. of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 2016 10 23 2016 10 23 Background: Metal ions effect on homeostasis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The aim of this study was to assess the metal ions (Iron, Zinc and Copper) and CBC in patients with AD in comparison with normal range. Methods: The samples of study were 17 patients with AD in Tehran’s aging centers in 2015, selected as an access sample. Blood samples were analyzed in a pathobiology laboratory. Data were analyzed by one sample t-test. Results: According to the normal range, provided by laboratory, there is a significant difference between zinc in patients with AD and normal reference interval (α=0.01). The comparison of CBC of the AD patients with normal group showed also some decreases Conclusion: Zinc value in AD patients is significantly lower than normal range. It should be repeated by a larger sample size.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8075 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8075/5583

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 10 2016 12 14 1261 1269 Anastasia THEODORITSI Dept. of Nursing, Technological Institution (TEI) of Athens, Athens, Greece Maria-Eleni ARAVANTINOU Dept. of Nursing, Technological Institution (TEI) of Athens, Athens, Greece Victoria GRAVANI Dept. of Nursing, Technological Institution (TEI) of Athens, Athens, Greece Eirini BOURTSI Dept. of Nursing, Technological Institution (TEI) of Athens, Athens, Greece Chrysoula VASILOPOULOU Dept. of Nursing, Technological Institution (TEI) of Athens, Athens, Greece Paraskevi THEOFILOU Dept. of Psychology, Health Psychology, Panteion University, Athens, Greece Maria POLIKANDRIOTI Dept. of Nursing, Technological Institution (TEI) of Athens, Athens, Greece 2016 10 23 2016 10 23 Background: Support has been gradually acknowledged as a significant factor that exerts a positive influence on hemodialysis patients' lives as well as on the outcome of the disease. The purpose was to explore factors associated with social support of hemodialysis patients. Methods: The sample studied consisted of 258 patients undergoing hemodialysis in public hospitals in Athens, Greece during 2015. Data collection was performed by the method of the interview using a specially designed questionnaire, which included the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support for the assessment of social support from significant others, family and friends as well as patients’ socio-demographic, clinical and other characteristics. Results: Of the 258 participants, 53.9% were male and 65% were over 60 yr. Regard to social support, patients felt highly supported by their significant others and their family (median 6 for both subscales) and less by their friends (median 4.5 neutral support levels). In terms of patients' characteristics, statistically significant association of support from significant others and family was observed with marital status (P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively), place of residence (P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively) and the number of children (P=0.002 and P=0.007 respectively). Furthermore, statistically significant association of support from friends was observed with age (P <0.001), marital status (P=0.002), and place of residence (P=0.017). Conclusion: Socio-demographic, clinical characteristics and patients' perceptions are associated with perceived Social Support. Provision of holistic individualized care to hemodialysis patients demands assessment of social support in the daily clinical practice.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8063 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8063/5572

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 10 2016 12 14 1369 1370 Manar ALAZZAM Dept. of Community and Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Mafraq, Jordan Mohammed ALBASHTAWY Dept. of Community and Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Mafraq, Jordan Manal AL-KLOUB Dept. of Maternal, Child and Family Health, School of Nursing, the Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan Nidal ESHAH Dept. of Adult Health, School of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan Omar BAKER Unit of E-Learning & Information Technology, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Al-Diriyah, Saudi Arabia Omar ALOMARI Dept. of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan Abdullah ALKHAWALDEH Dept. of Community Health, School of Nursing, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan 2016 10 23 2016 10 23 Advantages and Disadvantages of Studying the Family as a  Context Approach When Dealing with a School Aged Child  Di¬agnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/8078 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/8078/5586

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 10 2016 12 14 1270 1275 Hong Yan QIN Hemodialysis Room, Ji’nan Municipal Organs Hospital, Ji’nan, Shandong Province 250001, Shandong, China Ping JIA Dept. of SICU, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610072, Sichuan, China Hui LIU Dept. of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Children Hospital of Qingdao, Shandong Province 266034, Shandong, China 2016 10 23 2016 10 23 Background: We aimed to analyze the effect of nursing strategies on patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) treatment by puncturing on arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Methods: Ninety-two patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) between Jan 2014 and Jan 2015 were included in the study (all undergoing AVF, dialysis for 2-3 sessions per week, 4-5 h per session) and randomly divided into control group and observation group. Patients in control group were given standard nursing care and patients in observation group were given professional nursing of intele="en_US">Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farshid REZAEI Center for Control of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Mostafa SALEHI-VAZIRI Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Nazanin Zahra SHAFIEI-JANDAGHI Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Shamsi GOOSHKI Department of Medical Ethics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Morteza ZAIM Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hossein NICKNAM Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 01 16 Background: Zika virus infection has recently attracted the attention of medical community. While clinical manifestations of the infection in adult cases are not severe and disease is not associated with high mortality rates, Zika virus infection can have an impact on fetal development and lead to severe neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Methods: To gain insight into different aspects of Zika virus infection, a comprehensive literature review was performed. With regard to epidemiology and geographical distribution of Zika virus infection, relevant information was extracted from CDC and WHO websites. Results: In this review, we discuss different basic and clinical aspects of Zika virus infection including virology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of disease. Laboratory methods required for the diagnosis of disease together with ethical issues associated with Zika virus infection will also be discussed in detail. Conclusion: Herein, we have tried to provide a multi-faceted view of Zika virus infection, with greater emphasis on disease status in Eastern Mediterranean Region. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15935 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15935/6250

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 176 178 Sangwook SEO Gyeongsangbuk-do Government Public Institute of Health and Environment, Yeongcheon, Republic of Korea Kisok KIM College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea 2019 01 16 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15955 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15955/6270

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 77 84 Pei-Quan WANG Department of Intensive Care Unit, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255400, China Jing LI Department of Geratology, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255400, China Li-Li ZHANG Department of Intensive Care Unit, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255400, China Hong-Chun LV Department of Intensive Care Unit, Linzi District People’s Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255400, China Su-Hua ZHANG Department of Health Care, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China 2019 01 16 Background: The study aimed to detect critical metabolites in acute lung injury (ALI). Methods: A comparative analysis of microarray profile of patients with sepsis-induced ALI compared with sepsis patients with was conducted using bioinformatic tools through constructing multi-omics network. Multi-omics composite networks (gene network, metabolite network, phenotype network, gene-metabolite association network, phenotype-gene association network, and phenotype-metabolite association network) were constructed, following by integration of these composite networks to establish a heterogeneous network. Next, seed genes, and ALI phenotype were mapped into the heterogeneous network to further obtain a weighted composite network. Random walk with restart (RWR) was used for the weighted composite network to extract and prioritize the metabolites. On the basis of the distance proximity among metabolites, the top 50 metabolites with the highest proximity were identified, and the top 100 co-expressed genes interacted with the top 50 metabolites were also screened out. Results: Totally, there were 9363 nodes and 10,226,148 edges in the integrated composite network. There were 4 metabolites with the scores > 0.009, including CHITIN, Tretinoin, sodium ion, and Celebrex. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate, triphosadenine, and tretinoin had higher degrees in the composite network and the co-expressed network. Conclusion: Adenosine 5'-diphosphate, triphosadenine, and tretinoin may be potential biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of ALI.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15941 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15941/6256

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 32 42 Batoul AHMADI Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh SALAVATI Department of Public Health, School of Nursery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran 2019 01 16 Background: National plans have an important role in defining vision, goals, priorities, and action plans. The present paper examined the international experience in developing upstream documents concerning women's health; it regards the necessity of developing Iranian women's health plan. Methods: This review, conducted with search in electronic databases and literature of no limitation in terms of years conducted. The phrases such as "woman health policy", "woman health promotion", "woman health strategy" and "woman health plan” were searched. The criteria based on which the countries were chosen were the degree to which they were developed in health system, health indexes, the accessibility of required information, and the possibility of benchmarking the new methods. Results: Emphasize on gender as a determinant of health, increasing the economic activities of women, decreasing the violence against women, gender-based researches, and inter-sectorial approach are some common items in the women’s health plans in selected countries. The main upstream documents about women health in Iran such as ‘Research policies and principles of women issues’, “Women Charter of Rights in Iran” were not developed and implemented in form of a comprehensive plan so we need to formulate a full women health national plan that summarizes all previous policies with addition of new needed strategies inclusion. Conclusion: Developing a national plan for Iranian women’s health regarding with selected countries experiences makes a long-term vision for health and obtains the institutional and organizational efforts and resources necessary for women health promotion in Iran.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15936 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15936/6251

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 179 180 Marian MARAK Faculty of Social Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia Pavol BENO Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia Martin SAMOHYL Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia 2019 01 16 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15956 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15956/6271

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 85 94 Besey ÖREN Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey Neriman ZENGIN Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey 2019 01 16 Background: This study determined the occupational exposure and health problems experienced by nursing and midwifery students during their clinical internships. Methods: The study population consisted of 1719 nursing and midwifery students studying at the health sciences faculties of six Turkish universities in 2016. Data were collected using a questionnaire prepared by researchers, namely Occupational Exposure and Health Problems in Clinical Environment Questionnaire, and the State-Trait Anxiety Scale. The data were analyzed using Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis variance analysis, and Spearman correlation analysis. Significance was accepted in a 95% confidence interval and a level of P<0.05. Results: The students had a mean age of 20.86 yr (1.72), and 48.6% had midwifery and 51.4% had nursing major. More than 17.8% of the students were experienced occupational exposure during their clinical internships. Total score for students was 2.15 ±0.71. The scores of the students examined for exposure to hazards and verbal violence was 2.13 ± 1.17, for needle stick injury it was 2.10 ± 1.13. In addition, when the scores of the students' health problems were examined, insomnia 3.57 ± 1.22, low back pain 2.84 ± 1.29, shoulder or arm pain 2.68 ± 1.29 were determined statistically. There was a positive significant relationship between the mean clinical occupational hazardous exposure and health problems and state-trait anxiety scores (P<0.01). Conclusion: Approximately one-fifth of the students were exposed to occupational hazardous at the hospital while they were on their clinical internship programs. Students rarely experience occupational exposure, but often suffer from insomnia, sometimes musculoskeletal pains (back, shoulder arm, neck), rarely have skin problems.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15942 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15942/6257

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 43 52 Sedighe FOROUHARI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Saeed HOSSEINI TESHNIZI Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Mohammad Hasan EHRAMPOUSH Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Seyed Saeed MAZLOOMY MAHMOODABAD Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Hossein FALLAHZADEH Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Seyed Ziaeddin TABEI Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Health, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad NAMI Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Masoud MIRZAEI Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Bahia NAMAVAR JAHROMI Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Seyyed Mehrdad HOSSEINI TESHNIZI Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, School of Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA Jalil GHANI DEHKORDI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Maryamsadat KAZEMITABAEE Isfahan Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2019 01 16 Background: Religious obligation helps people to develop mental health by creating internal commitment to special rules. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the relationship between religious orientation and anxiety among college students. Methods: Major scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO, ProQuest and PsycINFO were searched for original research articles published 1987-2016.   A random effect model was used to combine Correlation coefficient. All analyses were performed using Stata MP. Results: After screening of 7235 documents, 13 articles including 5620 participants met inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis. Correlation coefficient was -0.08 (95% CI= -0.19, -0.03) which indicated with increasing religious orientation, anxiety and depression reduced (P<0.001). Characteristics such as sex, geographic region, and type of religions were potential sources of heterogeneity. Based on fill-and-trim method the adjusted pooled r was obtained, -0.06 (95% CI= -0.16, -0.04). Conclusion: There was a weakness relationship between religious orientation and mental anxiety and depression. Therefore, it needs to improve knowledge of student about advantages of religious orientation.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/15937 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/15937/6252

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 1 2019 01 16 181 183 Marta DĄBROWSKA-BENDER Dept. of Clinical Dietetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland and“Fundation Onko Cafe-Together Better”, Warsaw, Poland Robert SŁONIEWSKI Dept. of Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Urszula RELIGIONI Collegium of Business Administration, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland Anna SŁONIEWSKA Masovian Oncological Hospital, Wieliszew, Poland Magdalena2017 04 26 Background: Estimating the burden of non-communicable diseases particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) is essential for health management and policymaking. In this paper, we used a regression model to estimate the future impact of demographic changes on the burden of CVD in Iran during the next two decades. Methods: Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were used to estimate the future burden of CVD in Iran. A regression model was used to estimate DALY caused by CVD in the Iranian population aged 30–100 yr, stratified by age group and sex. The predicted population of Iranians aged ≥ 30 yr was entered into the model and DALY were calculated over 2005-2025. To assess the areas of uncertainty in the model, we did sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation. Results: In the year 2005, there were 847309 DALYs caused by CVD in Iranian adults aged ≥ 30 yr. This figure will nearly be 1728836 DALYs in 2025. In other words, just because of the aging, DALY related to CVD will increase more than two-fold in 2025 compared with 2005. The burden of CVD was higher in men (443235) than in women (404235) in 2005; but in 2025, the difference will be less (867639 vs. 861319). Conclusion: The burden of CVD will increase steeply in Iran over 2005–2025, mainly because of the aging population. Therefore, more attention is needed to deal with the impact of CVD in the following decades in Iran.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9759 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9759/5630

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 577 578 Gordana MIHAJLOVIC Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia AND Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Miljanka VUKSANOVIC Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Nebojsa DESPOTOVIC Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia AND Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Maja NIKOLIC-DESPOTOVIC Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Predrag ERCEG Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia AND Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Dragoslav P. MILOSEVIC Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia AND Clinic of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia Tomislav JOVANOVIC Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Thyroid Dysfunction in the Elderly with Hearth Failure https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9772 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9772/5668

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 517 524 Nazila FATHI MAROUFI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Amir GHORBANIHAGHJO Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Manizheh SAYYAH MELLI Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Maryam VAEZI Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Zohreh HEKMATI AZAR MEHRABANI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Maryam BANNAZADEH AMIRKHIZ Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Nadereh RASHTCHIZADEH Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Background: Pregnancy Associated Osteoporosis (PAO) can lead to serious difficulties such as fragility fractures, elongated back pain and height loss in affected women. Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B ligand (sRANKL) to Osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio is chosen as a bone metabolism equation in many bone diseases characterized by bone resorption, such as post-menopausal osteoporosis and would be modified with folic acid supplementation. This study was done to compare the effects of high dose (5mg/day) and low dose (0.5 mg/day) folic acid in the RANKL/OPG ratio and Tumor Necrosis Factorα (TNFα) concentration during pregnancy. Methods: Forty-five pregnant women who visited the AL-Zahra Hospital, Tabriz Iran, from September 2013 to November 2014 were assigned into two groups in this randomized, double-blind, clinical trial, included women who took 5 mg/day (group1) and who took 0.5 mg/day (Group 2) folic acid supplementation before pregnancy until 36th pregnancy. The biochemical variables in serum of pregnant women were measured before and at the end of the study. The study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) as ID, IRCT2013122315903N1. Results: OPG levels were significantly higher compared with the baseline value (P=0.008), although sRANKL (P<0.001), TNFα (P=0.005) and sRANKL/OPG ratio (P<0.001) reduced significantly with high dose of folic acid supplementation. A significant positive correlation was observed between the decreased RANKL and TNFα levels (r=0.451, P=0.031) at the end of study in high dose group. Conclusion: High dose of folic acid supplementation could decrease bone resorptive biomarkers and may prevent PAO in pregnant women by increasing OPG and decreasing sRANKL and TNFα.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9760 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9760/5631

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 579 580 Ali Asghar VALIPOUR Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran Mahdi MOHAMMADIAN Dept. of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran Mahin GHAFARI Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Abdollah MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AND Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Predict the Future Incidence and Mortality of Breast Cancer in Iran from 2012-2035 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/9773 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/9773/5669

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 46 4 2017 04 26 525 529 Mehdi NATEGHPOUR Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali HOSSEININASAB Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehrdad FARROKHNIA Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Foroughieh DASTOURI Kerman Province Health Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Katayun ALIDOOSTI Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Dadkhoda SADEQUI Kahnouj Health Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran Asadollah AHMADI Kahnouj Health Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran 2017 04 26 2017 04 26 Background: Malaria is a big problem of public health in many tropical countries where socioeconomic development is deficient. Four species of plasmodium are capable of infecting human: P. falciparum, P. malaria, P.vivax, P. ovale. Southeastern corner of Iran, including Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan and the tropical part of Kerman Province, are endemic region of malaria. This study aimed to find out clinical findings in malaria caused by various plasmodium species in moderate transmission area of southern Kerman Province. Methods: This study was conducted in health centers of Kahnooj, Manujan, Ghale-Ganj, Roudbar and Fariab in south of Kerman Province, Southeastern Iran during 2005-2009. Three hundred and thirty patients with positive malaria parasite slides entered the study. Frequencies of several malaria clinical presentations were investigated in four plasmodium species. Results: 54.2% of considered patients were male. Mean age of patients was 22.8±17.8 yr. Younger and older patient were 6 months and 80 yr, respectively. Ten patients were infected with P. falciparum, 314 with plasmodium vivax and 6 with mixed infection. The symptoms of fever, chills and sweating were present in 74.6% of subjects. Other complaints were joint pain, headache, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea. Splenomegaly was detected in 17.57% of the individuals. Conclusion: Malaria should be considered in differential diagnosis of all acutely febrile patients in endemic area. Classic symptoms of fever, chills and sweating maytitle> 1940 1941 Nahid NAJAFI Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mahmoud MONTAZERI Department of Autopsy, Fars Province General Office, Legal Medicine Organization, Shiraz, Iran 2019 10 05 Abstract  Abstract  Abstract  Abstract   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18567 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18567/6556

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1847 1854 Nasim ZAMANI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein HASSANIAN-MOGHADDAM Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza NOROOZI School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Bagher SABERI ZAFARGHANDI Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali-Asghar KOLAHI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 10 05 Background: Substance use is a growing problem in many countries especially among teenagers. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and complications of substance use in teenagers referring to a tertiary hospital following intoxication. Methods: In a cross-sectional study between 2012 and 2013 in Loghman Hakim Hospital, Tehran, Iran, sixteen substances were checked in teenagers referring due to poisoning. They divided into two groups of young (13 to <16 yr; group 1) and old-teenagers (16 to 19 yr; group 2). History of lifetime substance use and drug use within the week prior to admission were recorded. Results: Mean (range) age of young teenagers was 14.5±0.6 [13, 15] and 17.7±1.1 [16, 19] in old-teenagers with female predominance. Of 264 teenagers, four in group 1 and 27 in group 2 were admitted due to drug overdose. Six and 69 patients in groups 1 and 2 claimed that they had used some kind of substance in the week prior to admission. Twenty (37%) and 106 (50.5%) patients in the young and old-teenager groups were defined as drug users and rates of unreported substance use were 27.8% (15 cases) and 23.8% (50 cases) respectively. Ninety-six substance users (36.4%) had referred due to poisonings other than recreational intoxication (P<.001). Screening toxicological lab data showed significant opioid and sedative exposure in old-teenagers. Conclusion: It seems young adolescents hide their drug abuse more than old teenagers. Using illicit drugs screening tests may help us to provide hidden rate of abuse in teenagers. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18543 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18543/6537

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1942 1944 Kabir Ozigi ABDULLAHI Department of Medico-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatima Mahmud MUHAMMAD Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kourosh HOLAKOUIE-NAIENI Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad KHOSRAVI Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fahad Saqib LODHI Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran hang Abdullah KAREEM Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hasnain SABAHAT Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sami Najmaddin SAEED Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali HOSSEINI Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 10 05 Absracts Absracts Absracts Absracts https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18568 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18568/6557

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1855 1860 Zeinab TAVAKKOL AFSHARI Department of Immunogenetic and Cell Culture, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Zahra GHOLIZADEH Department of Immunogenetic and Cell Culture, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Amin Reza NIKPOOR Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Jalil TAVAKKOL AFSHARI Department of Immunogenetic and Cell Culture, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Rashin GANJALI Department of Immunogenetic and Cell Culture, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Fatemeh HOMAEI SHANDIZ Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Khadijeh JAMIALAHMADI Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2019 10 05 Background: The tumor protein p73 (TP73) is a homolog of TP53 family. Ectopic p73 overexpression largely mimics p53 activities as a tumor suppressor and activates the transcription of p53-responsive genes and as a result induce apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the association between p73 G4A polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer in a northeastern Iranian population. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 105 patients who admitted in educational hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran during 2013-2015, with breast cancer as case group and 120 healthy women as the control group. PCR-CTPP method was used to investigate the relationship between the p73 G4A polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer. Results: There was no significant association between the AA genotype of the p73 G4A polymorphism and breast cancer in case and control groups. Although G allele frequency was higher in the case group, the abundance of this allele between case and control groups was not statistically meaningful and, as a result, not associated with the risk of breast cancer in this study group. Conclusion: There was no association between G4A p73 polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer in a northeastern Iranian population. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18545 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18545/6538

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1861 1869 Morteza JOSHANI KHEIBARI Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran Reza ESMAEILI Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran Mahmood KAZEMIAN Department of Health Economics, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran 2019 10 05 Background: Health reform in Iran began in 2014, aimed at improving financing pattern of health services. We assessed the reform by changes in variables representing distribution of health payments and catastrophic expenditures. Methods: Using data from households’ income-expenditure survey, this study computed the financial variables, representing poverty line and households at poor state, household’s catastrophic health expenditure, fairness in financial contribution (FFC) index, and household’s impoverishment state, in the years 2010-2016, in urban and rural areas. The variables were computed by special software designed for this study, based on C-Sharp(C#) programming language, with yearly data on more than 38000 households, each with 1072 information sources. Results: The food share-based poverty line after sharp rise in 2010-2013, in 2014-2016 raised slowly, and the average percent of households facing catastrophic health expenditure, after sharp rise in 2011-2013, left at 3.25 in 2014-2015 and raised to 3.45 in 2016. The average FFC index remained at 0.839 to 0.837 in 2013-2016. However, interestingly, the average percent of households impoverished after out-of-pocket payments improved from 1.36 to 0.912 in 2013-2016. Conclusion: In three years of health reform, the major impact of reform was considerable improvements in the rate of the impoverished after out-of-pocket payments. The reform had limited impacts on the rates of households facing catastrophic health expenditure, and on FFC indexes, for the rural and urban residents. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/18546 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/18546/6539

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 10 2019 10 05 1870 1878 Fatemeh ESFARJANI Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hedayat HOSSEINI Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ramin KHAKSAR Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Roshanak ROUSTAEE Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Haleh ALIKHANIAN Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marjan KHALAFI Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amin MOUSAVI KHANEGHAH Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil<