Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 9 2016 10 10 1159 1169 Asiyeh SALEHI Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia Neil HARRIS Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia Bernadette SEBAR Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia Elisabeth COYNE Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia 2016 09 27 2016 09 27 Background: This study explored the relationship between socio-economic characteristics at the individual and neighbourhood levels, and wellbeing and lifestyle behaviours of young Iranian women. Methods: Cluster convenience sampling was used to select 391 Iranian women participated in this cross-sectional survey in Shiraz, Iran in 2013. A scale adapted from the British General Household Social Capital questionnaire was used to assess neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics. The satisfaction with life scale, WHO quality of life scale, and the International Health and Behaviours Survey were used to measure wellbeing outcomes and lifestyle behaviours. Results: Findings showed participants were dissatisfied with their neighbourhood socio-economic conditions (M: 36.3±9.8, score range: 11-60) as well as the availability of leisure facilities (M: 1.8, score range: 1-5) in their local areas. Correlations and regression analysis revealed that better neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics were positively associated with better wellbeing outcomes as well as healthier lifestyle behaviours. Conclusion: These findings suggest the need for transitioning economies to be cognisant of the importance of social policy and strategies for enhancing neighbourhood socioeconomic status in order to enhance wellbeing outcomes for sub-populations, including young women.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/7852 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/7852/5551

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 9 2016 10 10 1103 1117 Dingyun YOU Dept. of Science and Technology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China Nanjia LU Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China Donghui DUAN Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China Hui LI Institute of Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo , China Wenhua XING Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China 2016 09 27 2016 09 27 Background: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been investigated as potential carcinoma susceptible genes. However, the relationship between GSTs (GSTM1, GSTT1) variants and gastric carcinoma (GC) risk has been controversial in Chinese population. Methods: A comprehensive literature search strategy (PubMed, Chinese Biomedical Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan fang Database, etc.) was launched. Crude odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were applied to estimate the strength of the association. Results: Significant associations between GSTs genetic polymorphisms and GC were evidenced under random-effects model (ORGSTM1=1.56, 95% CI: 1.39 to 1.76, I2=50.7%, P<0.0001; ORGSTT1=1.24, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.39, I2=43.6%, P=0.014; ORGSTM1-GSTT1=1.51, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.81, I2=59.7%, P=0.004). The pooled ORs were not qualitatively changed when any single study was omitted by sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: Our results indicated an increased GC risk in Chinese population with GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype and GSTM1-GSTT1 dual null genotype. Further multi-center studies are needed to investigate the gene-gene and gene-environment interactions on the susceptibility of GC.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/7846 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/7846/5545

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 9 2016 10 10 1217 1219 Omid MOZAFARI Dept. of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Student Research Committe, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran AND Dept. of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Seyed Afshin SHOROFI Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Seyde Sedighe YOUSEFI Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2016 09 27 2016 09 27 Pentavalent antimonials are still the first drug of choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Like other treatments, they can cause adverse reactions including musculoskeletal pain, gastrointestinal disturbances, and mild to moderate headaches. In this paper, we report the first case of an infant who developed acute urticaria after her mother’s parenteral use of meglumine antimoniate (glucantime).     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/7857 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/7857/5558

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 9 2016 10 10 1224 1226 Ah-Hyeon KIM Dental Spa Dental Clinic, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Youn-Soo SHIM Dept. of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Sunmoon University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea Jun-Sang YOO Dept. of Dentistry, U Dental Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea Deog-Gyu SEO Dept. of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Je-Seon SONG Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea So-Youn AN Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 2016 09 27 2016 09 27 OrthoMTAtm A Newly Developed Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) Cements in Outpatients Attending Public Oral Health Korean Adolescents https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/7859 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/7859/5560

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 9 2016 10 10 1170 1178 Mazyar GHADIRINEJAD Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, TRNC Mersin 10, Turkey Emine ATASOYLU Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, TRNC Mersin 10, Turkey Gökhan İZBIRAK Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, TRNC Mersin 10, Turkey Matina GHASEMI Dept. of Tourism Management, Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, TRNC Mersin 10, Turkey 2016 09 27 2016 09 27 Background: The aim of this study was to propose a new stochastic model to study the time course of ethanol elimination in human bodies. Methods: The times and amount of alcohol ingested are assumed to be random in controllable intervals. Constant elimination rate follows zero order kinetics and is replaced by first order kinetics when the effects of alcohol increase due to alcohol ingestion. Simulation studies of three different models were made to compare the statistical characteristics of the ethanol effects obtained using analytical expressions. For each model, three cases were considered depending on the drinking pattern and by classifying the drinker as heavy, normal or sparse. Results: From the model formulation, we noted that as the rate of drinking increases for a given elimination rate, the expected time between overflows goes towards zero. Furthermore, as the average amount of alcohol in each drink increases, the corresponding time between overflows decreases. Conclusion: Variations in times of alcohol intakes as well as the amount of alcohol consumption can be accounted through the final created formula. The model proves that overflows occur when alcohol is ingested before the adverse effects of alcohol from the previous drink are completely eliminated. Being the first stochastic model of such a kind, we do hope that it will throw more light on interpreting experimental data of alcohol abuse.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/7853 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/7853/5552

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 9 2016 10 10 1118 1125 Abubakar AHMED Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia AND Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kano University of Science and Technology Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria Mastura ADAM Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Norafida A. GHAFAR Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Murtala MUHAMMAD Dept. of International and Strategic Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Nader Ale EBRAHIM Research Support Unit, Center for Research Services, Institute of Research Management and Monitoring, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2016 09 27 2016 09 27 Background: Citation metrics and total publications in a field has become the gold standard for rating researchers and viability of a field. Hence, stimulating demand for citation has led to a search for useful strategies to improve performance metric index. Meanwhile, title, abstract and morphologic qualities of the articles attract researchers to scientific publications. Yet, there is relatively little understanding of the citation trend in disability related fields. We aimed to provide an insight into the factors associated with citation increase in this field. Additionally, we tried to know at what page number an article might appear attractive to disability researchers needs. Thus, our focus is placed on the article page count and the number of authors contributing to the fields per article. Methods: To this end, we evaluated the quantitative characteristics of top cited articles in the fields with a total citation (³50) in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Using one-way independent ANOVA, data extracted spanning a period of 1980-2015 were analyzed, while the non-parametric data analysis uses Kruskal-Walis test. Results: Articles with 11 to 20 pages attract more citations followed by those within the range of zero to 10. Articles with upward 21 pages are the least cited. Surprisingly, articles with more than two authors are significantly (P<0.05) less cited and the citation decreases as the number of authors increased. Conclusion: Collaborative studies enjoy wider utilization and more citation, yet discounted merit of additional pages and limited collaborative research in disability field is revealed in this study.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/7847 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/7847/5546

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 9 2016 10 10 1220 1223 Masoume NAZERI Clinical Neurology Research Center, Dept. of Neurology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Amin ABOLHASANI FOROUGHI Medical Imaging Research Center, Dept. of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Hora HEIDARI Clinical Neurology Research Center, Dept. of Neurology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Sarvin SAJADIANFARD Clinical Neurology Research Center, Dept. of Neurology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Tannaz EGHBALI Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Peyman ARASTEH Non Communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran AND Dept. of Master of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2016 09 27 2016 09 27 A 33 yr old man, previously diagnosed with hypothyroidism, presented with decreased level of consciousness and generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizure to Namazi hospital, Shiraz, Iran, during April 2015. The patient later referred with another episode of seizure like attack for which he received phenytoin, carbamazepine and levothyroxine and was discharged. During his last admission, the patient was admitted with chief complaints of decreased consciousness and four GTC attacks. On admission, the patients had aphasia, ataxia, loss of verbal communication, eye contact and complete loss of obedience. Thyroid function tests showed low levels of T3 and T4 with high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone. Other blood tests were all either normal or slightly abnormal. Lumbar puncture and CSF analysis had a high titer of Anti-TPO antibodies. With high suspicion of Hashimoto encephalopathy, pulsed methyl prednisolone (10 mg) was administered, however the patient showed little improvement. Therefore, plasmaphresis was started, to which the patient showed dramatic response.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/7858 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/7858/5559

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 r policies aiming to facilitate the sharing and innovation of medical resources.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14911 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14911/6157

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1504 1510 Hülya KÖK EREN Dept. of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey Özlem ÖRSAL Dept. of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to determine the level of computer game addiction and loneliness among 9-10-yr-old children. Methods: The study was conducted with 4th-grade students at a primary school, located at the city center, during 2017-2018 academic years. There was no sampling in the research, all 4th-grade students of the school were reached. “Personal Information Form”, “Computer Game Addiction Scale” and “UCLA Loneliness Scale” were used for collecting data. Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test, and Correlation Analysis were used to evaluate the data of the research. Results: 50.7% (n=104) of the students were female, most frequent number of sister/brother was one 39.0% (n=80), both their mother 31.7% (n=65) and their father 34.1% (n=69) were mostly high school graduated. The average scores that students got from the scales were; 48.66±.27.02 (min.: 21.00, max.: 105) for “Computer Game Addiction Scale” and 40.55±8.50 (min: 22.00, max.: 64) for “UCLA Loneliness Scale”. A weak, positive and significant relationship was found between students’ loneliness scale scores and computer game addiction scale scores (r=0.357; P<0.000). Conclusion: A significant relationship was found between students’ computer game addiction and loneliness. It is suggested to perform children’s loneliness and computer game addiction assessments, evaluate effectiveness and establish a rehabilitating treatment system among school-hospital-family for abnormal cases.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14912 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14912/6158

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1511 1519 Wenxiang LI Dept. of Gynecology, Women & Children’s Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, China 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to investigate the influence of nursing intervention on recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) patients treated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-infrared bio-effect technique. Methods: Sixty eight RVVC patients of Women & Children’s Health Care Hospital of Linyi were randomly divided into intervention group (n=34) and control group (n=34) from to June, 2016 to June 2017. Patients in intervention group received the one-to-one intervention based on ATP-infrared bio-effect technique; the individualized nursing intervention program was developed. Patients in control group were treated with routine nursing for vaginitis and follow-up. The intervention effect was evaluated via clinical efficacy and MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) scale. Results: After the total course of treatment, there was significant difference in the cure rate between the two groups of patients (P<0.05). 1 month after all courses of treatment, the scores of physical functioning (PF), mental health (MH), vitality (V) and bodily pain (BP) in intervention group were higher than those in control group, displaying statistically significant differences (P=0.029; P=0.049; P=0.042; P=0.039, respectively). 6 months after the total course of treatment, the score of each dimension in intervention group was higher than that in control group during the same period (P<0.01). Conclusion: Nursing intervention can increase the cure rate, change the adverse cognition and improve the quality of life of RVVC patients treated with ATP-infrared bio-effect technique.        https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14913 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14913/6159

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1520 1528 Selen YILMAZ IŞIKHAN Vocational School of Social Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey AND Dept. of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Dilek GÜLEÇ Polatlı Vocational School of Health Services, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to determine how many clusters, WHO member countries would be grouped based on the causal rates of disease-specific deaths and preventable risk factors, and evaluated the cluster memberships using some sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors. Methods: We constructed a dataset relating to 146 WHO countries using reports and some official websites. An explanatory factor analysis was implemented to reveal the underlying patterns of the dataset. The Ward Hierarchical clustering method and gap statistical analyses were used to group countries that have similar causes of death. Clusters were then compared using subgroup analysis based on some socioeconomic and sociodemographic indicators. Results: We divided 146 countries into six meaningful clusters. In a comparative analysis, the differences between clusters were found to be statistically significant according to disease-specific causes of death, risk factors, socioeconomic, and sociodemographic indicators (P<0.001). Conclusion: Income levels, expenditure rates on health, educational levels, and causes of death in a country are directly proportional to one another. Furthermore, it was surprising that the country clusters regarding causes of death and health risk factors showed regional distributions.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14914 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14914/6160

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1529 1536 Jing WANG Clinical Laboratory, Weihaiwei People’s Hospital, Weihai 264200, China Xiaofeng LIU Clinical Laboratory, Pingdu People’s Hospital, Pingdu 266700, China 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to investigate the correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and the development and prognosis of gastric cancer. Methods: Retrospective analysis was used to collect 120 paraffin-embedded specimens and 42 paracancerous specimens of gastric cancer patients archived in Department of Pathology, Weihaiwei People’s Hospital from 2010-2012. All patients with gastric cancer were followed for 5 years. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative H. pylori infection in gastric cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues. The relationship between clinicopathological parameters and H. pylori relative infection was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier was used for survival analysis. Results: The relative amount of H. pylori infection in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in paracancerous normal tissues (P<0.001). The relative H. pylori infection was related to tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and depth of invasion (P<0.05). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of gastric cancer patients were negatively correlated with the relative H. pylori infection. The relative H. pylori infection, age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, clinical stage and depth of invasion were positively correlated with the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Conclusion: The relative H. pylori infection and clinical stage of patients could increase the risk of death in gastric cancer patients. H. pylori is one of the independent risk factors for the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer. It is also an index to evaluate the development process and prognosis of gastric cancer.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14915 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14915/6161

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1537 1545 Nazish IMRAN Dept. of Child & Family Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan Atif RAHMAN Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Nakhshab CHAUDHRY Dept. of Basic Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan Aftab ASIF Dept. of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan 2018 10 06 Background: We aimed to explore inner city school teachers’ perceptions of problems faced in schools, it causes and role of schools and teachers in promoting child social and emotional well-being, using qualitative approach. Methods: Following ethical approval and informed consent, In-depth interviews were conducted in 2017 with twenty teachers belonging to four private schools in inner city area of Provincial capital, Lahore, Pakistan. Inclusion criteria were at least 12 years of formal education and minimum of 5 years’ experience in teaching profession. Framework Analysis was used to analyze data. Results: Teachers identified learning problems, inattention, disobedience, aggression, lying & disrespect as the most commonly encountered problems of children, with very few teachers mentioning emotional difficulties. Teachers view the family, parenting practices and home environment alongside media (in particular social media) as being the main causes of child behavioral problems. With prompts, however, they did identify various school and teacher-related factors having negative impact on children. Fair conceptualization of good school and good teacher was observed. Need for teacher awareness and training for strategies promoting child emotional and social wellbeing was highlighted. Conclusion: As perceived by teachers, children studying in inner city schools have several behaviour problems. Study results and the gaps identified will help in ensuring that teachers receive training targeted towards their needs. Findings of the study also substantiate the need for targeting whole school-wide preventive approach as efforts begin to implement school mental health initiative in Pakistan.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14916 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14916/6162

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1546 1551 Yao CHEN Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Zhihuai MO Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Jianyong CAO Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Zhaojuan SU Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Yuexia ZHANG Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Fang CHEN Dept. of Obstetrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China Jianying WANG Dept. of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China 2018 10 06 Background: To investigate the effect of applying doctor-nurse-patient integration management mode to patients with endometriosis (EMT). Methods: A total of 160 patients with EMT from the Department of Neurology of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2017 to October 2017 were selected. They were divided into control group and experimental group according to the time sequence of hospitalization, with 80 patients in each group. The traditional nursing management mode was implemented in the control group, and doctor-nurse-patient integration mode was implemented in the experimental group. The psychological status, quality of life, and satisfaction of the 2 groups of patients were compared one year after surgery. Results: The anxiety and depression scores in the observation group were (41.89±7.50) and (42.40±7.40) points, respectively, and those in the control group were (57.55±9.68) and (55.00±9.35) points, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=-11.44, -9.42, P<0.05). The improvement rate of quality of life (sleep, work and sexual life) in the observation group was 87.5%, which was higher than that in the control group (63.8%). The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (U=583, P<0.01). The satisfaction rate in the observation group was 90.00%, which was higher than that in the control group (78.75%) (U=592.00, P< 0.01). Conclusion: The doctor-nurse-patient integration management mode can effectively improve the negative psychological status and quality of life of patients with EMT and improve patient satisfaction, which is worth popularizing.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14917 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14917/6163

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1552 1557 Masoud BEHZADIFAR Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tina BEYRANVAND Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi JAFARI Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Meysam BEHZADIFAR Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Masood TAHERI MIRGHAED Dept. of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mariano MARTINI Dept. of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of History of Medicine and Ethics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Nicola Luigi BRAGAZZI Dept. of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy 2018 10 06 Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure directly impacts on poverty and household welfare, especially when there is a decline in healthcare financing. This study was aimed to describe the temporal pattern of OOP expenditures related to Iranian healthcare services during 1995-2014. Methods: For describing the trend of OOP spending in Iran, the database of the World Bank was mined for the period under study. Further, the trend analysis has been complemented by an exhaustive and comprehensive review of the extant literature. Results: From 1995 to 2014, out-of-pocket decreased from 53.59% to 47.8% of the total health expenditure, probably because of the different health reforms implemented throughout the years. However, out-of-pocket expenditure in Iran remains higher than the world average (roughly 3 times higher) Conclusion: It is an onus of the Iranian government to make serious attempts in order to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure, as well as to protect particularly poor and vulnerable subjects against catastrophic health expenditure. In order to ensure an equitable and affordable access to the healthcare system, decision- and policy-makers in Iran should implement a review of health care costs, insurance tariffs, and healthcare services packages covered by insurance organizations as well as introduce a progressive tax-based financing scheme as soon as possible.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14919 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14919/6164

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 06 1558 1566 Mohammad Hosein KALANTAR MOTAMEDI Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abolfazl ABOUIE Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nima HAFEZI-NEJAD Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Soheil SAADAT Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Afarin RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas MOTEVALIAN Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh AMIN-ESMAEILI Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vandad SHARIFI Dept. of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad HAJEBI Research Center for Addiction & Risky Behavior (ReCARB), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Psychiatric, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali EBRAHIMI Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vafa RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 10 06 Background: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence, predictors and cost of CAM practitioner use among traumatic patients in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional household survey of a nationally representative sample of Iranians 15 to 64 yr old was conducted in 2011, using a three-stage cluster sampling. Short Form Injury Questionnaire 7 (SFIQ7) was utilized through face-to-face interviews and data on demographics, history of injuries, mechanism, site and type of injury, type and place of the treatment were attained. Via telephone calls, service use and costs of treatment were also collected. Results: The prevalence of CAM practitioner use in injured people and victims seeking medical care was 0.7% and 4.1%, respectively in 3-month interval in 2011. There were no significant sociodemographic differences between victims who seek unconventional settings and those who seek conventional treatment. The most common injury description treated by CAM providers was as follows: fracture (type of injury), upper limb (site of injury), fall (mechanism of injury) and cast, splint, and physiotherapy (type of treatment). The average medical cost of CAM practitioner was US$14.7 while this amount in the conventional setting was US$195.5. Conclusion: Use of CAM is not very common among injured people in Iran. However, due to lack of formal training, CAM usage has possible side effects.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14920 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14920/6165

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 07 1567 1574 Davood YARI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Ramin SARAVANI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran AND Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Samira SARAVANI Dept. of Biology, School of Fundamental Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Kamran EBRAHIMIAN Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Hamid Reza GALAVI Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran 2018 10 07 Background: Keratoconus (KC) is a degenerative eye disease which results from thinning of the cornea and causes vision distortion. Oxidative stress damage to KC corneas may be because of the failure of corneas to process reactive oxygen species which leads to corneal thinning and loss of vision. Genetic variants in antioxidant defense genes such as catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) can decrease antioxidant capacity or increase oxidative stress and alter the risk of KC in patients. We investigated and evaluated the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in CAT, GPX-1 on the risk of KC in an Iranian population sample. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 140 patients with KC and 150 healthy control subjects in a sample of Iranian population from Zahedan, southern Iran in 2015. Genotyping of CAT rs7943316 and GPX-1 rs1050450 polymorphisms was done using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results: CAT rs7943316 A/T, AA genotype and A allele have a protective role against disease (OR =0.28, 95% CI =0.13-0.61, P=0.001 and OR = 0.50, 95% CI =0.35-0.72, P=0.0001, respectively) and decreased the risk of KC. Moreover, GPX-1 rs1050450 T allele increased the risk of KC in comparison with C allele (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.01-2.03, P=0.03). Conclusion: CAT rs7943316 A/T, AA genotype, and A allele decreased the risk of KC. Moreover, in GPX-1 rs1050450 C/T polymorphism, T allele was associated with an increased risk of KC in our population.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14927 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14927/6166

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 07 1575 1582 Mehdi MOHAMMADZADEH Dept. of Pharmacoeconomy and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Pharmacoeconomy & Medical-Pharma Management Research Center, Tehran, Iran Hamid DERAFSHI Dept. of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran AND Dept. of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tayebeh GHARI Pharmacoeconomy & Medical-Pharma Management Research Center, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran 2018 10 07 Background: One of the major causes of liver-related mortality and morbidity is Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection. It is also one of the reasons behinds of chronic liver disease and related complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This autoimmune liver disease imposes a high economic burden on individuals and the society. This study aimed to estimate burden of HCV in Iran. Methods: Overall, 200 patients with HCV infection, referred to hospitals in three cities of Tehran, Karaj and Tabriz, Iran during year 2015, were randomly enrolled. To estimate the total burden of hepatitis, direct and indirect costs, costs of DALYs and social welfare were calculated. Results: Economic burden of HCV infection was obtained 26242.8 purchasing power parity (PPP$). Intangible costs of HCV was calculated 207421.6 PPP$. Conclusion: Total direct costs of HCV for each patient are more than household consumption expenditure. Therefore, it is a reasonable policy to control and increase insurance coverage of HCV patients in order to decrease their costs.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14928 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14928/6167

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 07 1583 1592 Jafar Sadegh TABRIZI Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Faculty of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Homayoun SADEGHI-BAZARGANI Dept. of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mostafa FARAHBAKHSH Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Leila NIKNIAZ Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Zeinab NIKNIAZ Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2018 10 07 Background: This population-based study aimed at investigating the prevalence and associated factors of overweight /obesity and abdominal obesity in Iran. Methods: The study population consists of 2818 inhabitant of the urban and regional area of East-Azerbaijan, Iran in 2015. The weight, height and waist circumferences were measured and the body mass index (BMI) and conicity index were calculated. The ANCOVA and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: Prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity was 39.6%, 24%, and 76.4% respectively. Women showed the higher prevalence of obesity (32.2%) and abdominal obesity (81.4) than men (obesity: 15.1%; abdominal obesity: 68.6%). Age, marriage and family history of obesity were independent predictors of obesity in the population (P< 0.001). In men and women, nonsmokers (P<0.01) and subjects having more than two kids (P< 0.001) were also more expected to be overweight or obese and abdominally obese respectively. Conclusion: More actions mostly focusing on education and physical activity levels, and changing eating habits are required.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14929 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14929/6168

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 07 1593 1598 Reza AZIMI Health Care Management, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran Ghahraman MAHMOUDI Hospital Administration Research Center, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran Habib-Allah ESMAEILI Dept. of Biologic Statistics, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2018 10 07 Background: This study was designed to rank factors affecting attraction of foreign medical tourists based on marketing mix model. Methods: In this descriptive study, data were collected through a questionnaire. Foreign patients, hospitalized from Jan 2015 to Sep 2016 in all hospitals of Mashhad were chosen as the study population (13 hospitals). Data analysis was conducted using Friedman test and Wilcoxon test in SPSS 21 at a significance level of 0. 05. Results: Factors of staff, service and process gained the highest score from the perspective of patients; while price, facilities and promotion scored the lowest among parameters affecting the attraction of medical tourists to hospitals of Mashhad. In this context, factors of staff (96%) and price (66%) had the highest and lowest effect on absorption of tourists, respectively. Conclusion: To promote medical tourism, important factors such as staff, service, and process should be further stressed and variables of price, facilities and promotion demand for a revision by the authorities in this industry.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14930 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14930/6169

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 07 1599 1601 Thomás SANTANA SÓRIA Dept. of Basic Health, City Hall of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Giordano S ANTANA SÓRIA Dept. of Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Raul ANTÔNIO CRUZ Dept. Odontology, Luteran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Myrian CAMARA BREW Dept. Odontology, Luteran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Eduardo GROSSMANN Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Caren SERRA BAVARESCO The Graduate Program in Dentistry, Luteran University of Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 2018 10 07 Effect of Temporomandibular Disorders on Quality of Life in Elderly Individuals https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14931 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14931/6170

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47 10 2018 10 07 1602 1603 Kyeong-Won JUNG Dept. of Korean Dance, College of Arts and Physical Education, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea Dai-Hyuk CHOI Dept. of Physical Education, Graduate School of Education, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea Wi-Young SO Sports and Health Care Major, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si, Korea 2018 10 07 Kinetic Analysis of Korean Traditional Dance Movements by Using Ground Reaction Force https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/14932 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/14932/6171

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 47