Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1594 1602 Youngbum KIM Seunghee LEE 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: Prehypertension frequently progresses into hypertension and is related to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We studied the prevalence of prehypertension and their determinants by gender and age. Methods: The study used nationally representative data from 11,754 participants aged 20–91 years collected between 2010–2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). Results: Prehypertension was more prevalent in men than women (aOR = 2.48, CI = 2.11–2.92). Aging was positively associated with prehypertension (40-59 vs. 20-39, aOR = 1.79, CI = 1.55–2.05; 60+ vs. 20-39, aOR = 2.89, CI = 2.35–3.56). In women aged ≥60, prehypertension was associated with WC (aOR = 1.04, CI = 1.00–1.07), whereas in both men and women aged 20–39, it was associated with BMI (men, aOR = 1.14, CI = 1.04–1.24; women, aOR = 1.08, CI = 1.01–1.16). In subjects aged 40–59, age (men, aOR = 1.03, CI = 1.01–1.06; women, aOR = 1.05, CI = 1.02–1.07) was the significant factor increasing the risk of prehypertension, whereas smoking (men, aOR = 0.55, CI = 0.38–0.80; women, aOR = 0.43, CI = 0.24–0.76) showed an inverse association with prehypertension. Alcohol intake showed a positive association with prehypertension in only men aged 40-59. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that different gender/age groups may have different patterns of risk factors associated with prehypertension. Thus, healthcare providers should consider both gender and age when designing community-based interventions for controlling BP and reducing prehypertension.   Keywords: Prehypertension, Risk factor, Gender, Age, Korea https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5555 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5555/4547

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1574 1579 Nanjiao YING Shuo WANG Hong XU Yanyi WANG 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: As a DNA repair protein, flap endonuclease 1 is a key enzyme in maintaining genomic instability and preventing carcinogenesis. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), -69G>A and 4150G>T are associated with DNA damage. This meta-analysis is to evaluate the genetic effects of FEN1 gene SNPs (-69G/A and 4150G/T) and the susceptibility to diseases, including glioma risk, breast cancer, lung cancer, keratoconus (KC) and fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). Methods: A literature search of PubMed and Embase was conducted to identify all eligible published studies. Five case-control studies were included with a total of 5612 cases and 6703 controls in this meta-analysis. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to assess the strength of the association. Results: The FEN1 -69G/A and 4150G/T polymorphisms were significantly associated with the disease risk. Our meta-analysis showed the FEN1 -69GG genotype was correlated to increase risk for the contained diseases compared with the -69AG genotype (OR=0.77, 95%CI=0.71~0.83). Moreover, the FEN1 4150GG genotype could increase diseases risk compared with the 4150TG genotype (OR=0.81, 95%CI=0.75~0.87). Conclusion: The variant genotypes of the FEN1 -69G/A and FEN1 4150G/T polymorphisms may be associated with diseases susceptibility. However, more studies are needed to detect the disease risk in different ethnic populations.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5553 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5553/4545

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1701 1703 Jeong-won HAN Sangsook HAN 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5567 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5567/4559

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1603 1612 Yanjie WANG Lili ZHU Fang YUAN Lixia KANG Zhen JIA Dongming CHEN Ping ZHANG Zhanchun FENG 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: We aimed to evaluate the levels of social support in patients with postoperative esophageal carcinoma and potential effect of social support on generic and EC-specific quality of life. Methods: Overall, 803 Chinese patients with EC were recruited in the high-incidence region- Linzhou in Henan, China for the observation study. We obtained data on European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), disease-specific score of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-OES18 (The QLQ-OES18), and social support evaluation score at home visits by a specially trained research team. Results: Aging and low education were negatively predicted total social support scores. A significant correlation (P = 0.000, 9 = 0.000) was found between QOL physical function and either the subjective or the objective dimensions in social supportive system. OES18 eating difficulty was significantly associated with objective support including family intimacy, friendship and community support (P = 0.016, P = 0.001). Conclusions: The social support team should endorse quality care as integrating community-care management in post-esophagus recovery and meet the need of individual health quality of life. The elders, educational levels and rural farmers are significant to challenge the social supportive delivery in the current model of esophagus cancer care.   Keywords: Esophageal cancer, Quality of life, Social support, Community https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5556 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5556/4548

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1580 1593 Saber AZAMI-AGHDASH Mohammad MOHSENI Manal ETEMADI Sanaz ROYANI Ahmad MOOSAVI Majid NAKHAEE 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: Nowadays self-medication is one of the most common public health issues in many countries, as well as in Iran. According to need to epidemiological information about self-medication, the aim of this study was to systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and cause of self-medication in community setting of Iran. Methods: Required data were collected searching following key words: medication, self-medication, over-the-counter, non-prescription, prevalence, epidemiology, etiology, occurrence and Iran in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Magiran, SID and IranMedex (from 2000 to 2015). To estimate the overall self-medication prevalence, computer software CMA: 2 applied. In order to report the results, forest plot was employed. Results: Out of 1256 articles, 25 articles entered to study. The overall prevalence of self-medication based on the random effect model was estimated to be 53% (95% CI, lowest= 42%, highest=67%). The prevalence of self-medication in students was 67% (95% CI, lowest=55%, highest=81%), in the household 36% (95% CI, lowest=17%, highest= 77%) and in the elderly people 68% (95% CI, lowest=54%, highest=84%).The most important cause of self-medication was mild symptoms of disease. The most important group of disease in which patients self-medicated was respiratory diseases and the most important group of medication was analgesics. Conclusion: The results show a relatively higher prevalence of self-medication among the Iranian community setting as compared to other countries. Raising public awareness, culture building and control of physicians and pharmacies’ performance can have beneficial effects in reduce of prevalence of self-medication.   Keywords: Self-medication, Prevalence, Cause, Community setting, Iran https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5554 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5554/4546

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1704 1705 Abdul-Monim BATIHA Kholoud Abu OBEAD Fadwa N ALHALAIQA Mariam M. KAWAFHA Aida ABD EL-RAZEK Mohammed ALBASHTAWY Ahmad SAIFAN Mohannad EID ABU RUZ Hytham Al EWAIDAT 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5568 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5568/4560

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1613 1619 Rafaella Q. SOUTO Francisco K. C. D. ARAÚJO Alidianne F. C. XAVIER Alessandro L. CAVALCANTI 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: Violence against women is a serious social problem and affects mainly young women. This study aimed to evaluate sexual violence against women in Campina Grande, Brazil. Methods: A retrospective study with analysis of 886 forensic medical reports of sexual violence from the Institute of Legal Medicine of Campina Grande, Brazil, was conducted between January 2005 and December 2009. Sociodemographic variables related to victims, offenders and aggressions were analyzed. Significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: Two hundred and ninety-one cases of rape (32.8%) were confirmed, the majority of victims aged between 0 and 19 years (89.9%), were single (98.8%) and had low educational level (86.9%), with association with marital status (P = 0.02). The sex offender was known to the victim in 84.2% of cases and in 93.8% of cases, he acted alone. There was an association between rape and the relationship with the offenders (P = 0.01) and the age of the offenders (P = 0.03). The rape occurred in most cases at the home of victims (49.3%), with the use of violence in 72.3% of cases, but only 5.7% of the victims exhibited physical injuries. There was an association between rape and variables date of occurrence (P = 0.001), previous virginity (P = 0.001) and violence during practice (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Over one third of women were victims of rape, predominantly adolescents, unmarried and with low educational level. The offenders were known to the victims, and acted alone in most situations, making use of physical violence.   Keywords: Sex offenses, Rape, Domestic violence, Brazil https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5557 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5557/4549

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1706 1707 Lv CHEN Huaiqing LUO Ping DING Xiaoying LIU Ruixue HUANG 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 No Abstract. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/5569 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/5569/4561

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 44 12 2015 12 22 1620 1631 Aqeela ZAHRA Eun-Whan LEE Li-Yuan SUN Jae-Hyun PARK 2015 12 22 2015 12 22 Background: This study aimed to evaluate the perception of lay people regarding determinants of health at global level and factors affecting it. Methods: Data was collected from International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and World Bank website. Multilevel regression analysis was done and lay people’s perception regarding health behavior, environment, poverty and genes as health determinants was assessed. Various socio demographic factors were used as independent variables. Results: The highest percentage of people agreed environment as determinant of health. An inverse relationship was observed between GNI quartiles and an individual’s agreement with poverty, health behavior, and environment as health determinant. There was a significant negative association of females with health damaging behavior (P<0.05) and positive association with environment and genes (P<0.05) as health determinants. Elderly people agreed with poverty as determinant of health (P<0.05). GNI was negatively related to environment (P<0.05) and poverty (P<0.05) as health determinant. Conclusion: The common public is now becoming aware of a broadened concept of health and people belonging to different backgrounds have different perceptions regarding determinants of health. Our results show that highest percentage of people agreed with environment as determinant of health, which is consistent with scientific view of increased burden of disease, caused by environmental factors. Thus, tailored health programs and policies that address an individual's specific plower than those in the control group (P=0.013, 0.033, 0.015, 0.044, 0.034, 0.029, 0.014, 0.017). The incidence of postoperative cognitive impairment was lower in the observation group than in the control group (P=0.007). The WMS memory quotient scores of the patients in the T2, T3, and T4 observation groups were higher than those in the control group (p=0.009, 0.032, 0.040). Conclusion: Lung protective ventilation can reduce the oxidative stress injury for patients and improve their postoperative cognitive function and memory ability.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16145 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16145/6282

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 206 216 Maedeh SHARGHI Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Hadis MUSAVI Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Shabnam MALEKPOUR MANSURKHANI Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Wesam KOOTI Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Masoud BEHZADIFAR Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hadis ASHRAFI-ZADEH Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Milad AZAMI Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Roonak SHAHOOEI Clinical Care Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Hajar KASHEFI Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Leila JOUYBARI Nursing Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran 2019 02 05 Background: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) able to cause infection for an entire lifetime. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine seroprevalence of CMV among women of reproductive age in Iran. Methods: English and Persian databases such as Web of Science (WOS), PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, SID, Iran doc, Iran Medex, Magiran, and Medlib were searched (from 2008 to 2017) accurately using the Results: Results of 15 studies with total samples of 5253 persons from 2008 to 2017 were combined and meta-analyzed. The pooled prevalence rate of IgG among women was estimated 90% (95% CI: 87-93%). The highest prevalence rate of IgG was in Tehran, Rasht, Mashhad and Yasoj, all 100% (95% CI: 100-100%), and the lowest prevalence was in Jahrom 0.62% (95% CI: 53-71%). The overall prevalence rate of IgM among women was estimated at 0.06% (95% CI: 0.03-0.13%). The highest prevalence rate of IgM was in Kerman 0.34% (95% CI: 0.29-0.39%) and Mashhad 0.25% (95% CI: 0.2-0.31%), and the lowest prevalence was in Yasoj 0% (95% CI: 0.00%-0.00%) Conclusion: The prevalence of immunity in Iran, is satisfactory. Nevertheless, to maintain and increase the level of immunity across the country, it is necessary to routinely screen the women of reproductive ages across the country. https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16139 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16139/6277

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 350 352 Natasa POPOVIC Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Zorica TERZIC-SUPIC Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Milos ERIC Faculty of Economics, Finance and Administration, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Jelena MARINKOVIC Institute of Medical Statistic and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Snezana SIMIC Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 2019 02 05 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16159 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16159/6296

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 262 269 Eunmi LEE Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea 2019 02 05 Background: This study investigated how experiencing school violence affects depression and suicidal ideation in multicultural adolescents. Methods: Overall, 63444 adolescents from grades 7–12 (ages 12–18 yr) who participated in the 11th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS-Ⅺ) were enrolled from Jun 1 to Jun 30, 2015. Adolescents with at least one parent of non-Korean nationality were classified as multicultural adolescents. A logistic regression analysis of depression and suicidal ideation on the experience of violence was conducted with age, gender, city size, academic achievement, economic status, and level of stress as control variables. Results: Multicultural adolescents were found to have low grades, low economic status, come from smaller cities, and experience more school violence and stress compared to non-multicultural adolescents. Multicultural adolescents who experienced school violence were 5.41 times (95% CI 3.22, 9.11) more likely to be depressed than those who did not experience violence, whereas, non-multicultural adolescents were 3.75 times (95% CI 3.34, 4.20) more likely to be depressed. The effect of school violence on suicidal ideation was also stronger for multicultural adolescents. Multicultural adolescents who experienced school violence were 7.78 times (95% CI 4.34, 13.96) more likely to have suicidal ideation than those who did not experience violence, while non-multicultural adolescents were 4.17 times (95% CI 3.64, 4.78) more likely to have suicidal ideation. Conclusion: Adolescents who experience school violence more frequently showed a higher risk for depression and suicidal ideation, and the effect of school violence on depression and suicidal ideation was relatively stronger in multicultural adolescents.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16146 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16146/6283

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 217 226 Mehdi SAYYAH Education Development Center (EDC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Fakher RAHIM Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Gholam Abbas KAYEDANI Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Kiarash SHIRBANDI Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Ahvaz, Iran Amal SAKI-MALEHI Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2019 02 05 Background: We aimed to estimate the global prevalence of HIV, as well as cross-countries comparison in people who are in prison. Methods: We systematically assessed published studies reporting HIV prevalence among prisoners in the world. We searched international datasets banks, including PubMed, SCOPUS, Cumulative Index to Nursing and ISI web of science along with local databases and included original articles reporting data on the prevalence of HIV from 1980 to 2017. Results: We included 72 studies that reported HIV prevalence for 2,275,930 adult male and female prisoners. The pooled estimate of HIV prevalence was 3.4% (95% CI 3.2%-3.6%); however, the prevalence of HIV across individual studies varied considerably (ranging from 0 in Bosnia and Herzegovina to More than 20% in Iran, Zambia, Spain) and statistical heterogeneity was substantial (I2=0.99, Q=121; P<0.0001). The prevalence of HIV among prisoners in the continents Asia, Africa, North America and Europe was estimated as 3.0% (95% CI 3.3%-4.3 %), 6% (95% CI -0.0%–2.0%), 4% (95% CI 3.0%-4.0%), 5.0% (95% CI 0.0%–11%), respectively. Conclusion: Protecting prisoners’ health protects general public health. Successful HIV preventive measures in prisons include provision of HIV education and information; clean needles and syringes; drug treatment; and condoms. Governments have a moral and ethical obligation to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in prisons and to provide compassionate care, treatment and support for those infected.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16140 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16140/6278

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 353 354 Sami SERMAXHAJ Department of Physical Culture, Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro 2019 02 06 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16171 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16171/6297

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 270 277 Jinting WU Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China Hairong LIU Department of Public Administration, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, China 2019 02 05 Background: This study investigated the nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) presentation and the features of coping methods among college students, in addition to analyzing the factors that influence self-injury behavior. Methods: From April to November 2016, 2,520 undergraduate students who were studying in some colleges in Anhui Province in China were surveyed using the Self-Injury Behavioral Survey Questionnaire and the Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ). Results: The detection rate of self-injury behavior among college students was 13.73%. Frequent Internet use and smoking were associated with self-injury behavior (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the self-injury group and the non-self-injury group in terms of the coping methods of problem-solving, self-reproach, help-seeking, and illusions (P < 0.01). According to the logistic regression analysis of the students, their place of origin, mother’s education, family finances, family type, family relationships, gender, frequent Internet use, and smoking were associated with self-injury behavior (P< 0.01). Self-reproach and withdrawal were risk factors for self-injury behavior while problem-solving and rationalization were protective factors for self-injury behavior. Conclusion: Students who frequently use the Internet and smoke are more prone to self-injury. College students’ choices of problem-solving and rational coping styles in the face of pressure are conducive to preventing nonsuicidal self-injury.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16147 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16147/6284

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 227 237 Homayoun SADEGHI-BAZARGANI Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Hamid ALLAHVERDIPOUR Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Health Education & Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; AND Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Health Education & Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad ASGHARI JAFARABADI Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Saber AZAMI-AGHDASH Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2019 02 05 Background: One of the most important effects of many drying lakes in the world is increasing the emergence and outbreak of different diseases. For this sake, the present study aimed to systematically review the effects of lakes drying on human health. Methods: The present systematic review was designed and conducted in 2017. Data were gathered by searching the Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge databases, along with hand search of key journals and unpublished resources and contact with experts. There was no specific time span for the search. Results: Overall, 22 articles were selected with 20 articles about Aral Lake drying. Almost all studies were cross-sectional and retrospective. In 8 studies, the participants were children. Seventeen articles lakes drying have adverse effects on human health. Based on the type of effect, the studies were classified into 7 categories (respiratory problems, reproductive system problems, kidney and urological diseases, cancers, anemia, and diarrhea). Conclusion: Most studies depicted the harmful effects of lakes draught on human health; they had low level of evidence as they were mostly retrospective and cross-sectional. There is not enough evidence to accept or reject with high level of certainty the very effects of lakes drying on human health. To provide such evidence we suggest conducting middle and long term cohort and observational studies with scientific bases.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16141 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16141/6279

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 355 356 Ardalan SHARIAT Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Noureddin Nakhostin ANSARI Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Joshua A. CLELAND Franklin Pierce University, Manchester, New Hampshire, USA Azadeh HAKAKZADEH Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ramin KORDI Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi KARGARFARD Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 2019 02 06 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16172 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16172/6298

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 278 288 Waldemar W. KOCZKODAJ Computer Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada Jolanta MASIAK Independent Neurophysiological Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland Mirosław MAZUREK Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland Dominik STRZAŁKA Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland Pavel F. ZABRODSKII Saratov Medical University "REAVIZ", Saratov, Russia 2019 02 05 Background: Using data collected by the Office for Civil Rights, Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), over half of the population in the USA might have been affected by security breaches since Oct 2009. This study provided analysis of the data, presenting the numbers of individuals affected in one breach and the number of breaches. Methods: Statistical analysis has been conducted with visualizations. Visualizations include categorized histograms and tables. Histograms are presented as bar charts with categories: location and breach type. Tables show case counts (across top 10 breaches and those with more than one million stolen records) in successive years and covered entity types. All statistics were calculated with the use of package R. Analyzed data were collected from Oct 2009 till Jun 2017. Results: This study presents evidence of health data breaches taking place at an unprecedented level. Medical records of at least 173 million of people, gathered since Oct 2009, have been breached and might have adversely influenced over half of the population in the USA. Conclusion: Results of this study are expected to motivate public care authorities to develop similar laws and regulations as the USA while striving for better law enforcement. It takes a considerable amount of time to educate public and it takes substantial financial resources to prevent data breaches.     https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16148 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16148/6285

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 357 358 Salman KHAZAEI Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Ensiyeh JENABI Pediatric Developmental Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Shahab REZAEIAN Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2019 02 06 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16173 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16173/6299

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 289 298 Haemi JEE Department of Sports and Health Care, Namseoul University, Cheonan-si, Korea Jaehyun PARK Department of Information and Communication, Inha University, Incheon, Korea 2019 02 05 Background: The clinical gender-dependent characteristics of visuospatial neglect between men and women have not been elucidated in Korean patients with cognitive impairment. The goal of this study was to observe the asymmetric lateralization in patients using a novel e-pen based cognitive assessment system. Methods: A total of 31 patients, 16 men and 15 women, with early stage hemispheric cerebral dysfunction were recruited for the assessment of unilateral neglect suing a novice paper-and-pencil based electronic evaluation system from a rehabilitation center of Inha University hospital in 2016. Results were assessed for degrees of deviations, and numbers of neglected lines. Degree of deviation was assessed using the positions and distances from the horizontal line centers. Effect sizes were calculated to assess proximities between the assessed results. Results: Comparatively greater left and rightward biasness for the right-sided and left-sided horizontal lines were observed for the male patients, respectively. Moreover, greater degree of left to rightward biasness was observed as the horizontal lines shortened in both groups. However, the magnitude of biasness in female patients showed comparatively less directional bias, indicating greater prevalence for the center of mass effect in male patients. Conclusion: Gender difference in visuospatial neglect seems to exist with less accuracy in recognition for the bisecting center for the female and asymmetrical lateralization and magnitude of deviation for the male patients.   https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16150 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16150/6286

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 359 361 Zohreh RAHIMI Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran AND Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Sozan NAJAFI Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Lila MOGHOFEHIE Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Ebrahim AMIRI Central Lab, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Asad VAISI-RAYGANI Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Ziba RAHIMI Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2019 02 06 No Abstract### https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/view/16174 https://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph/article/download/16174/6300

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Public Health 2251-6085 48 2 2019 02 01 299 304 Meihong ZHOU Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, P.R. China Zhaojun HUANG Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, P.R. China 2019 02 05 Background: We aimed to explore the effect of comprehensive cerebral protection on cerebral oxygen metabolism and vascular endothelial function in elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction. Methods: A total of 168 elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction treated in The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China from January 2016 to January 2018 were selected. The patients were divided into a control group and an observation group using random number method, n=84. Patients in the observation group were given comprehensive cerebral protection treatment, and patients in the control group were treated with conventional standardized treatments. The changes of cerebral oxygen metabolism, hemorheology and vascular endothelial function before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: After treatment, oxygen content in arteries and internal jugular veins (Da-vO2), ofoxygen uptake fraction (OEF), Oxygen saturation (SpO2), nitric oxide (NO) were increased in both groups in comparison to before treatment, jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2), brain oxygen uptake rate (ERO2), endothelin (ET), intracranial pressure (ICP), whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, redu