Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 423 434 María MORALES-SUÁREZ-VARELA Unit of Public Health, Hygiene and Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain AND CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Center for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain Agustín LLOPIS-GONZÁLEZ Unit of Public Health, Hygiene and Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain AND CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Center for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain Fernando GONZÁLEZ-CANDELA CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Research Unit “Genomics and Health” CSISP-University of Valencia, Spain Jenaro ASTRAY Surveillance Branch, Community of Madrid, Spain Jordi ALONSO CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain AND Institute for Research IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Spain Olatz GARIN CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain AND Institute for Research IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Spain Ady CASTRO CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain Juan Carlos GALAN CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain Nuria SOLDEVILA CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Public Health Institute of Navarra, Spain Jesús CASTILLA CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Dept. of Health, Generalitat of Catalonia, Spain Pere GO­DOY CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND University of Jaen, Spain Miguel DELGADO-RODRÍGUEZ CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND University of León, Spain Vicente MARTIN CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Security Service of Andalusia, Spain Jose María MAYORAL Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Spain Tomas PUMAROLA CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain Basque Fundation for Health Innovation and Research, Spain José Maria QUINTANA CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Basque Fundation for Health Innovation and Research, Spain Sonia TAMAMES Unit of Public Health, Hygiene and Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain Center for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain Nu­ria RUBIO-LÓPEZ Unit of Public Health, Hygiene and Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain AND CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Center for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain Angela DOMINGUEZ CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain AND Dept. of Public Health, University of Barcelona, Spain 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: The healthcare and socio-economic burden resulting from influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in Spain was considerable. Our aim was to estimate and compare the management (resource utilization) and economic healthcare impact in an at-risk group of unvaccinated pregnant women with an unvaccinated group of non-pregnant woman of childbearing age (15-44 yr old). Methods: We addressed this question with a longitudinal, observational, multicentre study. Inputs were the requirements in managing both groups of women. Outcome measures were healthcare costs. Direct healthcare (including medical utilisation, prescriptions of antivirals, medication, diagnostic tests, and hospitalisation) costs and indirect (productivity loss) costs were considered. Unit of cost was attributed to the frequency of health service resources utilisation. The mean cost per patient was calculated in this group of women. Results: We found that the influenza clinical pattern was worse in non-pregnant women as they had a high medical risk of 20.4% versus 6.1% of pregnant women. Non-pregnant required more antipyretics and antibiotics, and needed more health service resource utilisation (338 medical visits in non-pregnant women vs. 42 in pregnant women). The total cost of non-pregnant women was higher (€4,689.4/non-pregnant and €2,945.07/pregnant). Conclusions: Cost per (H1N1) pdm09 was lower for pregnant women, probably due to more preventive measures adopted for their protection in Spain. The highest costs were incurred by hospitalisations/day and work absenteeism for non-pregnant than for pregnant women. These data will allow better future pandemic influenza planning.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6572 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6572/5348

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 409 422 Mohammad Hossein AHMADI Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Akbar MIRSALEHIAN Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas BAHADOR Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: Urogenital mycoplasmas are potentially pathogenic species causing genitourinary tract infections that may be initially asymptomatic but can progress and lead to severe complications and threaten reproductive health. However, the overall prevalence rate of this bacterium and its probable impacts on fertility potential have yet to be determined. Methods: We searched both English and Persian electronic databases using key words such as "Mycoplasma," "Ureaplasma," "M. hominis," "M. genitalium," "U. urealyticum," "U. parvum," "prevalence," and "Iran". Finally, after some exclusion, 29 studies from different regions of Iran were included in our study, and a meta-analysis was performed on collected data. Results: Urogenital mycoplasmas prevalence for women and men was high and ranged from 2%–40.5% and 2%–44.3%, respectively. The pooled prevalence in the male population was 11.1% (95% CI, 7.4%–16.4%) and in female was 12.8% (95% CI, 9.8%–16.5%). The prevalence of these bacteria was significantly higher in infertile men compared with that in fertile men. A high level of heterogeneity was observed for both men (I2 = 92.4%; P<0.001) and women (I2 = 93.3%; P<0.001). Some evidence for publication bias was observed in both men [Egger’s test (two-tailed P=0.0007), and Begg’s test (two-tailed P=0.0151)] and women [Egger’s test (two-tailed P=0.0006), and Begg’s test (two-tailed P=0.0086)] analysis. Conclusion: Since urogenital mycoplasmas may play a role in male infertility, screening strategies, particularly for asymptomatic individuals, and treatment of infected ones, which can reduce consequent complications, looks to be necessary.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6571 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6571/5347

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 531 534 Shahriar SAHRIARIAN Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Parvin AKBARI Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Elahe AMINI Breastfeeding Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hosein DALILI Breastfeeding Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tahereh ESMAEILNIA SHRIVANY Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nikoo NIKNAFS Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mamak SHARIAT Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vafa GHOR­BAN SABAGH Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Protein S (PS) is an antithrombotic plasma protein that plays essential roles in limiting thrombus formation in the anticoagulant system. Protein S deficiency is related with recurrent thrombosis. Here, the authors report a case of a term neonate with severe PS deficiency in year 2015, Imam Hospital, Tehran, Iran, that had seizures and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) since the age of 3 days. Nine-month follow-up did not show any developmental problems and MRI showed no hemorrhage.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6584 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6584/5373

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 535 536 Jin Yong LEE Public Health Medical Services, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Min-Woo JO Dept. of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Hyun Joo KIM Dept. of Public Health, The Graduate School of Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea Minsu OCK Dept. of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Hyemin JUNG Dept. of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Sang Jun EUN Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea 2016 04 27 2016 04 27  No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6585 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6585/5374

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 515 522 Мagdalena PLATIKANOVA Dept. of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Mariana PENKOVA-RADICHEVA Dept. of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: One of Europe’s most well-developed industrial regions is found in the Republic of Bulgaria. The industrialization of the region has a big impact on air pollution. Thermal power plant “Maritza East” (the largest of its kind in southeastern Europe), the army training range, machine manufacturers, household heating and high volume of automobile traffic are all major sources of pollution in the region. Methods: A five year study (2009-2013) followed yearly concentrations of principal atmospheric pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, dust, nitrogen dioxide, lead aerosols and hydrogen sulfide, and the way in which those levels had an effect on morbidity (outpatient and inpatient medical care) in the area. Statistical processing of data has been completed to represent and analyze the collected data in nonparametric and alternative format. Results: Atmospheric pollution affects human health directly through pathological changes in the human organism. The registered outpatient care provided for the period 2009-2013 is highest for diseases of the cardiovascular system (11.85%), the respiratory system (17.34%) and the genitourinary system (9.76%). The registered rate of hospitalization for the same period is for diseases of the digestive system (11.90%), the cardiovascular system (11.85%), respiratory system (10.86%) and the genitourinary system (8.88%). Conclusion: The observed period shows a decrease in average yearly concentrations of the principal atmospheric pollutants in the industrial region (Bulgaria) and reflects a decrease in morbidity based on outpatient care and an increase in morbidity by inpatient care (hospitalization). Our findings should be corroborated in future longitudinal studies.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6582 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6582/5370

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 435 440 Jingjing MA Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China Dan XIA Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China Jing HU Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China Rui FU Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China Lijun XU Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China Ying ZHANG Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China Mengying ZHANG Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China Benhe LI Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China Jianghua YANG Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu City, China Yufeng WEN Dept. of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is complicated and time-consuming currently. There was association of PTB with serum tumor markers. In this study we aimed to evaluate the predictive role of serum CA125, CA199 and CEA as diagnostic tools for PTB. Methods: This study was designed as a case-control study with 565 subjects who visited the Yijishan Hospital from Jun to Dec in 2014.This case-control study matched as for age and sex with 113 cases and 452 controls. Serum CA125, CA199 and CEA levels were detected by electrochemiluminescence instrument. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value on PTB. Results: Serum levels of CA125, CA199 and CEA in PTB patients were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.001). There was no significantly different of three tumor markers between initial treatment group and retreatment group. The logistic regression analysis showed that CA125 was an impact factor to PTB. The ROC analysis revealed that AUC of CA125 was 0.966 (95%CI: 0.951-0.981), the sensitivity, specificity in serum and cut-off were 95.6%, 85.0% and 10.30 U/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The serum CA125 has potential good diagnostic performance for PTB.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6573 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6573/5351

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 537 539 Ijaz AHMAD Dept. of Zoology, Hazara University, 21300 Mansehra, Pakistan Atta Ur REHMAN Dept. of Zoology, Hazara University, 21300 Mansehra, Pakistan Sajid MALIK Human Genetics Program, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6586 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6586/5375

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 523 530 Maryam KHAYYAT KHAMENEIE Dept. of Gynecology, Imam Reza Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Javad ASADI AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad KHALILI Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Zeinab ABIRI Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. There is no information about this disease in pregnant women in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection among pregnant women in southwestern (Ahvaz) and northern (Parsabad) Iran and further to comparison its prevalence in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Methods: A total of 400 samples were collected randomly from pregnant women who referred to diagnostic laboratories of Ahvaz and Parsabad in 2014. An indirect ELISA kit, designed in Veterinary Faculty, was used to detect the specific antibodies against phase II humanC. burnetii in serum samples. Results: The overall prevalence of C. burnetii in sera from pregnant women was 29.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25-34%). The prevalence of C. burnetii infection was significantly different in Ahvaz and Parsabad with, respectively, 22 (95% CI: 16-28%) and 36.5% (95% CI: 30-43%). Total prevalence of C. burnetii infection in serum was significantly higher in women with abnormal pregnancy history (39.8%) compared with normal pregnancies (23.8%). Furthermore, maternal age had significant association with seropositivity and the prevalence increased with maternal age. This could be due to higher probability of encountering C. burnetii in older women. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated ahigh seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection among pregnant women in Iran for the first time. Seropositivity was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal age. The pregnant women who experienced abnormal pregnancy had higher seroprevalence of C. burnetii compared to women with normal pregnancy.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6583 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6583/5371

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 441 450 Baurzhan ZHUSSUPOV Columbia University Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan Sabrina HERMOSILLA Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, United States of America Assel TERLIKBAYEVA Columbia University Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan Angela AIFAH Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, United States of America Xin MA Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, United States of America Zhaxybay ZHUMADILOV Center for Life Sciences Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan Tleukhan ABILDAYEV National Center for TB in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan Meruyert DARISHEVA Columbia University Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kulzhan BERIKKHANOVA Center for Life Sciences Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: This study examined the association between incident pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and social and behavioral characteristics in Almaty Oblast, Kazakhstan from 2012 to 2013. Methods: We used a matched case-control design to estimate the role of factors for acquiring pulmonary TB. Totally 324 individuals were recruited from Sep 2012 to Mar 2013. Participants included 110 TB index cases with newly detected pulmonary TB. Each case was matched with one household and one community control. A total of 107 household and 107 community controls were included to the study. Adjusted odds ratios measuring associations between TB and risk factors were calculated by using a conditional multiple logistic regression analysis.  Results: TB cases were more likely to be younger, recent smokers and have diabetes, when compared to household controls. Between TB cases and community controls, TB was significantly associated with age, non-married family status, living in a rented home, recent smoker, and having diabetes. Comparing TB cases with community controls, we found that foreign birth was marginally associated with incident TB case status. Conclusion: Our findings confirm the role of modifiable risk factors for TB in Kazakhstan; highlighting the importance of developing interventions addressing social determinants and proximate risk factors for high TB burden regions.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6574 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6574/5353

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 540 541 Ufuk BARIŞ KUZU Dept. of Gastroenterology, Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Erkin ÖZTAŞ Dept. of Gastroenterology, Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Mustafa KAPLAN Dept. of Gastroenterology, Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Nuretdin SUNA Dept. of Gastroenterology, Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Tülay TEMUÇİN KEKLİK Dept. of Pathology, Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara,Turkey Meral AKDOĞAN Dept. of Gastroenterology, Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6587 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6587/5379

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 451 459 Abolfazl ARDAKANI Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tahereh SEGHATOLESLAM Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia AND Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fahimeh JAMEEI Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia AND Dept. of Psychiatry Mahsa University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Rusdi RASHID Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Alireza ZAHIRODIN Dept. of Psychological Medicine, University of Malaya Center of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Farid MOTLAQ Dept. of Psychiatry, Behavior Research Centre of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas MASJIDI ARANI Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: Given that validity is the baseline of psychological assessments, there is a need to provide evidence-based data for construct validity of such scales to advance the clinicians for evaluating psychiatric morbidity in psychiatric and psychosomatic setting. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the construct validity of the Malaysian version of the GHQ-28 and the SCL-90-R. The sample comprised 660 individuals including diabetics, drug dependents, and normal population. The research scales were administered to the participants. Convergent and discriminant validity of both scales were investigated by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using AMOS. The Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to obtain the relationship between the two scales. Results: The internal consistency of the GHQ-28 and SCL-90-R were highly acceptable, and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the convergent validity of both scales. The results of this study revealed that the construct validity of GHQ-28 was acceptable, whereas discriminant validity of SCL-90-R was not adequate. According to Pearson correlation coefficient the relationships between three common subscales of the GHQ-28 and SCL-90-R were significantly positive; somatization (r=0.671, P<0.01), Anxiety (r=0.728, P<0.01), and Depression (r=0.660, P <0.01). Conclusions: This study replicated the construct of the Malaysian version of GHQ-28, yet failed to support the nine-factor structure of the SCL-90-R. Therefore, multidimensionality of the SCL-90-R as clinical purposes is questionable, and it may be a better unitary measure for assessing and screening mental disorders. Further research need to be carried out to prove this finding.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6575 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6575/5356

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 542 543 Mingdong HUO Dept. of Anorectal Diseases, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Bo ZHANG Dept. of Anorectal Diseases, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Shuqing DING National Chinese Medical Center of Colorectal Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Yijiang DING National Chinese Medical Center of Colorectal Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Yugen CHEN Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2016 05 08 2016 05 08 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6654 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6654/5381

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 460 468 Jai PRAKASH Dept. Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India Dept. of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India Balraj MITTAL Dept. of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India Shally AWASTHI Dept. of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India Neena SRIVASTAVA Dept. Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: Obesity associated with type 2 diabetes, and hypertension increased mortality and morbidity. Glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD2) gene is associated with obesity and it regulate food intake and insulin level. We investigated the association of GAD-2gene −243A>G (rs2236418) and +61450C>A (rs992990) polymorphisms with obesity and related phenotypes. Methods: Insulin, glucose and lipid levels were estimated using standard protocols. All subjects were genotyped (PCR-RFLP) method. Results: The −243A>G polymorphism of the GAD-2 gene was significantly associated with higher risk of obesity (P<0.05). Conclusion: GAD-2 gene polymorphisms influence obesity and related phenotype in complex manner, probably by regulating the food intake, insulin and body weight.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6576 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6576/5360

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 544 545 Ardalan SHARIAT Dept. of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Malaysia Shamsul BAHRI MOHD TAMRIN Dept. of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Malaysia Manohar ARUMUGAM Dept. of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Malaysia Rajesh RAMASAMY Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Malaysia Mahmoud DANAEE Unit of Enhancements Academic Performance, University Malaya, Malaysia 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6588 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6588/5385

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 469 473 Qiong LIU Brain Intensive Care Unit, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangsu 214400 China Hui ZHU Brain Intensive Care Unit, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangsu 214400 China 2016 04 27 2016 04 27 Background: Our aim was to investigate the effects of clinical application of perioperative predictive nursing on reducing psychiatric complications in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients after neurosurgery. Methods: A total of 129 patients who underwent neurosurgery and received intensive care were enrolled in our study from February 2013 to February 2014. These patients were divided into two groups: the experimental group (n=68) receiving predictive nursing before and after operation, and the control group (n=61) with general nursing. Clinical data including length of ICU stay, duration of the patients’ psychiatric symptoms, form and incidence of adverse events, and patient satisfaction ratings were recorded, and their differences between the two groups were analyzed. Results: The duration of psychiatric symptoms and the length of ICU stay for patients in the experimental group were significantly shorter than those in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse events and psychiatric symptoms, such as sensory and intuition disturbance, thought disturbance, emotional disorder, and consciousness disorder, in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Patient satisfaction ratings were significantly higher in the experimental group than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Application of predictive nursing on ICU patients who undergo neurosurgery could effectively reduce the incidence of psychiatric symptoms as well as other adverse events. Our study provided clinical evidences to encourage predictive nursing in routine settings for patients in critical conditions.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/6577 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/6577/5361

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 45 4 2016 04 27 546 548 Ewa RODAKOWSKA Dept. of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Polaability categorized as high (>90marks) and low (≤90marks), respectively. From the logistic analysis adjusting for confounders, adolescents with SHS exposure in toddlerhood (≤2years old) were three times more likely to have lower cognitive ability compared to those without exposure (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), 2.89; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.21-6.83). School absenteeism was associated with lower cognitive ability. Conclusion: Exposure to SHS during toddlerhood was linked to lower cognitive ability among adolescents. The findings of this study emphasize the need for preventing involuntary toddlerhood SHS exposure from parents and indirectly encourage home smoking restriction practices among Malaysian citizens.   Keywords:  Passive smoking, Adolescents, Cognitive ability, Youth, Tobacco smoke https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4890 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4890/4466

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 142 147 Nehzat FADAEI Zainuddin HUDA Syed Tajuddin SYED HASSAN 2015 10 21 2015 10 21 Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of job dissatisfaction, and to ascertain the association between job strain and job dissatisfaction and socio-demographic and occupational factors among laboratory staff of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 research laboratory staff in 10 faculties and 8 institutes of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Probability appropriate to size sampling and simple random sampling method were used and data were collected via Job content Questionnaire (JCQ) from September 2012 to February 2013. SPSS (version 20.0) software was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 285 laboratory staff with at least one year job tenure participated in this study (Response rate: 91.3%). The finding revealed that 47% of laboratory staff reported job dissatisfaction. The results of this survey showed laboratory staffs with age 35, and less were two-fold more likely to report job dissatisfaction than the older staff (adjusted OR= 2.108, 95% CI: 1.241- 3.582). Laboratory staffs with higher toxic exposures 2 times more likely to report job dissatisfaction (adjusted OR= 1.887, 95% CI: 1.062-3.353). Conclusion: There is a need to have training plans to increase the knowledge on toxic exposures among younger laboratory staff, which may be helpful to reduce job dissatisfaction among them.   Keywords:  Job dissatisfaction, Laboratory staff, JCQ, UPM https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4891 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4891/4467

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 148 153 Noraita TAHIR Syed Mohamed ALJUNID Jamal Hisham HASHIM Jaseema BEGUM 2015 10 21 2015 10 21 Background: Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the highest reported occupational disease among industrial workers but there is scarcity of data on disease burden in Malaysia. This study estimated the risks and burden of NIHL in manufacturing industries in Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional industrial survey was conducted by interviewing OSH practitioners at 26 industries categorized as food, tobacco, textile, wearing apparel, wood products except furniture, paper, refined petroleum, chemicals, non-metallic mineral, basic metal, fabricated metal, motor vehicle parts. The catchment population is imputed based on stratified sampling design involving 60% of workers diagnosed with NIHL. Results: A total of 18 industries exposed to noise level of 86-90dBA and 8 industries at more than 91dBA were identified. All industries provide regular awareness training and hearing protection device to their workers but none of them implement attenuation, majority of them (81%) conduct onsite audiometric test annually. In overall, the risk of NIHL and incidence per 100,000 manufacturing workers projected is 8% (139 new cases), the highest risk and incidence is 32% (26) in motor vehicle parts industry; followed by 23% (1140 new cases) in tobacco industry and 23% (269 new cases) in fabricated metal industry. Male workers (89%) were exposed to a greater risk compared to female (11%). It was estimated that 103,000 workers were potentially affected by NIHL in Malaysia. Conclusion: NIHL is a major burden among industrial workers in Malaysia. Implementation of effective hearing conservation program and self-enforcement of noise regulations by the employer could potentially reduce the burden.   Keywords: Noise, Hearing loss, Manufacturing, Malaysia https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4892 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4892/4468

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 154 166 Nurul Ainun HAMZAH Shamsul Bahri MOHD TAMRIN Noor Hassim ISMAIL 2015 10 21 2015 10 21 Background: This cross sectional study was carried out to determine the relationship between metal dust exposure and respiratory health in male steel workers in Terengganu, Malaysia. Methods: Subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire from British Medical Research Council (BMRC) Questionnaire regarding respiratory symptoms and were examined their lung function using spirometer. Results: The mean trace metal dusts concentration TWA8 for cobalt and chromium in most of work unit exceeded occupational exposure prescribed values. Prevalence of chest tightness, chronic phlegm, and shortness of breath was 28.0%, 26.8%, 24.1%, and 20.2% respectively. Age and smoking were among the factors associated with respiratory symptoms (OR: 0.92 – 1.78). Smoking and cumulative respirable metal dust were negatively associated with FEV1. Conclusion: The mean metal dust for cobalt and chromium were 1 to 2 times higher than permissible exposure limit (PEL). This study found that respirable cumulative metal dust exposure is one of the contributing factors to lung function values among steel workers.   Keywords: Respiratory symptoms, Lung function, Metal dust, Questionnaire https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4893 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4893/4469

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 167 171 Nurul Syazani YUSWIR Nurul Syazani YUSWIR Sarva Mangala PRAVEENA Ahmad Zaharin ARIS Sharifah Norkhadijah SYED ISMAIL Zailina HASHIM 2015 10 21 2015 10 21 Background: The aim of this study was to determine bioavailability heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Cd, Cr, Co and Zn and health risk assessment in different types of Klang district, Selangor (Malaysia) urban surface soil using in Physiologically Based Extraction Test in vitro human digestion model. Methods: A total of 76 urban surface soil was sampled based on seven different types of land use, namely, industrial, residential, agriculture, town area, port, school and mangrove. For bioavailability of heavy metal concentration, the soil solution was analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results: Heavy metal concentrations for this study were in the following order: Zn, Cu, Co, Cd and Cr. Results of bioavailability heavy metal concentration from ICP-OES was used to establish Hazard Quotient in order to determine non-cancer risk. The results of Hazard Quotient are < 1 for all surface soil samples. Conclusion: All the soil samples in Klang district are safe from the non-cancer risk to human.   Keywords: Heavy metal, Bioavailability, Health risk assessment https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4894 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4894/4470

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 172 179 AbulKashem Obidul HUQ HabibunNabi Muhammad Ekramul MAHMUD Kazi Mohammad Formuzul HAQUE 2015 10 21 2015 10 21 Background: With the rising of baking industries in Bangladesh, more female workers are surprisingly engaged compared to male workers. The major aim of this study was to observe the working conditions, available safety facilities and hygiene maintained by the female workers. Methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out among the randomly selected 384 female workers from different baking industries located at Dhaka and Tangail regions in Bangladesh by a well-designed semi-structured questionnaire. Results: About 33% of all respondents opined the machine room was congested, 27% narrow packaging and sealing room while 37% unhealthy storage areas. Two industries did not have proper accident prevention facilities. Although all the industries had monitoring personnel hygiene practices, about 40% of the workers were found not strictly maintaining some basic personal hygiene criteria. Socio-demographic result showed that the workers education level and monthly family income were poor. About 59.1% of all workers were suffering from various degrees of Chronic Energy Deficiencies (CED). It was also observed that nutritional status of the workers significantly related to their expenditure of the foods and working loads (χ2 Value < 0.05). Conclusion: The survey revealed that the occupational hygiene and safety practices were not at satisfactory level in some selected food industries in Bangladesh. The currently available food safety tools and system like Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) should be adapted by the industries and concurrently ensure the sufficient wages for workers.   Keywords: Industrial female workers, Occupational hygiene, Safety practices, Chronic Energy Deficiencies (CED)   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4895 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4895/4471

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 180 185 Ping Yeap LOH Satoshi MURAKI 2015 10 21 2015 10 21 Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders among computer users. Computer users exhibit various wrist angles while typing. Dynamic changes of wrist angle may cause different degrees of median nerve compression. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the effects of the combination of wrist flexion-extension with wrist deviation on median nerve cross-sectional area (MNCSA). Methods:  Eight right-handed participants were recruited in this study. Both wrists were examined by sonographic ultrasound (US) at the proximal carpal tunnel level in the transverse plane. A total of nine wrist positions were examined, including wrist neutral (WN), wrist flexion (WF)30°, and wrist extension (WE)30°, together with three wrist deviation conditions, namely, without radial deviation (RD) and ulnar deviation (UD), with maximal RD and with maximal UD. MNCSA was measured by tracing method with ImageJ. Results: Paired t-test showed a significant difference of WN MNCSA between the dominant hand (7.93 ± 0.63 mm2) and the non-dominant hand (6.98 ± 0.42 mm2) (P<0.001). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (handedness as an independent factor) showed that WF30° and WE30° caused significant differences of MNCSA when compared with WN (P<0.001). However, wrist RD/UD did not have a significant interaction with the changes of MNCSA in WN, WF and WE positions. Conclusion: The results indicate a significant reduction of MNCSA when WN changed to WF and WE. Wrist RD and UD did not cause significant changes of MNCSA at different wrist positions.   Keywords: Median nerve, Ultrasound, Wrist active holding, Nerve deformation https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4896 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4896/4472

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 186 193 Karin REINHOLD Lea PALLON 2015 10 21 2015 10 21 Background: This paper describes the common hazards in the metal industry – chemicals and noise. The aim of the study was to get an overview of risk levels of mentioned occupational hazards and examine the implementation of adequate safety measures. Methods: Measurements of noise and chemicals were performed, self-reported exposure and usage of personal protective equipment from workers were used to assess the behavior of workers, semi-structured interviews were conducted to clarify employers’ practices to provide workers with adequate personal protective equipment. Results: The measurements of working environment in welders’ workplaces showed that the main chemicals that  reach workers’ breathing zone are carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and metals (manganese, iron, chromium). The results of questionnaires and interviews revealed that 57% of employees provide and only 41% of welders use respiratory protectors against hazardous welding fumes. The results of noise measurements showed that many of the machines used in the metal industry produce high levels of noise. Those values were often above occupational exposure limits, but 35% of workers do not use any personal protective equipment. Workers reported several health problems connected with chemicals and noise. Conclusion: Working conditions of the metal industry may impair workers’ health considerably. Several safety measures can be implemented to protect metal workers’ health against noise and hazardous welding fumes including noise screens, local ventilation, organizational measures (such as educational intervention, providing chemical material safety data sheets) and adequate personal protective equipment.   Keywords: Occupational hazards, Noise, Chemicals, Metal industry https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/4897 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/4897/4473

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 43 Supple 3 2015 10 21 194 200 Suriani ISMAIL Muhamad Hanafiah JUNI Kulanthayan KCMANI Muhamad Suhainizam SALILUDDIN Raja Ahmad ZAKWAN Ling Rong TIONG 2015 10 21 2015 10 21 Background: Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), Malaysia 2011 reported that the prevalence of smoking was highest among Malays male i.e., 24.6% (CI:22.1,27.3). The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of a group